两种外磁场形式对介质面次级电子倍增的抑制

利用自编1D3V PIC程序,数值研究了不同外加磁场方式对次级电子倍增抑制的物理过程,给出了次级电子数目、平均能量、密度、运动轨迹、渡越时间、介质表面静电场及沉积功率等物理量时空分布关系。模拟结果表明:不同方向外加磁场抑制次级电子倍增的机理有所不同。轴向外加磁场利用电子回旋运动干扰微波电场对电子加速过程,使其碰壁能量降低以达到抑制二次电子倍增的效果;横向外加磁场利用电子回旋漂移过程中,电子半个周期被推离介质表面（不发生次级电子倍增）,半个周期被推回介质表面（降低电子碰撞能量）的作用机理,达到抑制二次电子倍增的效果。讨论了横向磁场在回旋共振下,电子回旋同步加速导致回旋半径增大,电子能量持续增加的特殊过程。两种外加磁场方式都可以通过增加磁场达到进一步抑制次级电子倍增的目的。轴向外加磁场加载容易,但对磁场要求较高;横向外加磁场需要磁场较低,但加载较为困难。     

单晶铁金属表面污染物的激光烧蚀机理

激光惯性约束核聚变装置中要求光学元件能够承受极高的激光通量,因此对装置内部洁净度有很高的要求.研究表明装置内部的颗粒污染物主要来源于装置内的机械结构件,杂散光作用下机械结构件表面的损伤将产生颗粒污染物.精密金属构件的激光诱导损伤问题是制约高功率激光装置超洁净制造的重要因素.由于机械结构件表面不可避免地存在污染物,因此本文基于传统的分子动力学能量耦合方式,模拟了激光与表面吸附污染物单晶铁的相互作用过程,探讨了铁材料在激光作用下的烧蚀行为,并分析了激光加载方式和激光能量密度对铁材料烧蚀的作用情况,对比研究了材料表面有无污染物对材料烧蚀的影响情况.研究表明：激光作用下铁材料表面原子在污染物原子的剧烈碰撞下呈现出不同的运动状态;激光能量瞬时加载时更容易烧蚀铁材料;当激光能量密度低于0.0064 J/cm²时,将去除铁材料表面的污染物并不会对铁材料产生烧蚀现象,进一步分析表明铁材料表面吸附污染物时更容易被激光烧蚀.研究结果可为提高高功率激光装置的内部洁净度、实现系统超洁净控制提供理论依据.     

Surface cleaning of metals by pulsed-laser irradiation in air

The surface-cleaning effect of metals was investigated using KrF-excimer-laser irradiation of metal surfaces in air. The laser-induced cleaning of copper, stainless steel and aluminum surfaces was studied. It is found that laser cleaning is an effective cleaning process for metals even if the metal surfaces are heavily contaminated. It is also found that short wavelength and pulse duration are necessary for laser surface-cleaning. The energy density of the laser pulse is an important parameter in the cleaning process. Low energy density results in a cleaner surface but a larger pulse number is required, whereas high energy density can achieve higher cleaning efficiency but the temperature rise can cause surface oxidation and secondary contamination. In contrast to the KrF-excimer-laser, the pulsed CO₂ laser is not effective in surface-cleaning. The mechanisms of laser cleaning may include laser photodecomposition, laser ablation and surface vibration due to the impact of the laser pulse. Laser cleaning provides a new dry process to clean different substrate surfaces and can replace the conventional wet cleaning processes such as ultrasonic cleaning with CFC and other organic solvents.     

Propagation properties of a modified surface plasmonic waveguide with an arc slot

We introduce a modified surface plasmonic waveguide with an arc slot. The dependences of distribution of energy flux density, effective index, propagation length and mode area of the symmetric mode supported by this waveguide on geometrical parameters and working wavelength are analysed by using the finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) method. Results show that the energy flux density distributes mainly in four corners which are formed by two arcs, and the closer to the corners it is, the stronger the energy flux density will be. The effective index, the propagation length and the mode area are influenced by geometrical parameters, including the width, the thickness and the arc radius of the surface plasmonic waveguide, as well as the working wavelength. It has been shown that the surface plasmonic waveguide with an arc slot has better propagation properties than the surface plasmonic waveguide with a straight slot. This work may be helpful for applying the slot surface plasmonic waveguide to integrated photonics.     

X-ray synchrotron study of liquid-vapor interfaces at short length scales: effect of long-range forces and bending energies

We have investigated the small-scale structure of the liquid-vapor interface using synchrotron x-ray scattering for liquids with different molecular structures and interactions. The effective momentum-dependent surface energy first decreases from its macroscopic value due to the effect of long-range forces, and then increases with increasing wave vector. The results are analyzed using a recent density functional theory. The large wave-vector increase is attributed to a bending energy for which local and nonlocal contributions are equally important.     

The breathing mode and the nuclear surface

The role of the nuclear surface in the breathing mode of nuclei is analyzed. We discuss a simple model in which the density varies according to a scaling of the coordinates. We show that this model reproduces accurately the results of microscopic calculations in heavy nuclei, and we use it to estimate the contribution of the surface to the effective compression modulus of semi-infinite nuclear matter. The calculation is performed in the framework of an extended Thomas-Fermi approximation and using several effective interactions. It is shown that the surface energy is maximum with respect to variations of the density around saturation density. The reduction of the effective compression modulus due to the surface turns to be proportional to the bulk compression modulus. The magnitude of the effect is compared with results of RPA calculations. Other contributions to the effective compression modulus of finite nuclei are also discussed.     

A pocket model for the surface tension of compressed nuclei

The surface structure of compressed semi-infinite isoscalar nuclear matter is studied starting from a simple energy density functional and adding constraints equivalent to some external pressure. For a wide class of compression modes we derive analytical expressions for the surface tension σ as a function of the (de)compressed bulk density n_c. The σ(n₀) = 0 theorem is verified for all modes. The model is tested with numerical calculations using realistic Skyrme-ETF energy density functionals including spin-orbit and effective mass contributions. They confirm the simple analytical model results almost quantitatively. The mode which leads to an antiscaled density (increasing surface diffuseness with increasing bulk density) leads to minimum values for σ around n₀. The implications of the static model for the compression modes in finite nuclei are discussed.     

Fracture Assessment of Inclined Double Keyhole Notches in Isostatic Graphite

In the present contribution, the static strength of isostatic graphite using keyhole notch specimens under mixed mode loading is investigated. An experimental program was performed and in total, 18 new experimental data are provided. In addition, different loading mode ratios are considered by varying the inclination angle of the notch with respect to the direction of the applied load. The criterion based on the averaged value of the strain energy density over a control volume at the notch edge is applied to assess the static strength of specimens. A sound agreement is found between experimental data and the results obtained from strain energy density criterion.     

γ-Al_2O_3表面担载钒物种的紫外拉曼光谱

本文采用常规的等体积浸渍法制备了不同担载量的V2 O5 γ -Al2 O3担载氧化物催化剂 ,在水气存在的条件下分别使用不同的激发波长得到了相应的可见拉曼光谱和紫外拉曼光谱。结果表明在表面钒物种微弱水合的情况下 ,3 2 5nm波长紫外激光激发的紫外拉曼光谱由于部分的共振拉曼效应 ,仍然可以灵敏的检测到表面钒物种配位结构随担载量增加而发生的变化。低担载时表面钒物种主要以孤立状态存在 ,随担载量增加逐渐向聚合态结构过渡 ,当担载量超过钒在载体表面的单层分散容量时形成体相V2 O5晶体覆盖表面钒物种造成拉曼信号的减弱 ,由此可以从另一个角度判断表面单层分散容量。     

Study of some surface properties using a simple gradient expansion of the kinetic energy density functional

Summary Reasonable surface energies and very accurate surface dipole barrier and work function for a semi-infinite jellium are calculated from a simple model of the density. The model was proposed by Smith and contains one universal parameter. In the Kohn-Sham energy functional, the kinetic energy is approximated by its simple gradient expansion including a fourth-order term. The exchange and correlation are treated within the local-density approximation. Using the simple gradient, the energy is minimized with respect to the universal parameter of the density. The parameter which minimizes the energy is used to calculate the surface dipole barrier and the work function. A comparison was made with the Lang and Kohn results and with the Ma and Sahni results.     

大口径DKDP元件的辐照损伤分布特性

大口径高能激光装置是各强国积极研究的重点项目。对装置内大口径光学元件损伤特性进行有效评估具有非常重要的意义,在此研究大尺寸光学元件表面损伤。通过分段拍摄、图像拼合、损伤点记录、统计与归纳等工作发现,不同尺寸损伤点的分布特性差异较大。结合统计学方法与类似实验对比、理论计算等方式对损伤点分布与样品辐照环境特性变化的关系进行分析。结果显示,损伤点的位置分布与辐照光束的能量密度关联紧密;系统光束(351 nm)在低于6 J/cm2时能量分布均匀,高于6.7 J/cm2时呈现较为明显的高斯分布状态。可以为大口径高能辐照环境的元件损伤特性评估提供有价值的参考,对大口径紫外激光器的日常运行与维护具有极其重要的工程意义。     

The skyrme-plus-pairing effective interaction and the global neutron-excess dependence of the pairing gap

The neutron and proton pairing gaps were recently found to have a global dependence on neutron excess. We investigate whether the couplings necessary to obtain this behaviour can be provided by a mean field associated with a Skyrme-type plus usual pairing effective interaction. The parameters of this effective interaction are constrained by nuclear-matter properties, such as binding energy, saturation density, effective mass and values of the second derivatives of the energy with respect to the four densities (neutron and proton with spin-up and spin-down), together with the surface energy. The pairing gaps are then calculated as a function of neutron excess for various parameter sets for very large systems and for finite nuclei in the local-density approximation. We find that the empirical results cannot be reproduced by this procedure. We put forward therefore the hypothesis that, to account for this failure, the usual phenomenology of effective interactions in nuclei ought to be modified; we propose a simple residual neutron-proton interaction that can do that, yet maintains all the previous successes.     

Frequency dependence of H2O2 generation from distilled water

The frequency dependence of H2O2 generation from H2O by a sonochemical reaction was detected experimentally. The results are in good agreement with previous experimental results, which indicate that in sonochemical reactions, frequencies higher than 90 kHz are more effective than frequencies of several tens of kilohertz. The phonon concept of acoustic waves makes it clear that energy depends on frequency, i.e. on the condition of equal phonon density; higher frequency means higher energy. The concentration and accumulation of acoustic energy will be performed through a bubble surface. From the analogy of photoelectric effects, the frequency dependence of the sonochemical reaction was discussed using the phonon concept.     

激光驱动薄膜产生等离子体射流的条件分析

 以聚乙烯薄膜材料为研究对象,从实验物态方程出发,对强激光驱动薄膜材料时影响激光在薄膜后表面形成等离子体射流的主要因素,包括激光强度、波长、脉宽、气库膜材料及厚度,进行了理论和数值分析。研究表明,到达薄膜后表面的冲击波强度足够高时,能够产生气态或等离子体射流,否则卸载过程仍然为凝聚态;对于聚乙烯材料,形成等离子体射流的基本条件是到达薄膜后表面的冲击波强度达到约80 GPa以上;采用短波长、较高功率密度、较长激光脉宽的激光驱动具有低汽化温度、低电离阈值的薄靶,更容易实现等离子体射流。     

Density-dependent effective interactions in finite nuclei (I)

Finite nuclei ranging from ¹⁶O to ²⁰⁸Pb are calculated using the Hartree-Fock theory and the local-density approximation. The energy of the nucleus is separated into a volume term, which can be calculated directly in terms of the nuclear matter energy density, and a residual surface term which contains a starting energy correction and to which only the long-range part of the effective interaction contributes. The results obtained are compared with experiment and with other calculations.     

Properties of the quasiparticle excitations in 207Pb and 209Pb from an extrapolation of the optical-model potential

A previously developed dispersion relation approach is used to calculate the shell-model potential in the case of neutrons in ²⁰⁸Pb, in the energy domain (-50 MeV, 0). This potential contains a dispersive contribution besides a Hartree-Fock type component, and thereby includes correlation and polarization effects. The shell-model and the Hartree-Fock type potentials are assumed to have Woods-Saxon shapes with diffuseness a_v = 0.70 fm; the energy dependence of their depths and radii is calculated. The energy dependence of the shell-model potential is characterized by the effective mass, whose dependence upon radial distance and neutron energy is determined. The effective mass is a sensitive function of energy, in contrast to its Hartree-Fock type component which is nearly independent of energy. Attention is drawn to the fact that the effective mass in nuclear matter cannot be straightforwardly identified with the effective mass at the nuclear centre. The effective mass presents a sharp peak at the nuclear surface near the Fermi energy and a dip at the surface for energies 10 to 20 MeV away from the Fermi energy. The spectroscopic factors of single-particle excitations in ²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁹Pb are calculated from the difference between the effective mass and its Hartree-Fock type component. The predicted values of the valence single-particle wave functions at large radial distances are in fair agreement with experimental values deduced from analyses of sub-Coulomb pickup reactions. It is shown that the dispersive contribution increases the level density parameter by about 25%, in agreement with previous microscopic or semi-phenomenological models; the calculated level density parameter is in good agreement with the empirical value.     

110 GHz太赫兹波大气击穿阈值及最大传输能量密度

随着110 GHz高功率太赫兹波功率容量的提升,其引起的大气击穿问题越来越受到重视。将若干等效电离参数表达式引入到电子雪崩密度方程中,计算了不同压强下的大气击穿阈值。结果表明,由Ali等效电离参数得到的110 GHz击穿阈值与实验数据符合得很好。在此基础上,利用Ali等效电离参数对逃逸传输能量密度与太赫兹波振幅的关系进行了分析。结果表明,当太赫兹波振幅小于击穿阈值时,逃逸传输能量密度随功率密度的增加线性增加;当太赫兹波振幅大于击穿阈值时,逃逸传输能量密度随功率密度先减小后增大。     

Electrical properties of MOS structures on nitrogen-doped Czochralski-grown silicon: A positron annihilation study

Measurements of interface trap density, effective generation lifetime (GL) and effective surface generation velocity have been performed using different methods on selected MOS structures prepared on nitrogen-doped Czochralski-grown (NCz) silicon. The application of the positron annihilation technique using a pulsed low energy positron system (PLEPS) focused on the detection of nitrogen-related defects in NCz silicon in the near surface region. In the case of p-type Cz silicon, all the results could be used for the testing of homogeneity. In n-type Cz silicon, positron annihilation was found insensitive to nitrogen doping.     

An effective Hamiltonian for sulfur adsorption at Au(1 0 0) surface

Adsorption of sulfur at the (1 0 0) surface of gold is analyzed with the help of the density functional theory (DFT). Potential energy surface for a single S atom at the Au(1 0 0) surface is computed and a simple analytical formula was found to reproduce the ab initio results to a good accuracy. Vibration frequencies of the adsorbed S atom are computed using the harmonic approximation and the contribution of zero-point motion to the adsorption energy is evaluated. The effects of surface Au atoms relaxation in the sulfur adsorption is analyzed. The interactions between S atoms adsorbed at the nearest and the next nearest equivalent adsorption sites are computed and used to define the effective Hamiltonian describing the interactions between the adsorbed sulfur atoms.     

Sound transmission loss of foam-filled honeycomb sandwich panels using statistical energy analysis and theoretical and measured dynamic properties

Comparisons between the experimental and predicted sound transmission loss values obtained from statistical energy analysis are presented for two foam-filled honeycomb sandwich panels. Statistical energy analysis (SEA) is a modeling procedure which uses energy flow relationships for the theoretical estimation of the sound transmission through structures in resonant motion. The accuracy of the prediction of the sound transmission loss using SEA greatly depends on accurate estimates of: (1) the modal density, (2) the internal loss factor, and (3) the coupling loss factor parameters of the structures. A theoretical expression for the modal density of sandwich panels is developed from a sixth-order governing equation. Measured modal density estimates of the two foam-filled honeycomb sandwich panels are obtained by using a three-channel spectral method with a spectral mass correction to allow for the mass loading of the impedance head. The effect of mass loading of the accelerometer is corrected in the estimations of both the total loss factor and radiation loss factor of the sandwich panels.