Role of the electrostatic interactions on the basic or acidic hydrolysis kinetics of poly-(d,l-lactide) monolayers

The hydrolysis kinetics of insoluble poly-(d,l-lactide) monolayers spread on basic or acidic aqueous subphase were followed by measuring simultaneously the decrease in the surface area at constant surface pressure and the evolution of the surface potential. An approach to analyse the role of the electrostatic interactions during the hydrolysis at alkaline pH, interpreting the surface potential data was developed. The theoretical predictions based on the idea of a random fragmentation of polymer molecules leading to the interfacial accumulation of charged insoluble products and solubilisation of small fragments describes well the experimental results. The reversibility of the hydrolysis/esterification reaction at acidic pH is taken into account.     

The ring opening of substituted cyclopropylidenes to substituted allenes: the effects of steric and long-range electrostatic interactions

Summary It is shown that all stereospecific preferences found experimentally for the ring opening of substituted cyclopropylidenes are satisfactorily reproduced by adding steric and long-range electrostatic interactions to the cyclopropylidene reaction surface. The corresponding surface for dimethyl cyclopropylidene is mapped out in detail. The surface for 3-methyl- and 2-bromo-3-methyl-cyclopropylidene is explored around the transition region. From the success of this approach it is inferred that short-range covalent interactions are unlikely to be responsible for sterospecific preferences found in these systems.Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by Iowa State University under Contract No. 7405-ENG-82. This work was supported by the office of Basic Energy Sciences     

X-ray study of microstructure of slightly plasticized poly-(vinylchloride) (PVC)

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques have been applied to investigate the microstructure of a number of commercial poly-(vinylchloride) (PVC) samples, stretched 200% and annealed for 1 h at 110 °C. From SAXS analysis, the microstructure is described as an ensemble of quasi-spherical particles one-dimensionally ordered (in the fiber axis direction) and with large distance fluctuations in the equatorial plane. The superstructure is described as fibrillar or nematic-like. TEM micrographs confirm the SAXS data.SAXS meridional patterns present 001 and 003 reflections of Ca-stearate added as stabilizer to the samples, while WAXS profiles do not show any crystalline reflection of Castearate.An interaction of Ca-stearate molecules with PVC chains is postulated, which could partially account for the phenomenon called antiplasticization of PVC.     

Adsorption of polyelectrolytes on colloidal latex particles, electrostatic interactions and stability behaviour

The stabilization and flocculation behaviour of colloidal latex particles covered with cationic polyelectrolytes (PE) is studied with photon correlation spectroscopy and zetapotential measurements. Diffusion coefficients, flocculation rate constants and zetapotentials have been determined as a function of adsorbed amount of cationic poly-(diallyl-dimethyl-ammoniumchloride) (PDADMAC) of different molar masses and of statistic copolymers of DADMAC and N-methyl-N-vinyl-acetamide (NMVA) of various compositions in water and at high ionic strength. Flocculation by van der Waals attraction can be observed if the zetapotential is low. This occurs, if the surface charge is screened by the oppositely charged cations. Furthermore, in the case of adsorption of high molecular polycations mosaic flocculation occurs if the adsorbed amount is low. At high ionic strength, flocculation takes place if the adsorbed amount is below the adsorption plateau. If the adsorption plateau is reached the suspensions become stabilized. In water the charge reversal at full coverage leads to electrosteric stabilization both with low and high molar mass polycations. At high ionic strength only polycations with high molar mass are able to stabilize the suspension. If a certain molar mass of the polycation is exceeded, steric stabilization of the suspension occurs due to the formation of long adsorbed PE tails and their osmotic repulsion. The layer thicknesses are determined as a function of the molar mass. Received: 4 July 2000/Accepted: 18 August 2000     

Racemization on thermal degradation of poly( -lactide) with calcium salt end structure

Poly( -lactide) with calcium salt end structure (PLLA-Ca) is a promising material for PLLA recycling because of the ease of lactide recovery through the unzipping depolymerization process. However, the pyrolysis of PLLA-Ca also causes meso-lactide to form. In this article, the racemization in PLLA-Ca pyrolysis was analyzed in detail with Py-MS, Py-GC/MS, and a glass tube oven. The results suggested that at a temperature lower than 250 °C, nucleophilic attack by a carboxylate anion end on an asymmetrical methyne carbon in a penultimate lactate unit occurred, resulting in the predominant formation of meso-lactide. On the other hand, also at temperatures over 320 °C, by-reactions, such as enolization reactions, caused the meso-lactide to form, but not dominantly. In the temperature range of 250–320 °C, -lactide was produced exclusively, because unzipping depolymerization proceeded as the main reaction. This is a very significant result for PLLA recycling, because PLLA-Ca is an easily recyclable material, which depolymerizes based on the 1st-order weight loss process.     

Surface charge modulation of poly(ethylene glycol)–poly( , -lactide) block copolymer micelles: conjugation of charged peptides

Block copolymer micelles with aldehyde functionality were prepared in aqueous medium by dialyzing the N,N-dimethylacetamide solution of α-acetoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly( , -lactide) block copolymer (acetal-PEG–PDLLA) against water, followed by mild acid treatment to convert the acetal moiety of the micelle to the aldehyde group. Peptidyl ligands (phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosyl–glutamic acid (Tyr–Glu)) were then chemically conjugated to the micelle through Schiff base formation and successive reductive amination using NaBH₃CN. Micelles with peptidyl ligands thus prepared have a size of approximately 40 nm with extremely narrow distribution (μ₂/ ²<0.1) based on cumulant analysis of dynamic light scattering. A maximum 53% of the PEG-chain end of the micelle could be converted into peptidyl groups. Zeta potential values of Tyr–Glu derivatized micelles were well correlated with the amount of conjugated ligands, controllable over the range of 0 to−9 mV in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 10 mM). These micelles with peptidyl ligands may have a utility for exploring the effect of the surface charge on the pharmacokinetic behavior of particulate systems as well as for modulated drug delivery where cellular peptidyl receptors play a substantial role.     

Molecular structures, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions of 3-(2-bromo-pyridinium)-propionic acid and 3-(pyridinium)-pivalic acid halides

Intra- and intermolecular interactions and the conformations of 3-(2-bromo-pyridinium)-propionic acid bromide (1) and 3-(pyridinium)-pivalic acid chloride (2) have been studied by X-ray diffraction and theoretically. In these complexes, Br⁻ and Cl⁻ anions are H-bonded to the COOH group and interact electrostatically with the positively charged nitrogen atoms of neighbouring molecules. To analyse these interactions theoretically, the structures of monomers and dimers in various configurations were optimized by PM3 and BLYP/6-31G(d,p) methods. The analysis confirmed the vital role of both the H-bonds and electrostatic interactions (intra- and intermolecular) for the molecular conformation and the ionic aggregation in the solid state.     

DNA-HRP/聚M-酪氨酸共修饰电极的制备及其电化学性能的研究

以聚L-酪氨酸膜为载体,固载DNA和辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)制备过氧化氢生物传感器.该传感器对H2O2表现出良好的催化还原特性,具有灵敏度高,稳定性好且易于制作等特点.其线性响应范围为:2.0×10-6～1.1×10-2 mol/L,检出限为8.0×10-7 mol/L (S/N=3).     

Surface structure and properties of poly-(ethylene terephthalate) hydrolyzed by alkali and cutinase

This study was aimed at comparatively investigating the hydrolysis of crystalline and amorphous poly-(ethylene terephthalate) films by alkali and cutinase. Changes of surface properties were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy (ATR mode). The A₁₃₄₁/A₁₄₁₀ and I₁₁₂₀/I₁₁₀₀ absorbance ratios, and the full width at half maximum of the carbonyl stretching band (FWHM₁₇₁₅) were used to evaluate the polymer crystallinity and its changes upon hydrolysis. The effect of different treatments on chain orientation was evaluated by calculating R ratios of appropriate bands. The spectroscopic indexes showed that both alkali and enzyme treatments induced structural and conformational rearrangements with a consequent increase in crystallinity in both amorphous and crystalline films. The crystalline PET film was modified more strongly by alkali than by cutinase, while the opposite occurred for the amorphous one. The trend of the water contact angle (WCA) clearly indicates that alkali is more effective than cutinase in enhancing hydrophilicity of PET films and that the effect is stronger on amorphous than on crystalline films. The values of WCA correlate well with the FTIR indexes calculated from the spectra of hydrolyzed crystalline PET films. The mechanism of the surface hydrolysis of PET by alkali and cutinase is discussed.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(D, L-lactide) spread monolayers by cutinase

 The enzymatic hydrolysis of a model poly(D,L-lactide) by cutinase was studied by using a barostat surface balance. A theoretical approach based on the adaptation of the Michaelis–Menten scheme at the interface and a process of random fragmentation of the macromolecules was developed. The role of the interfacial organisation of the reaction products was discussed. Hydrolysis rate constant values and the specific activity were estimated and compared with those obtained for the hydrolysis of lipid monolayers. The process of fragmentation of the interfacial polymer structures was visualised by using AFM imaging. Received: 19 August 1996 Accepted: 13 December 1996     

Oxo-biodegradable polymers - Effect of hydrolysis degree on biodegradation behaviour of poly(vinyl alcohol)

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is considered to be one of the very few vinyl polymers soluble in water and susceptible to biodegradation in aqueous media by specific microorganisms, implying oxidation of the carbon backbone followed by a random endocleavage of the polymer chains. The overall process does not appear to be appreciably affected by either degree of polymerization (DPn) or degree of hydrolysis (HD) of PVA at least in the 100-1000 and 80-100% ranges, respectively.In order to assess the effect of HD on the biodegradation propensity of PVA, different PVA samples having similar DPn and noticeably different HD values were synthesized by controlled acetylation of commercial PVA (HD = 99%) and submitted to biodegradation tests in aqueous medium, mature compost and soil by using respirometric procedures. Re-acetylated PVA samples characterized by HD of between 25 and 75% underwent extensive mineralization when buried in solid media, whilst PVA (HD = 99%) showed recalcitrance to biodegradation under those conditions. An opposite trend was indeed observed in aqueous solution, thus suggesting that biodegradation is not an absolute attribute directly related to structural features of the substrate under investigation. Boundary conditions related to the framework under which the biodegradation assessment is undertaken have to be taken into account and specifically well defined.     

酸性聚离子液体溶胀诱导自组装形成类蜂窝状固体酸催化剂及其高效催化水解反应

酸催化反应在化学工业中占据着十分重要的地位.传统的液体酸催化剂催化性能优异,但面临着能耗高,腐蚀设备和环境污染严重等问题.相比于传统的液体酸催化剂,固体酸催化剂,如分子筛和磺酸树脂等大大缓解了经济和环境方面的问题,但也存在着催化活性差和易失活等缺陷.酸性聚离子液体因其高密度的反应活性位点,可设计调变的结构和酸性以及可循环利用等特性而成为一种新型的高效多相酸催化剂,引起了广泛的研究兴趣.然而,当酸性聚离子液体用作催化剂时,由于其酸中心不能充分地暴露在反应底物中,使得它们的催化活性难以达到甚至超越均相催化剂的水平.因此,发展一种催化活性高于均相的酸性聚离子液体催化剂仍是一个巨大的挑战.我们研究组发现在反应底物中溶胀的聚离子液体可作为一种准均相催化剂,其催化活性与相应的均相离子液体相当,这为提高多相催化剂的催化活性提供了一种新的策略.本文报道了一种在水中溶胀且自组装成类蜂窝状网络结构的酸性聚离子液体催化剂,该催化剂在水解和水合反应中表现出优异的催化性能,其活性高于均相酸催化剂.首先通过自由基聚合和酸化两步合成了一系列在水中高度溶胀的酸性聚离子液体(SAPIL-1-6).以三甲基磷氧(TMPO)为探针分子,用31P魔角旋转核磁共振(31P-TMPO NMR)对SAPILs的酸性进行了分析.结果表明,SAPILs具有中等强度的单一酸性.热重分析表明SAPILs拥有优异的热稳定性能(300-345℃),显著地优于商用磺酸树脂Amberlite IR-120(H)(245℃).扫描电镜和冷冻电镜表明,当SAPILs在水中溶胀时,无孔的结构会自发地形成微米级三维类蜂窝状网络结构.这些类蜂窝状网络结构的酸性聚离子液体在催化乙酸环己酯水解制备环己醇中表现出卓越的催化性能,其催化活性明显高于多相酸催化剂(Amberlite IR-120(H)和H-ZSM-5)和均相酸催化剂(硫酸,对甲苯磺酸和均相酸性离子液体[VSIm]HSO4).通过气相色谱定量分析了在一系列模拟的反应体系中溶胀SAPIL-1内部和外部各组分的平衡浓度,发现SAPIL-1内部乙酸环己酯的浓度和乙酸环己酯与环己醇的摩尔比分别是其外部的7.5-23.3倍和4.5-16.4倍,这表明在反应过程中乙酸环己酯被大量富集.此外,SAPILs在环己烯直接水合制备环己醇以及环氧乙烷水合制备乙二醇的反应中均表现出优异的催化性能.值得说明的是,SAPILs具有很好的循环使用性能,10次循环后催化活性无明显改变.这些具有蜂窝状结构和对反应底物高富集SAPILs的成功合成及应用为开发高效的多相酸催化剂提供了一种新的思路.     

Zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes with PDT: study of the effect of weak interactions on crystal packing

Two new zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes, [Zn(PDT)₂(NCS)₂] (1) and [Cd((PDT)₂I_1.6(H₂O)_0.4(OH)_0.4] · 0.4H₂O (2) (“PDT” is the abbreviation of 3-(2-pyridyl)-5, 6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H NMR spectroscopy, and studied by X-ray crystallography. Zinc(II) in 1 is six coordinate ZnN₆. 2 is a co-crystal with cadmium(II) being 60% six-coordinated with a CdN₄I₂ environment and 40% seven-coordinated with a CdN₄O₂I environment. The supramolecular features in these complexes are guided/controlled by weak directional intermolecular S ··· π, C–H ··· π, C–H ··· I, and π ··· π interactions.     

Thermodynamics of the compression of poly(isobutyl cyanoacrylate) monolayers at acid,neutral and basic pH

Poly(isobutyl cyanoacrylate) (PIBCA) monolayers, unlike those of most substances, respond to increased temperature with a decrease in area per monomer unit and a fall in the surface pressures at which surface phase transition and collapse occur. These effects are associated with an increase in entropy during isothermal compression of the film, and are attributed to the rise in temperature causing loss of solvation water, rather than to increased solubility of PIBCA.     

Crystal and molecular structure, hydrogen bond and electrostatic interactions of bis(1-methylisonicotinate)hydrogen perchlorate studied by X-ray diffraction, DFT calculations, FT-IR, Raman and NMR spectroscopes

The crystal structure of bis(1-methylisonicotinate)hydrogen perchlorate, (MIN)₂H·ClO₄, has been studied by X-ray diffraction, DFT calculations, FT-IR, Raman, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P2₁/n, with a pair of MIN molecules bridged by a short asymmetrical O·H·O hydrogen bond of 2.461(5) Å. The COO groups are twisted by 80.55° with respect to the plane of the pyridine ring. The anion interacts electrostatically with the positively charged nitrogen atoms of the neighbouring MIN molecules. The most stable conformer of isolated (MIN)₂H·ClO₄ and two homoconjugated cations, (MIN)₂H, have been analyzed by the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) calculations in order to determine the influence of the anion on the hydrogen bonds in MIN·H·MIN unit. The FT-IR spectrum of the (MIN)₂H·ClO₄ shows a broad and intense absorption in the 1500–400 cm⁻¹ region, typical of short hydrogen bonds. The isotopic ratio, νOHO/νODO, is close to unity, indicating that the hydrogen bond is acentric (pseudo-type A).     

Poly(4-vinylpyridine) catalyzed hydrolysis of methyl bromide to methanol and dimethyl ether

The hydrolysis of methyl bromide with neutral water is performed in the presence and absence of various amines in a batch reactor at different temperatures (50–125 °C). Screening of poly(4-vinylpyridine) as a potential reusable solid amine catalyst showed maximum efficiency. This significant enhancement in efficiency is due to the capture of HBr by solid PVP and remains phase-separated driving the reaction forward. The major advantage of this process is that the polymer can be easily regenerated and reused without loss of activity making it a very effective catalyst for the conversion of methyl halides to methanol and dimethyl ether.     

Products of hydrolysis of C,N-chelated triorganotin(IV) chlorides and use of products as catalysts in transesterification reactions

Triorganotin(IV) chlorides containing one L^CN chelating ligand were hydrolyzed with an excess of sodium hydroxide. The composition of the products is strongly dependent on the nature of the organic groups bound to the tin atom. Di(n-butyl)tin, dimethyltin as well as the diphenyl derivative exhibits an equilibrium between hydroxide and stannoxane forms (oxide), whereas alkyltin species react spontaneously and reversibly with carbon dioxide present in the air to form carbonate species. On the other hand, diphenyl derivatives display virtually no reaction with CO₂ towards carbonates, while the di-t-butyl-substituted tin derivative is stable under the same experimental condition and remains as a tin hydroxide. In the case of the dimethyltin derivative, a methyl group migration was observed with displacement of one L^CN chelating ligand during the reaction on the air. The coordination geometry of the tin central atom(s) of all studied compounds can be described as trigonal bipyramidal with a dative bonded dimethylamino group occupying one coordination site. The catalytic activity of these compounds in transesterification reactions is generally lower compared to the systems reported in the literature, with the exception of the transesterification of ethyl acetate by cyclohexanol which displays a remarkable activity.     

Products of hydrolysis of (ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium iodide: Synthesis of hydroxymethylferrocene and bis(ferrocenylmethyl) ether

The attempted coupling of (ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium iodide (1) with 1,4,7-(triformyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (2) in water led to the formation of the expected compound 1-(ferrocenemethyl)-4,7,10-(triformyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (3). In addition, hydrolysis of the ferrocenyl precursor 1 led to the formation of two other known compounds, hydroxymethylferrocene (4) and bis(ferrocenylmethyl) ether (5). An X-ray crystal structure determination of 4 revealed the presence of H-bonding between the hydroxyl groups of one molecule of 4 and the oxygen atom of an adjacent molecule resulting in a left-handed helical chain of molecules lying along the b-axis direction. The O?O distances are significantly shorter than those found in previously reported structures of hydroxymethylferrocene derivatives indicative of moderate strength H-bonding interactions. In the structure of 5, the orientation of the ferrocenyl groups are staggered relative to a vector comprising the two carbons of the C-O-C linker.     

Polyelectrolyte complexes of soluble poly-2-[(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride and its hydrogels with poly(acrylic acid)

The complex formation of poly-2-[(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (PMADQUAT) with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) of different molecular weights has been studied in aqueous solutions by potentiometric, viscometric, turbidimetric and FTIR spectroscopic methods. The formation of insoluble non-stoichiometric polyelectrolyte complexes has been shown. The stability of polyelectrolyte complexes in solutions of different pH and ionic strength has been evaluated. The formation of polyelectrolyte complexes between hydrogels of PMADQUAT and linear PAA of different molecular weights has been studied. It was shown that the molecular weight of PAA considerably affects the kinetics of interaction as well as the final state of gel-polymer complex.     

Electrochemically oriented immobilization of antibody on poly-(2-cyano-ethylpyrrole)-coated gold electrode using a cyclic voltammetry

Using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as an immunosensor, this work investigates the contribution of a cyclic voltammetry (CV) on the proper immobilization of antibodies with the aim of enhancing its target recognition and binding ability. Primarily, CV in the range of −0.1 to 0.9 V was applied to form a layer of poly-(2-cyano-ethylpyrrole) (PCEPy) on gold quartz crystal electrode. Then the efficiencies of antibodies (anti-IgG, AIgG) immobilized electrochemically with CV applied in 0-0.65 V were compared to those immobilized via physical adsorption, by observing relative affinity towards AIgG-Fab and AIgG-Fc fragments. The results showed antibody-AIgG-Fab interaction could be enhanced about 4 times when CV is applied (11.2 ± 1.3 vs 41.6 ± 3.4 relative fluorescence unit). On the contrary, physisorbed antibodies showed a higher degree of affinity towards AIgG-Fc indicating inappropriate orientations of physisorbed antibodies. AIgG immobilized PCEPy-gold QC electrode was characterized further for its sensitivity towards a new target bovine albumin with both a QCM and fluorescence measurement. Such electrode exhibited a good sensitivity as well as a large linear dynamic range, from 0.4 μg/ml to 1.0 μg/ml and from 0.5 μg/ml to 10.0 μg/ml, at QCM and fluorescence measurement, respectively.