The State of Arts of Hall Thruster

Electric propulsion is broadly defined as the acceleration of a working fluid for propulsion by electrical heating and/or by electric and magnetic body forces. Compared with chemical propulsion, electric propulsion has the characteristic of higher specific impulse, lower thrust, lighter weight and longer lifetime. So electric propulsion is generally suitable for satellite attitude control, the orbit transfer and raising, orbit correction, resistance compensate, position keeping, reposi- tion, space exploration and interplanetary flight.     

The geometry of violation of Bell''''s inequality

The purpose of this paper is to deduce an analytical expression for the violation of Bell's inequality by quantum theory and plane trigonometry, and expound the violation and maximal violation of the first, second type Bell's inequality in detail. Further, we find out the sufficient conditions for the region in which Bell's inequalities are violated.     

The First-Quantized Theory of Photons

In near-field optics and optical tunnelling theory, photon wave mechanics, i.e. the first-quantized theory of photons, allows us to address the spatial field localization problem in a flexible manner which links smoothly to classical electromagnetics. We develop photon wave mechanics in a rigorous and unified way, based on which field quantization is obtained in a new way.     

The Design of the Black Patch

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The Theses of Master in 2003

Investigation of Double-electron Processes in Slow Collisions of Highly Charged Ions with He Cao Zhurong. Studies of the High-spin Level Structures in ^134Ba and ^135La Luo Peng.     

The physics of the τ lepton

A comprehensive review of the status of τ-lepton physics is presented. We include the knowledge on the properties of the tau, the decay branching fractions and tests of the standard model. Discussions of possible puzzles and an indication of the future possibilities in this field are a lso presented.     

The two independent equations of circuits in integral form of field theory:The fundamental law of circuits

1 Introduction Historically, circuit theory was initially considered as a part of the electromagnetic theory. Later on, it branched out to become an independent theory. After several stages of its development, Kirchhoff’s law was commonly regarded as the fundamental law of circuits[1]. Especially after the 1960s, the completely topological formulation of Kirchhoff’s law made even more important contribution to the development of moderncircuit theory. However, it has been also known for a l…     

The principle of primary spectrum pyrometry

1 Introduction Planck Law[1] is the fundamental of radiation temperature measurements, which in- dicates the quantitative relationship between the radiation intensity and the temperature of ideal blackbody.wherewhere C1 is Planck first constant, C2 Planck second constant, λ the wavelength, ε the spectral emissivity of an actual surface, I = ε (λ, T, θ, φ, β), Ib(λ, T) the radiation distri- bution of the real surface, λ1 the lower limit wavelength, λ2 the higher limit wavelength, d…     

The geometry of Π-invertible sheaves

Using the fact that $\Pi$-invertible sheaves can be interpreted as locally free sheaves of modules for the super skew field $\mathbb{D}$, we give a new construction of the $\Pi$-projective superspace ${\mathbb{P}}_{\Pi ,B}^n$ over affine $k$ superschemes $B$, $k$ an algebraically closed field. We characterize morphisms into ${\mathbb{P}}_{\Pi ,B}^n$ and give a new interpretation of the composition of $\Pi$-invertible sheaves in terms of the algebra of $\mathbb{D}$.     

The frequency resolution of acousto-optical spectrometer

this paper discusses the frequency resolution of an acousto-opticalspectrometer system under influences of deflector‘s spectral resolution,coherent light-beam truncation ratio,and photodiode array‘s response.Thebroadening of the resoluble line-pattern caused by the response of aphotodiode pixel has been computed.According to this discussion theauthors proposed the selecting principles for the design parameters of theacoustooptical spectrometer including light-beam truncation ratio,focallength of Fourier lens,and number of photodiode array elements,i.e.thequantitative criteria for specific observational necessities with anacousto-optical spectrometer considered with resolution,bandwidth,andsidelobes of instrumental profile comprehensively.An experimentalmeasurement of the frequency resolution to verify the above theoreticalcomputations has also been carried out.     

The Theses of Doctorate in 2003

The Isospin Effect an Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Collisions and Halo Nuclear Structure Guo Wenjun. Experimental Investigation on the Isospin-dependent Properties of Hot Nuclei in Heavy-ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies Hu Rongjiang.     

The High-order Squeezing of Orthonormalization Eigenstates of a~4

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The biological significance of ω-oxidation of fatty acids

The author focuses on the biological significance of ω-oxidation of fatty acids. Early studies revealed that there is a subsidiary pathway for β-oxidation of fatty acids when β-oxidation is blocked. Many studies demonstrated that the ω-oxidation serves to provide succinyl-CoA for the citric acid cycle and for gluconeogenesis under conditions of starvation and diabetes. Acylglucosylceramides which are composed of linoleic acid, long chain ω-hydroxy fatty acids, eicosasphingenine (or trihydroxyeicosasphingenine) and glucose, are responsible for normal epidermal permeability function in the skin. It is observed that ω- and (ω-1)-oxidation of fatty acids are related to energy metabolism in some laboratory animals such as musk shrews and Mongolian gerbils. Studies confirmed that ω- and (ω-1)-oxidation of fatty acids play crucial roles in the production of insect pheromones of honeybees and in the formation of biopolyesters of higher plants. In addition, the biological significance of ω-oxidation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes is described.     

The Physics and Psychophysics of Music

ThefirsteditionofthemonographThePhysicsandPsychophysicsofMusicwaspublishedin1973,tobeuscdinthePhysicscourseformusicstudents,analyzingwhatobjective,physicalpropertiesofthesoundpatternareassociatedwithwhatsubjective,psychologicalseasationsofmusic.Twentyyearspassedandtheinvestigationinphysicsandpsychologyofhearinghasmadetremendousprogress.The1995editionincludesinformationsonmostimportantdiscoveriesandnewstudiesmadeduringthelast15yearsinpsychologyofhearingandneuropsychologyofbrainfunction,whilet…     

The Effective Degree of Freedom of Low Energy QCD

The adiabatic effective baryon-baryou interactions and dibaryon candidates are studied systematically with three constituent quark models based on different effective degrees of freedom:Glozman-Riska-Brown Goldstone boson exchange model based on constituent quark and Goldstone boson coupling;Fujiwara model based on constituent quark gluon coupling and Nijmegen one-boson exchange;QDCSM based on constituent quark and gluon coupling with quark delocalization and color screening.We find that the three models predicted the similar effective baryon-baryon interactions for roughly two thirds among the 64 states consisted of octet and decuplet baryons.The differences among three models and their separate characteristics are also studied.     

The entropic squeezing of superposition of two arbitrary coherent states

In this paper the superpositions of two arbitrary coherent states ｜ψ〉 = α ｜β｜ ＋ be^iψ ｜mβe^iδ〉 are constructed by using the superposition principle of quantum mechanics. The entropic squeezing effects of the quantum states are studied. The numerical results indicate that the amplitudes, the ratio between the amplitudes of two coherent states, the phase difference between the two components and the relative phase of the two coefficients play important roles in the squeezing effects of the position entropy and momentum entropy.     

The Theory of Acceleration Within Its Context of Differential Invariants: The Root of the Problem with Cosmological Models?

Acceleration is an almost-sterile concept. However, since four-velocity is a four-dimensional (thus reduced) tangent vector field over geometric phase-spacetime (t, xⁱ, uⁱ), it yields a very rich concept of acceleration as a vector-valued 1-form. As in general relativity, the usual concept of acceleration comes out in the wash. By virtue of their nature, constants such as mass and charge are absent from this theory, though there is room for the concept of mass in the renormalization of the metric. Since, modulo these constants, force and acceleration become synonymous, the theory of acceleration (TOA) becomes a theory of shadow interactions: gravitational, electromagnetic (EM), and a third interaction that we refer to as Third. The TOA constitutes part of the theory of all the invariants associated with the above frames, namely, classical differential phase-space time geometry (PSTG). That is its context. The TOA connects with the remainder of PSTG through terms which appear in the acceleration 1-form but which fail to reach the equations of the motion. This absence splits the torsion into one part that we call electromagnetic + Third and another part, Fourth, which cannot manifest itself as a classical interaction. Fourth, which appears to shadow the weak interaction, nevertheless has gravitational effects through its contribution to the source side of Einstein's equations. It is, therefore, dark matter. Cosmological energy appears to be nothing but the energy of this particular type of dark matter, accounting for three quarters of the total. A cosmological term more sophisticated than the one involving the cosmological constant thus results.     

The generation of group delay ripple of chirped fiber gratings

The analysis of the group delay ripple (GDR) generated by chirped fiber gratings is developed based on the Fabry-Perot (F-P) resonator. It shows clearly how the GDR is generated and why the periods of GDR varies along the chirped fiber gratings. It could also explain why apodization could suppress the GDR and how apodization affects the chirp of the grating. The theory could be used to devise the apodization of fiber gratings.     

The revival of Schrödinger's interpretation of quantum mechanics

A distinction is made between two wave functions(x) and(x), The former describing a continuous distribution of electronic matter for a single system, the latter describing the regularities in repeated experiments. The classical field(x) necessarily includes the self energy and accounts for all the radiative processes without the probability interpretation.     

The First Observation of Circumstellar Nebula of VI Cyg 12

An optical spectroscopic observation was made towards the circumstellarnebula of the supergiant VI Cyg 12,for the first time to the best of our knowledge.Several emission lines appear in the spectrum.Based on the spectra of the star and its circumstellar matter,as well as the IRAS nad NVSS data,we conclude that VI Cyg 12 has an expanding shell with an expansion velocity 3100km s^-1 due to strong stellar.It is an older star that possibly evolved from a very massive O-type star.The stellar wind and mass loss may take an important part in the evolution of this star.