新型三嗪桥连的双1,8-萘酰亚胺衍生物的合成及其光物理行为

以1,8-萘酰亚胺和三聚氯氰为主要原料, 合成了两种由三嗪环桥连的双1,8-萘酰亚胺化合物3 和5. 采用紫外-可见光谱和荧光光谱等手段考察了两种化合物在不同溶剂中的光物理行为. 与参比化合物N-丁基-1,8-萘酰亚胺相比, 在二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷和甲醇等极性溶剂中, 化合物3和5除了在短波区(λ<400 nm)存在1,8-萘酰亚胺的特征荧光发射峰外, 在长波区(>450 nm)均产生一个较强的新荧光发射峰, 表现出分子内激基缔合物的光物理行为. 与化合物5相比, 由于化合物3特殊的构象异构, 其荧光强度发生严重的猝灭. 在非极性溶剂甲基环己烷中, 化合物5 由于存在较强的分子间氢键作用而聚集, 受激后形成了较稳定的分子间激基缔合物, 但未观察到明显的分子内激基缔合物的形成. 在甲苯溶剂中, 化合物3和5与甲苯分子形成了激基复合物, 并未形成分子内激基缔合物. 进一步研究3和5的固态激发态性质, 发现化合物3和5的固体薄膜受激后分别在465和469 nm处出现激基缔合物的特征荧光发射峰.     

时间分辨荧光光谱研究聚2-乙烯基萘与对苯二甲酸二甲酯形成的三分子激基复合物

本文研究了在稀溶液中,聚2-乙烯基萘分子内不同生色团之间相互作用后先形成分子内激基缔合物,然后与受体分子相互作用后再生成三分子激基复合物的机理。测定了聚2-乙烯基萘分子内激基缔合物的荧光寿命的r_2=18.83ns;形成三分子激基复合物的速度常数k_7=4.18×10~9(mol/L)~(-1)S~(-1),受扩散速度反应控制。首次提出了激基缔合物或激基复合物可能是形成三分子激基复合物的中间体,并提出了由激基缔合物再形成三分子激基复合物的光物理过程的理论模型。     

外围准轮烷形成对萘修饰PAMAM树枝形聚合物光物理性质的调控

合成了1~3代外围修饰萘的聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM)树枝形聚合物Gn-NA,化合物通过了1H NMR,13C NMR,MALDI-TOF MS,IR的鉴定.稳态和时间分辨光物理研究表明,水溶液(含DMSO 0.3%~0.5%,V/V)中Gn-NA分子内相邻萘基团形成激基缔合物,猝灭了萘单体的荧光发射,随代数增加,对萘单体荧光猝灭作用增强.向体系中加入葫芦[7]脲(CB[7]),CB[7]与萘形成的准轮烷结构1∶1的包结复合物,1~3代Gn-NA中萘与CB[7]的结合常数分别为768,887和823 mol-1?L.准轮烷结构的形成抑制了分子内激基缔合物的生成,使单体荧光发射大大增强.本工作为可调控发光树枝形聚合物的发展提供了一种新的策略.     

外围萘修饰PAMAM树枝形聚合物的合成及其质子化过程研究

合成了外围修饰有萘基团的0～3代聚酰胺-胺树枝形聚合物GnN (n＝0～3), 化合物通过了IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR和MALDI TOF的表征. 稳态光物理研究表明, 甲醇溶液中GnN外围萘基团与骨架胺之间发生电子转移过程, 形成最大发射峰在450 nm的激基复合物, 萘的荧光被明显猝灭; 当GnN骨架被质子化, 分子内光致电子转移过程和萘与骨架胺基间激基复合物的形成被抑制, 萘单体荧光发射大大增强; 由于质子化后树枝形聚合物骨架趋于伸展构象, 外围萘基团间相互作用增强, 部分形成最大发射峰在400 nm的激基缔合物.     

聚甲基苯乙基硅烷的荧光光谱

本文研究了聚甲基苯乙基硅烷(PMPES)的荧光光谱。从浓度效应和猝灭规律证明了PMPES溶液中既有分子间激基缔合物又有分子内的激基缔合物。低温荧光光谱说明在基态时有部分生色团呈激基缔合物构象。     

疏水作用对光化学和光物理过程的影响 Ⅹ. 非平面分子2,2’-联萘在促簇性溶剂中的簇集和激基缔合物的形成

激基缔合物是由一个激发态分子和一个基态分子形成的复合物,组成激基缔合物的两个分子平面必须彼此平行呈夹心面包式构型^[1]。在某些情况下,两个芳香环在基态时就呈激基缔合物的构型并有很强的相互作用,形成基态复合物一二聚体^[2,3]。人们对平面结构的芳香化合物分子形成的激基缔合物已经进行了大量研究,并且注意到非平面的芳香化合物分子很难形成激基缔合物^[4]。     

三分子激基复合物的研究

本文证实了苊与1,4-二氰基苯(DCB)可以形成激基复合物,同时当苊的浓度较大时,也可以生成三分子的激基复合物。此外还证明了聚苊可以生成非相邻的激基缔合物,聚苊与DCB也可以生成三分子激基复合物。通过光物理过程的动力学推导,证明在聚苊体系中,先生成(DA)^*,然后再形成(DDA)^*三分子激基复合物。     

芘在石英玻片表面的柔性长臂固定化及其对二元羧酸的传感特性

将传感元素芘经由柔性长臂——丙二胺和3-缩水甘油丙醚基三甲氧基硅烷化学结合于石英玻片表面, 得到一种新型光致发光薄膜材料. 研究表明, 不论在湿态还是在干态, 该薄膜均具有芘单体及其激基缔合物的荧光发射特征. 通过静态荧光和时间分辨荧光光谱研究, 发现激基缔合物荧光发射主要来自于基态二聚体直接激发所形成激基缔合物. 激基缔合物结构包含具有“三明治”结构的正常激基缔合物和部分重叠的变形激基缔合物结构. 乙二酸、丙二酸、丁二酸等二元羧酸的存在对固定化芘的单体和激基缔合物的荧光发射均表现出敏化作用, 但敏化达到平衡所需要的时间因二元羧酸链长的不同而不同. 一般来讲，二元羧酸的链长越长, 平衡所需时间越长. 二元羧酸敏化作用对时间的依赖性被归因于分子链插入所引起的薄膜表面固定化传感元素(荧光活性小分子)空间分布的改变. 以甲酸或乙酸代替二元羧酸进行实验并未发现类似的敏化作用. 实验所得功能薄膜对二元羧酸的响应具有良好的可逆性.     

疏水作用对光化学和光物理过程的影响 Ⅳ.不良溶剂中双-β-萘甲酸多亚甲基二醇酯分子的构象及分子内激基缔合物

本文研究了双-β-萘甲酸多亚甲基二醇酯(B_n)在二甲基亚砜-水(DMSO-H_2O)和乙二醇-水(EG-H_2O)两种混合溶剂中的稳态和时间分辨荧光光谱以及温度、溶剂组成对荧光光谱的影响.发现疏水作用使B_3、B_4、B_5和B_(10)的两个发色团在基态时相互重叠,因此被激发时,很容易形成分子内激基缔合物.B_2的激基缔合物中,两个亚甲基为顺叠式构象,在基态时两个发色团只能相互靠近.以减小排斥能.受激后,两个发色团需稍作运动,才能形成激基缔合物,测定了B_2激基缔合物形成的动力学和热力学参数,并和β-萘甲酸酯发色团形成分子间激基缔合物的参数进行了比较.     

疏水作用对光化学和光物理过程的影响 IV: 不良溶剂中双-β-萘甲酸多亚甲基二醇酯分子的构象及分子内激基缔合物

本文研究了双-β-萘甲酸多亚甲基二醇酯(Bn)在二甲基亚砜-水(DMSO-H2O)和乙二醇-水(EG-H2O)两种混合溶剂中的稳态和时间辨荧光光谱以及温度、溶剂组成对荧光光谱的影响. 发现疏水作用使B3、B4、B5和B10的两个发色团在基态时相互重叠, 因此被激发时, 很容易形成分子内激基缔合物. B2的激基缔合物中, 两个亚甲基为顺叠式构象, 在基态时两个发色团只能相互靠近. 以减小排斥能. 受激后, 两个发色团需稍作运动, 才能形成激基缔合物, 测定了B2激基缔合物形成的动力学和热力学参数, 并和β-萘甲酸酯发色团形成分子间激基缔合物的参数进行了比较.     

New cyclen-cored dendrimers functionalized with pyrene: Synthesis characterization,optical and photophysical properties

New cyclen (1,4,7,10-teraazacyclododecane) cored dendrimers up to the second generation, functionalized with 4, 8 and 16 pyrene units, respectively, were synthesized following a convergent procedure. All new compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopies and ESI or MALDI TOF mass spectrometry. The optical and photophysical properties of the new dendrimers were studied in THF solution. Absorption spectra showed the typical absorption bands of pyrene moieties. In the fluorescence spectra, monomer as well as excimer emission were observed for all compounds. An increased proportion of excimer emission was observed in the dendrimer of the highest generation.     

Mechanisms for fluorescence depolarization in dendrimers

We have investigated the fluorescence properties of dendrimers (Gn is the dendrimer generation number) containing four different luminophores, namely terphenyl (T), dansyl (D), stilbenyl (S), and eosin (E). In the case of T, the dendrimers contain a single p-terphenyl fluorescent unit as a core with appended sulfonimide branches of different size and n-octyl chains. In the cases of D and S, multiple fluorescent units are appended in the periphery of poly(propylene amine) dendritic structures. In the case of E, the investigated luminophore is noncovalently linked to the dendritic scaffold, but is encapsulated in cavities of a low luminescent dendrimer. Depending on the photophysical properties of the fluorescent units and the structures of the dendrimers, different mechanisms of fluorescence depolarization have been observed: (i) global rotation for GnT dendrimers; (ii) global rotation and local motions of the dansyl units at the periphery of GnD dendrimers; (iii) energy migration among stylbenyl units in G2S; and (iv) restricted motion when E is encapsulated inside a dendrimer, coupled to energy migration if the dendrimer hosts more than one eosin molecule.     

树枝形聚合物修饰双8-羟基喹啉衍生物的合成及稳态光物理性质研究

设计合成了1 3代芳醚骨架树枝形聚合物修饰的双8 羟基喹啉衍生物.对这些化合物在不同溶剂中的荧光光谱研究表明,随着代数的增加,目标树枝形聚合物的荧光量子产率增大,树枝形聚合物对核心发色团具有一定的隔离作用,并且目标分子内可以发生从骨架向核心发色团的能量传递.     

Cu2+对联苯甲醛修饰的树状大分子聚酰胺-胺荧光性能的影响

采用小分子联苯甲醛(BPA)分别修饰第一和第二代树状大分子聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM), 合成了2种PAMAM的修饰产物G1-BPA4和G1-BPA8. 利用IR, 1H NMR及MALDI-TOF MS等手段表征了2种产物的结构, 研究了Cu2+浓度对其荧光性能的影响. 结果表明, 在一定的浓度范围内, 作为常见荧光猝灭剂的Cu2+能使2种产物的荧光均显著增强.     

Cyclam‐Cored Dendrimers Appended with Four Dendrons of Two Different Types: Intradendrimer Energy Transfer

We have synthesized two cyclam‐cored dendrimers appended with dendrons of two different types by proper protection/deprotection of the cyclam unit. The resulting dendrimers contain six naphthyl and two dansyl units ( N6 D2 ) or two dansyl and six naphthyl units ( N2 D6 ) at the periphery. Their photophysical properties have been compared to those of a dendrimer containing 8 dansyl units ( D8 ) and a previously investigated dendrimer containing 8 naphthyl units ( N8 ). The absorption spectra are those expected on the basis of the number of chromophores, demonstrating that no ground state interaction takes place. The emission spectra of N2 D6 and N6 D2 show naphthalene localized and naphthalene excimer emission similar to those observed in the case of N8 , together with a much stronger dansyl emission with maximum at 525 nm. Addition of CF₃SO₃H to dendrimer solutions in CH₃CN/CH₂Cl₂ 1:1 (v/v) leads to protonation of the aliphatic amine units of the cyclam core at first and then of the aromatic amine of each dansyl chromophores. Cyclam can be diprotonated and this affects dansyl absorption and, most significantly, emission bands by a charge perturbation effect. Each dansyl unit is independently protonated in both dendrimers. The most interesting photophysical feature of these heterofunctionalized cyclam‐cored dendrimers is the occurrence of an intradendrimer photoinduced energy transfer from naphthyl to dansyl chromophores of two different dendrons (interdendron mechanism). The efficiency of this process is 50 % for N6 D2 and it can be increased up to 75 % upon protonation of the cyclam core and formation of N6 D2 (2H⁺). This arises from the fact that protonation of the amine units of the cyclam prevents formation of exciplexes upon naphthyl excitation, thus shutting down one of the deactivation processes of the fluorescent naphthyl excited state.     

Peptide dendrimer enzyme models for ester hydrolysis and aldolization prepared by convergent thioether ligation

Peptide dendrimers with multiple histidines or N-terminal prolines efficiently catalyze ester hydrolysis or aldol reactions in aqueous medium. Part of the catalytic proficiency of these dendritic enzyme models stems from multivalency effects observed in G2, G3 and G4 dendrimers displaying multiple catalytic groups in their branches. To study multivalency in higher generation systems, G4, G5 and G6 peptide dendrimers were prepared by a convergent assembly. Thus, peptide dendrimers bearing four or eight chloroacetyl groups at their N-termini underwent multiple thioether ligation with G2 and G3 peptide dendrimers with a cysteine residue at their focal point, to give G4, G5 and G6 dendrimers containing up to 341 amino acids, including multiple histidines or N-terminal prolines. While the efficiency of the esterase catalysts was comparable to that of their lower generation analogs, a remarkable reactivity increase was observed in G5 and G6 aldolase dendrimers.     

Ground and excited-state electronic interactions in poly(propylene amine) dendrimers functionalized with naphthyl units: effect of protonation and metal complexation.

We report the absorption spectra and the photophysical properties (fluorescence spectrum, quantum yield, and lifetime) of four dendrimers of the poly(propylene amine) family (POPAMs) functionalized at the periphery with naphthylsulfonamide (hereafter called naphthyl) units. Each dendrimer Gn, where n = 1 to 4 is the generation number, comprises 2n + 1 (i.e., 32 for G4) naphthyl functions in the periphery and 2n + 1--2 (i.e., 30 for G4) tertiary amine units in the branches. All the experiments have been carried out in acetonitrile solutions. Comparison with two reference compounds (N-methyl-naphthalene-2-sulfonamide, A, and N-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-2-naphthalene-1-sulfonamide, B) has shown that the absorption spectra of the dendrimers are significantly different from those expected from the component units. Furthermore, the intense fluorescence band of the naphthyl unit (lambda max = 343 nm; phi = 0.15, tau = 8.5 ns) is strongly quenched in the dendrimers. The quenching effect increases with increasing generation and is accompanied by the appearance of a weak and broad emission tail at lower energy. Protonation of the amine units of the dendrimers by addition of CF3SO3H (triflic) acid causes a strong increase in the intensity of the naphthyl luminescence and a change in the form of the emission tail. The shapes of the titration curves depend on dendrimer generation, but in any case, the effect of the acid can be fully reversed by successive addition of a base (tributylamine). The results obtained show that in the dendrimers there are interactions (both in the ground and excited states) between naphthyl units as well as between naphthyl units and amine units of the branches; this gives rise to dimer/excimer and charge-transfer/exciplex excited states. Titration with Zn(CF3SO3)2 has the same effect as acid titration, as far as the final emission spectrum is concerned, but a much higher concentration of Zn(CF3SO3)2 has to be used and the shapes of the titration plots are very different. Titration with Co(NO3)2.6H2O causes a much smaller increase in the intensity of the naphthyl fluorescence compared with Zn(CF3SO3)2. The results obtained have shown that protonation and metal coordination can reveal the presence of ground and excited state electronic interactions in functionalized poly(propylene amine) dendrimers, and that the presence of photo-active units in the dendrimers can be useful to reveal some peculiar aspects of the protonation and metal coordination processes.     

Selective sensors for Zn2+ cations based on new green fluorescent poly(amidoamine) dendrimers peripherally modified with 1,8-naphthalimides

The paper reports on the spectral photophysical characteristics of two new fluorescent PAMAM dendrimers of zero and second generation decoreted with 1,8-naphthalimide units, designed for ionic detection. The dendrimers were studied by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Their ability to detect ions has been evaluated in acetonitrile by monitoring the quenching of the fluoresence intensity. Different ions have been tested: Zn(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) for the purpose. The results have shown clearly that only Zn(2+) could be efficiently detected using the dendrimer of second generation. In addition, it has been shown that for both dendrimers in a acetonitrile-water solution, the fluoresence intensity is pH dependant, hence could find application as a detector of harmful pH changes in the environment.     

Light harvesting and energy transfer within coumarin‐labeled polymers

Linear copolymers that have pendant coumarin‐2 and coumarin‐343 chromophores were prepared as analogues to previously synthesized light‐harvesting dendrimers. The chromophore ratios within these polymers were maintained similar to those of the various generation dendrimers to investigate the effect of polymer architecture on the energy‐transfer efficiency between the coumarin‐2 donors and coumarin‐343 acceptors. Both physical and photophysical properties of these polymers were analyzed and compared to those of the analogous dendrimers. Energy‐transfer efficiencies were relatively high in the polymers; however, deleterious excimer formation between the coumarin‐343 chromophores diminished the quantum yield of fluorescence of the polymers when compared to the analogous dendrimers. Overall, it was found that the ultimate performance of the dendritic light‐harvesting antennae was superior to that of the polymeric analogues, but the polymers were more practical in terms of synthetic accessibility. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1366–1373, 2001