Phase behavior of diglycerol fatty acid esters-nonpolar oil systems

Phase behavior of diglycerol fatty acid esters (Qn-D, where n represents the carbon number in the alkyl chain length of amphiphile, n = 10-16) were investigated in different nonpolar oils, liquid paraffin (LP70), squalane, and squalene. There is surfactant solid at lower temperature, and the surfactant solid does not swell in oil, and the melting temperature is almost constant in a wide range of compositions. In all of the systems, a lamellar liquid crystal (L(alpha)) is formed in a concentrated region at a temperature between the solid melting temperature and the isotropic two- or single-phase regions. In the dilute regions, reverse vesicles are formed in L(alpha) + O regions. There are two liquid-phase regions above the L(alpha) present region. This two-phase boundary corresponds to the cloud-point curve of nonionic surfactant aqueous solutions. However, instead of being less soluble in water at high temperature for the cloud point, the surfactant becomes more soluble in the organic solvents at high temperature. Namely, the effect of temperature on the solubility is opposite to the clouding phenomenon. When the hydrocarbon chain of the diglycerol surfactant decreases, the two-phase region becomes wider. In the case of a fixed surfactant, the surfactant is most miscible with squalene (narrowest two-phase regions) and the order of dissolutions tendency is squalene > LP70 > squalane. These results show that the hydrophilic moiety (diglycerol group) is more insoluble in oil compared with that of a conventional poly(oxyethylene)-type nonionic surfactant. Formation of reversed rodlike micelles was confirmed by SAXS scattering curve. When the hydrocarbon chain of surfactant is short, the micellar size becomes larger. In a fixed surfactant system, the reverse micellar size increases by changing oil from squalene to LP70. A small amount of water induces a dramatic elongation of reverse micelles.     

Synergism and foaming properties in mixed nonionic/fatty acid soap surfactant systems

The synergism and foaming behavior of a mixed surfactant system consisting of a nonionic surfactant (polyethoxylated alkyl ether C(n)E(m)) and a fatty acid soap (sodium oleate) were studied. The micellar interaction parameter (the beta-parameter) was determined from the cmc following the approach of Rubingh's regular solution theory. For both the C(12)E(6)/sodium oleate and the C(14)E(6)/sodium oleate mixtures, the results indicate a fairly strong attractive interaction (negative beta-values), which were in agreement with previous data reported for other nonionic/anionic surfactant systems. The characteristics of the foam produced from the surfactants were evaluated using a glass column equipped with a series of electrodes measuring the conductance of the foam, which enabled the water content of the foam to be determined. From these measurements, since the total foam volume was almost the same for all concentrations and surfactants, we compared the amount of liquid in the foam produced under dynamic foaming and the ability of the foam to entrain the liquid after the airflow was switched-off (static foam stability). The amount of liquid in the foam 100 s after the air was switched-off followed the order NaOl > C(12)E(6) > C(14)E(6). Also, the mixtures had the same foam volumes as the pure surfactants at the same concentration. However, both mixtures had higher concentrations of liquid in the foam when the mole fraction of the nonionic surfactant in the mixed surfactant system was greater than about >0.3 in the solution.     

Binodal curve of two liquid phases and solid-liquid equilibrium for water + fatty acid + ethanol systems and water + fatty acid + acetone systems

To determine the liquid-liquid-solid three-phase equilibrium (LLSE), binodal data of the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) and the solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE) have been measured for the ternary water + acetone or ethanol + lauric acid, myristic acid or palmitic acid systems. The binodal region for two liquid phases increases successively in the following order of the third component: lauric acid < myristic acid < palmitic acid. The binodal regions of the ternary systems with acetone as the second component are larger than those for ethanol. These binodal curves are not highly sensitive to temperature. The isothermal solubility of these fatty acids is considerably reduced when the water content in the aqueous phase increases. The solubility of fatty acids is successively reduced in the following order: lauric acid > myristic acid > palmitic acid. The solubility of fatty acids in aqueous solutions containing acetone is smaller than in those containing ethanol. Predictions of both the binodal curve for LLE and the SLE curve by the UNIFAC method and the NRTL equation do not represent the experimental data. However, data of the binodal curve and solubility are well correlated by the NRTL equation, and also the LLSE relationship could be represented.     

Foaming properties of monoglycerol fatty acid esters in nonpolar oil systems

Foaming properties of monoglycerol fatty acid esters that have different alkyl chain lengths were studied in different nonpolar oils, namely liquid paraffin (LP 70), squalane, and squalene. The effect of the hydrocarbon chain length of the surfactant, the concentration, the nature of the oil, and the temperature on the nonaqueous foam stability was mainly studied. Five weight percent of glycerol alpha-monododecanoate (monolaurin) formed highly stable foams in squalane at 25 degrees C, and the foams were stable for more than 14 h. Foam stability of the monolaurin/LP 70 and the monolaurin/squalene systems are almost similar, and the foams were stable for more than 12 h. Foam stability was decreased as the hydrocarbon chain length of the monoglyceride decreased. In the glycerol alpha-monodecanoate (monocaprin)-oil systems, the foams were stable only for 3-4 h, depending on the nature of the oil. However, the foams formed in the glycerol alpha-monooctanoate (monocaprylin)-oil systems coarsened very quickly, leading to the progressive destruction of foam films, and all of the foams collapsed within a few minutes. Foam stability decreased when the oil was changed from squalane to squalene, in both monocaprin and monolaurin systems. It was observed that, in the dilute regions, these monoglycerides form fine solid dispersions in the aforementioned oils at 25 degrees C. At higher temperatures, the solid melts to isotropic single-liquid or two-liquid phases and the foams formed collapsed within 5 min. Judging from the wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and the foaming test, it is concluded that the stable foams are mainly caused by the dispersion of the surfactant solids (beta-crystal) and foam stability is largely influenced by the shape and size of the dispersed solid particles.     

Effect of counterions on surface and foaming properties of dodecyl sulfate

The influence of counterions of surfactant on interfacial properties is studied by measuring foamability, foam stability, equilibrium and dynamic surface tension, and surface viscosity. The surfactant chosen is anionic dodecyl sulfate with various counterions, Li(+), Na(+), Cs(+), and Mg(++). Surface tension measurements show a decrease in the following order: LiDS > NaDS > CsDS > Mg(DS)(2). Foamability done using shaking method shows similar order as surface tension, i.e., LiDS > NaDS > CsDS > Mg(DS)(2). This has been explained in terms of the differences in micellar stability and diffusion of monomers. This is further confirmed by our dynamic surface tension results, which show the same order as equilibrium surface tension (i.e., LiDS > NaDS > CsDS > Mg(DS)(2)) at low bubble frequencies but the order is LiDS > NaDS = Mg(DS)(2) > CsDS at high bubble frequencies. Foam stability measurements were done at concentrations below and above cmc to elucidate the role of micelles. It was found that there is no significant change in foam stability when counterions are changed for surfactant concentration values below the cmc, but at concentration above cmc the foam stability of CsDS and Mg(DS)(2) are much greater than LiDS and NaDS indicating presence of stable micelles are essential to high foam stabilities. Surface viscosity measurements correlated well with the foam stability trends and gave the following order LiDS < NaDS < CsDS < Mg(DS)(2), indicating that the molecules of CsDS and Mg(DS)(2) are tightly packed at the air/water interface.     

Effect of ethoxylated nonyl-phenols on interfacial rheological properties of oil/water systems

 Interfacial rheological properties of different Hungarian crude oil/water systems were determined in wide temperature and shear rate range and in presence of ethoxylated nonyl-phenols with ethoxy group number between 10 and 40. The fundamental conclusion of the experimental results is that the interfacial viscosity, the non-Newtonian flow behavior and the activation energy of the viscous flow drastically decrease in presence of non-ionic surfactants. Modification of these interfacial rheological properties increase with decreasing ethoxy group number and increasing tenside concentration and temperature. The most radical change was observed in presence of NPEO₁₀. As a summary it was evidenced that the interfacial rheology is an efficient and powerful detection technique, which may enhance our knowledge on formation, structure, properties and behavior of interfacial layers formed in oil/water systems. Thus, similar studies will probably accelerate the progress significantly not only in oil recovery but also in all areas of colloid science and technology. Received: 10 August 1996 Accepted: 29 November 1996     

Effect of chain length distribution on the phase behavior of polyglycerol fatty acid ester in water

The effect of the chain length distribution on the phase behavior, the structure of liquid crystals, and physicochemical properties was investigated in water/ polyglycerol fatty acid ester. Polyglycerol fatty acid esters with sharply distributed polyglycerol (10G*0.7L) and with broadly distributed polyglycerol (10G0.7L) were used. Unreacted polyglycerol in both surfactants was removed. 10G*0.7L forms hexagonal liquid crystals at a higher concentration than 10G0.7L. The effective cross-sectional area of the lipophilic parts in the hexagonal phase of 10G0.7L is smaller than that of 10G*0.7L owing to the difference in the chain length distribution. Evidently, 10G0.7L molecules are tightly packed in aggregates; therefore, 10G0.7L decreased the surface tension more strongly and promoted emulsification. Received: 11 January 2000 Accepted: 8 March 2000     

Effect of limited hydrolysis on the interfacial rheology and foaming properties of beta-lactoglobulin A

Hydrolysis of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg), genetic variant A, using a serine protease specific for glutamic and aspartic acid residues from Bacillus licheniformis (BLP), resulted in improved foam overrun and foam stability. Limited hydrolysis (19-26% hydrolysed beta-Lg) led to a more rapid increase in the viscoelastic properties of air/water interfacial films and a concomitant increase in foam overrun compared with intact beta-Lg, presumably due to increased exposure of hydrophobic areas. The increased exposure did not, however, cause formation of an interfacial layer with increased viscoelastic properties. More extended hydrolysis (86% hydrolysed beta-Lg) resulted in a higher initial overrun than the unhydrolysed sample and the best foam stability. The interfacial elasticity and viscosity, though, was the lowest observed. Thus, high maximum values of these interfacial properties are not necessary prerequisites for formation of a voluminous and stable foam.     

Effect of protein aggregates on foaming properties of β-lactoglobulin

Our paper aims at determining the respective part of protein aggregates and non-aggregated proteins in the foam formation and stability of β-lactoglobulin. We report results on fractal aggregates formed at neutral pH and strong ionic strength (aggregates size from 30 to 190 nm). Pure aggregates and mixtures of non-aggregated/aggregated proteins at varying ratios were used. The capacity of aggregates to form and stabilize foams has been studied in relation with their ability to absorb at air/water interfaces. Our results show that protein aggregates are not able by themselves to improve the foaming properties but participate to a better foam stabilization in the presence of non-aggregated proteins. Non-aggregated proteins appear to be necessary to produce stable foams. We have shown that the amount and the size of aggregates had an influence on the drainage rate.     

Effect of acid additives on the placeability and strength properties of plasticized portland cement systems

Effect of various kinds of acids on the flowability and the flowability preservation time of plasticized cement-sand formulations and on the strength properties of the resulting materials was studied.     

Light scattering study on the micellar systems solubilizing a fatty acid

The effect of oleic acid on the aggregational behavior of the -sulfonated fatty acid methyl ester sodium salt (-SFMe) and sodium linear C₁₂/C₁₄-alkylbenzene-sulfonate (LAS) has been studied using a light-scattering method. The solubilizing capacity of -SFMe was larger than that of LAS, and depended both on the number of micelles in the surfactant solution and the solubilized amount per micelle.When the micellar weights for the -SFMe and LAS systems were determined at the various oleic acid/surfactant ratios, the micellar weights initially decreased by small amounts of solubilizate and then increased with the further increase in the solubilized amounts. It was found that the solubilization process is accompanied by a reconstitution of the micelles.     

X-ray scattering studies of fatty acid films on water and on Cdcl2 solutions

X-ray diffraction methods for Langmuir films on the surface of water are briefly presented, together with recent results for docosanoic acid monolayers on pure water and for eicosanoic acid monolayers on an ionic subphase.     

Features of the foaming of acrylamide-acrylic acid copolymers

The processes that occur during the processing and foaming of thermosetting composites based on a random copolymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid—softening, foaming, and curing of the copolymer—are studied with the use of methods of chemical kinetics, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermomechanical analysis. The above processes are coordinated with respect to time and temperature; prognostic methods for calculating the dynamics of these processes and the properties of foam materials as functions of the composition of the original foam-forming composite and the foaming conditions are proposed.     

Solutions of alkali soaps and water in fatty acids IX. The location of theL 2-phase in three-component systems of sodium soap — fatty acid — water,in view of the occurrence of acid soaps

Previous studies of the occurrence of acid soaps in systems containing a longchain sodium soap and the corresponding fatty acid, and the study of phase equilibria in the system sodium octanoate — octanoic acid — water, performed by our group at the beginning of the 1960s, show that the isotropic liquidL ₂-phase of the last mentioned system in its whole region of existence is situated in that part in which acid soaps occur. This provides an explanation for the fact that theL ₂-phase itself contains acid sodium octanoates in all regions. TheL ₂-phase has its origin in the water-free melt of fatty acid and neutral soap in which these components react with each other under the formation of an acid soap. When water is added to the system, this water-free acid soap is transformed into different hydrated acid soaps. In a large region of concentration, there is an extremely close relation between theL ₂-phase and the liquid-crystalline lamellarD-phase, which itself consists of hydrated acid soaps. At its outermost water-rich tip, theL ₂-phase is in equilibrium with theL ₁-phase of the system, just above the+LAC, that is, with the most dilute aqueous soap solution in which acid soap still may be formed in aqueous environment. Formation of acid soap is a fundamental requirement for the existence of this isotropic liquidL ₂-phase.     

生物柴油树种油脂脂肪酸组成对燃料特性的影响

以目前中国主要开发或具有开发潜能的10种生物柴油树种为研究对象,分析其果实或种子油脂脂肪酸组成对合成生物柴油燃料特性的影响。结果表明,木本植物生物柴油产品十六烷值、碘值、氧化安定性等燃料特性主要由原料油脂肪酸的不饱和度决定,脂肪酸不饱和度低于133.13,十六烷值(GB/T 20828-2007)和碘值(EN 14214)就可以达标。生物柴油产品冷滤点随着长碳链饱和脂肪酸的增加而升高,脂肪酸饱和碳链长度因子分别小于8.41和2.72时,可以满足冷滤点0℃和-10℃的要求。高品质生物柴油的原料中应该具有较高的单元不饱和脂肪酸含量。通过油脂脂肪酸单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸的组成绘制出生物柴油特性三角预测图,为预测生物柴油产品燃料特性提供参考依据。     

Physical properties of diglycerol esters in relation to rheology and stability of protein-stabilised emulsions

The surface activity and lyotropic phase behaviour of concentrated diglycerol-esters of fatty acids with chain length of C14, C16, C18 and C18:1 (cis-oleic acid) are investigated. Diglycerol-esters show a much stronger reduction in the interfacial tension at a low concentration (0.01–0.1%) than corresponding monoglycerides. The diglycerol-esters form lamellar mesophases above their Krafft point, and no other types of mesophases are found in the temperature region examined (0–80°C). The lamellar phases show a limited swelling capacity, corresponding to a water layer thickness of ≈24 Å, which is found when the ratio of diglycerol-ester to water is 60:40, or lower. At high water concentrations (>90%) multi-lamellar liposomes are formed. The diglycerol-monooleate form lamellar phases in water in the temperature region from zero to 80°C. This is in strong contrast to the corresponding glycerol-monooleate, which forms cubic and reversed hexagonal mesophases in water. Oil in water emulsions are stabilised by diglycerol-esters by formation of liquid crystalline interfacial films around the oil droplets, which can be seen in polarised light microscopy. In presence of milk proteins in the aqueous phase the emulsion stability is depending on the protein to emulsifier ratio. At 40°C a mixed interfacial film of diglycerol-monooleate (DIGMO) and protein is present at the oil–water interface, but when cooled to 5°C, the proteins are displaced by DIGMO. This behaviour affects the stability and rheological properties of emulsions stored at low temperatures.     

Effect of water release on thermal properties of polyaniline

Conducting polyaniline (PANI) was studied by thermal expansion measurement, thermogravimetric analysis and by electrical conductivity measurement. Relative elongation and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) were determined from room temperature to 60 °C. Various temperature profiles were used. During heating, the treatment of samples at a constant temperature higher than the room temperature, or evacuation, water was released from the samples. Water release was detected by mass and thermogravimetric analysis. Water release was connected with shrinkage of the PANI samples and apparent negative CTE in the first thermal cycle. In the following thermal cycles, it increased and reached a positive value. CTE of PANI attained values in the range of ?30 × 10^?6 K^?1 up to 20 × 10^?6 K^?1 in dependence on water content in the sample before measurement and on experimental conditions of measurement. Irreversible shrinkage of the polymer was the largest in the first thermal cycle. Water release exhibited a strong time and temperature dependence, and it was only partially reversible. The electrical conductivity was measured by a four-point van der Pauw method. Relative electrical conductivity decreased with amounts of water release. Relative decrease of electrical conductivity reached as far as 20% after evacuation 7 h at the room temperature.     

Chemical properties of fatty acid derivatives as inhibitors of DNA polymerases

In this study, the chemical properties of organic acids as DNA polymerase inhibitors were examined. In total, we assayed the inhibitory activities of 23 compounds. We found that the DNA synthesis activity of DNA polymerase was usually reduced to less than 50% in the presence of 100 microM monoprotic acids, which have a Clog P value greater than 7.0 and a pK(a) value less than 5.4. With a minor modification these chemical properties applied to several organic fatty acids previously reported as DNA polymerase inhibitors. Moreover, we also examined the inhibitory activities of perfluorooctadecanoic acid (PFOdA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) against DNA polymerase beta in detail. These compounds inhibited the polymerase activity of pol beta competitively with template-primer DNA, and non-competitively with dNTPs. In addition, the 8 kDa domain-defective pol beta was also sensitive to these compounds. Our results suggest that the inhibitory mode of action of PFOdA and PFOS is different from that mediated by the classic fatty acid inhibitors against DNA polymerase beta.