准噶尔盆地陆梁油气田原油的生物降解作用与油气成藏

1原油的生物降解现象 陆梁油气田原油可按饱和烃色谱图上正构烷烃的完整程度和m/z 177质量色谱图上25-降藿烷的存在与否,分为3类.第1类:饱和烃分布完整,不存在25-降藿烷,主要分布于中侏罗统西山窑组X4段;第2类:饱和烃分布完整但存在25-降藿烷,主要分布于中侏罗统西山窑组X1段;第3类:饱和烃分布差异较大,从仅缺损部分低碳数正构烷烃到几乎完全缺损正构烷烃,而且存在25-降藿烷,主要分布于下白垩统吐谷鲁群.原油中25-降藿烷的存在,表示了该原油曾经遭受过"严重"级别的生物降解.     

原油中环烷酸的分离与分析方法研究进展

综述原油中环烷酸的分离与分析方法。分离方法包括化学反应分离、吸附分离以及利用某些金属氧化物或过渡金属盐络合物分离的方法等。分析方法主要叙述了质谱分析法。     

焦脱镁叶绿酸与重氮烷的重排反应及其叶绿素衍生物的合成

以焦脱镁叶绿酸-a甲酯及其N~(21)-N~(23)轴向酰化和烯化的衍生物为起始原料,环上碳碳双键或碳氧双键与重氮烷发生1,3-偶极环加成、Michael加成和Tiffeneau-Demjanov重排反应,在周环上的不同位置上形成新的杂环和羰基结构,完成了一系列未见报道的叶绿素类二氢卟吩衍生物的合成.同时,基于相应的反应机理,讨论了重排过程的区域和立体选择性.     

荧光分光光度法测定矿物油的标准油选择研究

本文研究了我国37种原油、机油和柴油的荧光激发光谱和发射光谱特征。提出用比值法或发射波长法将矿物油分组,尔后选择相应的标准油。该法克服了统一方法制取标准油烦琐、费时的缺点。     

Biodegradation of Crude Oil from the BP Oil Spill in the Marsh Sediments of Southeast Louisiana, USA

The significant challenges presented by the April 20, 2010 explosion, sinking, and subsequent oil spill of the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform in Canyon Block 252 about 52 miles southeast of Venice, LA, USA greatly impacted Louisiana??s coastal ecosystem including the sea food industry, recreational fishing, and tourism. The short-term and long-term impact of this oil spill are significant, and the Deepwater Horizon spill is potentially both an economic and an ecological disaster. Microbes present in the water column and sediments have the potential to degrade the oil. Oil degradation could be enhanced by biostimulation method. The conventional approach to bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon is based on aerobic processes. Anaerobic bioremediation has been tested only in a very few cases and is still considered experimental. The currently practiced conventional in situ biorestoration of petroleum-contaminated soils and ground water relies on the supply of oxygen to the subsurface to enhance natural aerobic processes to remediate the contaminants. However, anaerobic microbial processes can be significant in oxygen-depleted subsurface environments and sediments that are contaminated with petroleum-based compounds such as oil-impacted marshes in Louisiana. The goal of this work was to identify the right conditions for the indigenous anaerobic bacteria present in the contaminated sites to enhance degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. We evaluated the ability of microorganisms under a variety of electron acceptor conditions to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Researched microbial systems include sulfate-, nitrate-reducing bacteria, and fermenting bacteria. The results indicated that anaerobic bacteria are viable candidates for bioremediation. Enhanced biodegradation was attained under mixed electron acceptor conditions, where various electron-accepting anaerobes coexisted and aided in degrading complex petroleum hydrocarbon components of marsh sediments in the coastal Louisiana. Significant degradation of oil also occurred under sulfate-reducing and nitrate-reducing conditions.     

Enhanced Biodegradation of Alkane Hydrocarbons and Crude Oil by Mixed Strains and Bacterial Community Analysis

In this study, two strains, Acinetobacter sp. XM-02 and Pseudomonas sp. XM-01, were isolated from soil samples polluted by crude oil at Bohai offshore. The former one could degrade alkane hydrocarbons (crude oil and diesel, 1:4 (v/v)) and crude oil efficiently; the latter one failed to grow on alkane hydrocarbons but could produce rhamnolipid (a biosurfactant) with glycerol as sole carbon source. Compared with pure culture, mixed culture of the two strains showed higher capability in degrading alkane hydrocarbons and crude oil of which degradation rate were increased from 89.35 and 74.32?±?4.09 to 97.41 and 87.29?±?2.41 %, respectively. In the mixed culture, Acinetobacter sp. XM-02 grew fast with sufficient carbon source and produced intermediates which were subsequently utilized for the growth of Pseudomonas sp. XM-01 and then, rhamnolipid was produced by Pseudomonas sp. XM-01. Till the end of the process, Acinetobacter sp. XM-02 was inhibited by the rapid growth of Pseudomonas sp. XM-01. In addition, alkane hydrocarbon degradation rate of the mixed culture increased by 8.06 to 97.41 % compared with 87.29 % of the pure culture. The surface tension of medium dropping from 73.2?×?10^?3 to 28.6?×?10^?3 N/m. Based on newly found cooperation between the degrader and the coworking strain, rational investigations and optimal strategies to alkane hydrocarbons biodegradation were utilized for enhancing crude oil biodegradation.     

Application of Biosurfactant from Sphingobacterium spiritivorum AS43 in the Biodegradation of Used Lubricating Oil

This study aimed at investigating the application of biosurfactant from Sphingobacterium spiritivorum AS43 using molasses as a substrate and fertilizer to enhance the biodegradation of used lubricating oil (ULO). The cell surface hydrophobicity of bacteria, the emulsification activity, and the biodegradation efficiency of ULO were measured. The bacterial adhesion in the hydrocarbon test was used to denote the cell surface hydrophobicity of the used bacterial species. The results indicate a strong correlation between cell surface hydrophobicity, emulsification activity, and the degree of ULO biodegradation. The maximum degradation of ULO (62 %) was observed when either 1.5 % (w/v) of biosurfactant or fertilizer was added. The results also revealed that biosurfactants alone are capable of promoting biodegradation to a large extent without added fertilizer. The data indicate the potential for biosurfactant production by using low-cost substrate for application in the bioremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons or oils.     

大蒜汁在油田腐蚀介质中的缓蚀作用

本文利用失重法研究了大蒜汁在“碳钢－盐酸”、“碳钢－油田注水”以及分别进行充CO2或H2S“碳钢－油田注水”体系中的缓蚀效果,通过扫描电镜形貌观察和电化学测试初步探讨了缓蚀作用机理。结果发现,大蒜汁在酸性溶液中具有良好的缓蚀效果,在80℃下的15%盐酸溶液中缓蚀效率最高可达95.4%,缓蚀率随着酸浓度的增加而逐渐降低。大蒜汁在三种油田注水中也有一定的缓蚀作用,缓蚀效率在42%到64%之间。采用大蒜缓蚀的金属表面覆盖有一层致密的薄膜,动电位极化测试显示为吸附成膜。     

油田用水基纳米聚硅增注剂的制备及其性能研究

以超疏水的纳米聚硅乳液为前躯体,选用复配的表面活性剂,将超疏水的纳米聚硅核均匀分散在水中,制备了水基纳米聚硅乳液.该乳液分散性和稳定性较好,可以完全用水取代柴油作携带介质将纳米聚硅材料带入井下.模拟岩芯驱替试验表明岩芯经水基纳米聚硅乳液处理后,水的流速平均从0.250 mL/m in增加到0.475mL/m in,增加了90.0%,增注效果十分显著.岩芯的X射线光电子能谱分析显示,纳米聚硅和表面活性剂能吸附在岩石表面上,改变岩石表面的润湿性,提高水相相对渗透率.     

Effect of the Degree of Oil Biodegradation on the Crystallization of Methane Hydrate and Ice in Water-Oil Emulsions

To study the influence exerted by oxidized oil components on the nucleation and growth of gas hydrates the nucleation of methane hydrate and ice in 50 wt % emulsions of oil in native oil and two samples of the same oil subjected to biodegradation for 30 and 60 days (samples N, V30, and V60, respectively) were examined. In the course of measurements, the samples were cooled to–15°C at a constant rate of 0.14 deg min^–1 and then heated to the initial temperature. The initial methane pressure in the system was 15 MPa at 20°C. In the process, the temperatures were recorded at which heat effects corresponding to the formation of hydrate/ice and the melting of these. In the case of emulsion N, no exothermic effects were manifested in the cooling stage. In the heating stage, the endothermic effects of ice melting were found in half of the samples. No effects corresponding to the decomposition of the hydrate were observed. In experiment with V30 samples, the formation of the hydrate and ice was manifested as strong exothermic effects. Ice was formed in all the experiments, and the hydrate, only in 21% of the samples. Finally, in experiments with V60, ice and the hydrate were formed in 54 and 13% of cases, respectively. Their formation was manifested as weak exothermic effects in the cooling stage. Thus, it was demonstrated that the biodegradation level of oil samples affects the nucleation of methane hydrate and ice in emulsions formed on the basis of these samples.