毛细管微乳电动色谱应用的研究进展

近年来毛细管微乳电动色谱(MEEKC)研究的范围不断扩大,其分离分析的化合物类型也不断增多。该文综述了2002年以来MEEKC应用的研究进展,指出了目前MEEKC研究中存在的一些问题,对今后的研究发展方向进行了展望。     

New Pseudostationary Phases for Electrokinetic Chromatography: A High-Molecular Surfactant and Proteins

To extend the applicability of electrokinetic chromatography (EKC), two new types of pseudostationary phases have been introduced. A high-molecular surfactant, butyl acrylate/butyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer (BBMA) is employed as a micellar forming surfactant for miccllar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). The critical micelle concentration of BBMA is essentially zero, which means the micellar concentration is constant irrespective of temperature and buffer. Some characteristic features of BBMA as the pseudostationary phase for MEKC is investigated in comparison with conventional ionic surfactants. Ovomucoid and avidin, which are proteins isolated from egg white, have been found to be useful chiral selectors in affinity EKC. A few examples of the separation of enantiomers with these proteins are shown.     

蛋白质的微乳液毛细管电动色谱分离研究

考察了用微乳液毛细管电动色谱(MEEKC)分离蛋白质时微乳液组成等不同因素对分离的影响,并与胶束电动色谱进行对比,探讨了其分离机理,为蛋白质的分离鉴定提供了一种有力的工具.     

非水胶束电动色谱分离邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

非水胶束电动色谱(NAMEKC)兼具非水毛细管电泳的优点和胶束电动色谱的分离机制,尤其适于对强疏水性化合物进行分离分析。在以甲酰胺为非水溶剂的电泳介质中,采用十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）形成胶束相,开展NAMEKC方法的研究。通过添加水溶液、调节水溶液酸度、添加有机溶剂、改变SDS浓度等操作条件的考察,在15 min 内实现了3种美国环保局优先监测的污染物——邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的分离。分离度最小者为1.5,检测限优于3.04 mmol/L(以信噪比为3计)。3种典型的强疏水性物质的成功分离,显示出NAMEKC方法在分离疏水性物质方面的优势,扩展了NAMEKC在电中性有机物分析中的应用。     

Comparison of microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography and solvent modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography on rapid separation of heroin, amphetamine and their basic impurities

Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) and solvent modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were investigated with the goal of the rapid separation of complex heroin and amphetamine samples. The rapid simultaneous separation of 17 species of heroin, amphetamine and their basic impurities and adulterants was performed within about 10 min using MEEKC for the first time, whereas solvent modified MEKCs were unable to resolve all the components. The comparisons between MEEKC and solvent modified MEKC proved internal lipophilic organic phase in microemulsions played an important role in improving the separation performance with respect to efficiency. However, the role of internal lipophilic organic phase in MEEKC was disgusted at high concentrations of cosurfactant, and the separations of MEEKC and 1-butanol modified MEKC became similar at high concentrations of 1-butanol. The evaluation of reproducibility, linearity and detection limit of optimized MEEKC method provided good results for all the analytes investigated, thus allowing its application to real controlled drug preparation analysis.     

离子液体对胶束电动色谱胶束微结构以及分离效果的影响

考察了离子液体对胶束电动色谱胶柬微结构以及分离效果的影响.研究结果表明,离子液体使胶束的表面电荷密度变小、粒径变大及其内核极性增大.以泼尼松、氢化可的松和泼尼松龙为分析对象,氢化可的松与泼尼松龙在十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)胶束体系中不能实现分离.而在SDS-离子液体混合介质(20 mmol/L SDS-10 mmol/L...     

Enantioseparation of esbiothrin by cyclodextrin‐modified microemulsion and micellar electrokinetic chromatography

A comparison between chiral cyclodextrin‐modified microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (CD‐MEEKC) and cyclodextrin‐modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CD‐MEKC) for the enantiomeric separation of esbiothrin was carried out. For both methods, the separation conditions were optimized by varying CD types and concentration, running buffer pH and compositions, organic modifiers, and temperature. The optimal CD‐MEEKC conditions were 0.8% n‐heptane, 2.3% SDS, 6.6% n‐butanol, 90.3% 10 mM sodium tetraborate containing 3% (w/v, the ratio of CD mass to microemulsion volume) methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, pH 10, 25°C. The optimized CD‐MEKC conditions were 3.3% SDS, 96.7% 10 mM sodium tetraborate containing 5% (w/v) β‐CD, pH 10, 25°C. The difference in physicochemical properties of the buffer and CDs resulted in different optimal CD type. The competitive distribution between the microemulsion (or micelle) and chiral CD contributed to the chiral separation. Both methods provided excellent separation (R_s ～? 3) with similar migration time (ca. 15 min). CD‐MEEKC provided higher separation efficiencies (>300000) than CD‐MEKC (>200000). The LODs for CD‐MEEKC and CD‐MEKC were 4.7 μg/mL and 3.2 μg/mL, respectively. The RSDs of migration time and peak area for CD‐MEEKC were slightly higher than for CD‐MEKC. Both the demonstrated CD‐MEEKC and CD‐MEKC methods provided high efficiencies, low LODs, and reproducible enantioseparations of esbiothrin.     

固相萃取-胶束电动色谱法测定牛奶中的4种β-内酰胺类抗生素

建立了同时分离检测牛奶中的氨苄西林、阿莫西林、青霉素V和头孢氨苄4种β-内酰胺类抗生素的固相萃取-胶束电动色谱法。牛奶样品经沉淀蛋白后,采用HLB固相萃取柱净化浓缩;以含十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的磷酸盐为缓冲液,胶束电动色谱分离,210 nm波长下检测。分离电压为18 kV,于9 min内达到基线分离。各组分在0.5～20 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r2)为0.9943～0.9976;检出限为0.16～0.20 mg/L;除了阿莫西林外,回收率均大于70%。该方法准确可靠,重复性好,灵敏度高,可以用于牛奶中β-内酰胺类抗生素的定量检测。     

胶束电动色谱法和微柱液相色谱法分析白藜芦醇的比较

白藜芦醇可以顺式和反式两种形式存在。它是一种具有药理活性的植物抗毒素,具有抗肿瘤、保护心血管、防止机体老化的功效。分别采用胶束电动色谱和微柱液相色谱两种方法对白藜芦醇的两种异构体进行了分离,并对这两种方法进行了比较。结果表明,两种方法均具有分离快速、重现性好、溶剂消耗少的特点,都适用于白藜芦醇的分析。     

Matrix effects and selectivity issues in LC-MS-MS

Summary Chlorobenzenes, triazine and phenylurea herbicides were separated by normal micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with reversed flow (RF-MEKC) in running buffers containing organic solvents. The relationship between the two techniques is similar to that between reversed-phase and normal-phase HPLC. Using RF-MEKC, the separation of lipophilic compounds is often improved compared to normal MEKC. The migration in MEKC and in RF-MEKC was characterised by lipophilic and polar indices. The experimental values of the lipophilic indices of the compounds tested in the two techniques were close to the indices in reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC). This enables the use of the indices determined in RP-HPLC for predicting the effects of changing composition of the running buffers on migration times in MEKC and in RF-MEKC. Presented at Balaton Symposium '01 on High-Performance Separation Methods, siófok, Hungary, September 2–4, 2001     

Comparison of Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography with HPLC for the Separation of Hematoporphyrin Derivatives

ABSTRACT

A mixed SDS micelle and BSA buffer system was used in the micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) separation of hematoporphyrin derivatives (HPD) at pH 8.0 with untreated capillaries. The effects of altering the composition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrolyte solution on the separation efficiency of the hematoporphyrin derivatives were presented. The results show that separation efficiencies were enhanced by using a mixture of SDS and BSA. The results demonstrated that CE methodology can compete with well-established techniques such as HPLC for the separation of biomedical and pharmaceutical samples with regard to time and expense of analysis.     

Separation of Biphenyl Nitrile Compounds by Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography with Mixed Surfactants

A mixture of nine biphenyl nitrile compounds with high hydrophobicity and similar structures was successfully separated by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) within 30 rain. The buffer system contained 100 mmol/L sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 80 mlnol/L sodium cholate (SC), 0.81% heptane, 7.5% n-butanol, 10% acetonitrile and 10 mmol/L borate. The addition of SC, organic modifiers, sample preparation and temperature all showedremarkable effect on the separation. Meanwhile, the MEEKC method was briefly compared with micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method.     

Separation of aromatic sulfonate compounds by coelectroosmotic micellar electrokinetic chromatography

Summary Coelectroosmotic micellar electrokinetic chromatography (coelectroosmotic MEKC) has been investigated for the separation of twelve aromatic sulfonate compounds. The advantage of this method is that it combines the efficient separation characteristic of MEKC and the short analysis time of the coelectroosmotic mode. MEKC was performed with either cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether (Brij 35) surfactants as pseudostationary phases and 2-propanol as organic modifier. The electroosmotic Flow (EOF) was reversed by adding two types of EOF modifier, an alkylammonium salt (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) or a cationic polyelectrolyte (hexadimetrine bromide, HDB). The surfactant concentration, applied voltage, and temperature were optimized, the influence of 2-propanol on the MEKC resolution of the compounds was studied. The effect of the osmotic modifier on the separation was also investigated.     

Study of the Electrophoretic Behaviour of Flavonoids

The electrophoretic behaviour of 13 flavonoids commonly found in medicinal plants has been studied. The performance of two modes of separation, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), was assessed and compared. MEKC was found to be more effective for separation of the analytes. The effect of structure on the electrophoretic behaviour of the flavonoids is also discussed.     

阴离子耗尽进样胶束扫集毛细管电动色谱法在线富集测定甘草黄酮类化合物

建立了一个毛细管胶束电动色谱(MEKC)在线富集阴离子耗尽进样(ASEI)联用扫集(sweeping)技术测定3种甘草黄酮化合物(异甘草素、甘草素和甘草苷)的方法。考察了MEKC的分离条件和富集体系的优化条件,其中样品基质、水塞进入时间、进样时间对目标化合物的富集效果有较大的影响。在优化实验条件下,异甘草素、甘草素和甘草苷的富集倍数分别提高了110、120、300倍,检出限分别为0.015、0.014、0.011mg/L。该方法用于中药制剂中甘草素、异甘草素和甘草苷含量的测定,回收率在90.6%～107%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于4.5%(n=3)。实验证明,该方法可成功地应用于实际样品中甘草素、异甘草素和甘草苷含量的测定     

Separation and determination of aminophenols and phenylenediamines by liquid chromatography and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

The separation and determination of aminophenols and phenylenediamines were investigated by liquid chromatography (LC) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) in this study. Aminophenols and phenylenediamines are commonly used components in commercial hair colorants. The problem of tailing peaks in LC was improved by the technique of using mobile phase containing 15 mM triethylamine at pH 8.0. The analysis of o-aminophenol was not succeeded with LC even though the modifier of triethylamine was added. But it could be quantitative successfully by MEKC. The optimum separation condition of MEKC was achieved by employing 55 mM cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride in 50 mM borate buffer (pH 9.2) with electric field strength of −145 V cm⁻¹. Finally, the commercial hair dyes were analyzed by developing methods of LC and MEKC. From both the results, there is no significant difference presence at 99.5% confidence level. These two methods could give the complementary results.     

Separation of Six Pyridoncarboylxic Acid Derivatives by Micellar and Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) are two kinds of electrokinetic capillary chromatography (EKC), which are characterized of high solubilization capacity and separation efficiency. In our previous work, some polar organic compounds and hydrophobic neutral compounds were separated successfully by EKC1-3. In this paper, these methods were used for separating six pyridoncarboylxic acid derivatives with similar structures. T…     

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography estimation of size and composition of procyanidins after thiolysis with cysteine

This paper describes the characterization of procyanidin mixtures by acid depolymerization in the presence of cysteine (thiolysis with cysteine) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and MEKC were investigated for the separation of the major components of the depolymerized mixtures (catechins and their cysteinyl derivatives). The solutes could only be effectively separated using MEKC. Two background electrolytes (BGEs) are recommended: (i) 50 mM phosphate at pH 7, containing 40 mM sodium cholate (SC) and 10 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); (ii) a BGE with the same composition but containing only 50 mM SDS. The MEKC procedures here reported, are cheap, reliable and fast, and their potential in the determination of the size and composition in procyanidin mixtures has been shown. The proposed MEKC methods were validated by comparison with our intralaboratory reference RP-HPLC method using cysteamine as thiol donor.     

聚(苯乙烯-co-甲基丙烯酸)自组装胶束假固定相电动色谱的特性

研究了两亲性无规共聚物聚(苯乙烯-co-甲基丙烯酸)(P(St-co-MAA))(单体摩尔比分别为6:4和7:3)自组装胶束的物理化学性质,及其作为假固定相(PSP)的胶束电动色谱性能。测定了聚合物胶束的临界胶束浓度(CMC),对胶束内核微环境的极性、表面电荷密度和流体力学直径等微结构参数进行了表征,对时间窗口、亚甲基选择性等电动色谱参数进行了测定,并与聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯-co-甲基丙烯酸)(P(MMA-co-MAA))胶束、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)胶束体系进行了比较;利用线性溶剂化能关系(LSER)研究了聚合物PSP的选择性差异。结果表明:P(St-co-MAA)体系具有最小的CMC、最宽的时间窗口和最好的亚甲基选择性;LSER表明,疏水作用是决定聚合物PSP选择性的最主要因素,氢键酸度其次,特别是P(St-co-MAA)(单体摩尔比7:3)体系具有最高的作用参数,显示了该PSP具有较高的分离选择性。     

Concentration and determination of cotinine in serum by cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), combined with on-line concentration techniques, cation-selective exhaustive injection (CSEI) and sweeping, was developed for the analysis of cotinine, the primary biomarker for exposure to secondhand smoke. Experimental parameters including sample matrix, surfactant concentration, injection length and concentration of high-conductivity buffer, and sample electrokinetic injection time were optimized for electrophoretic enrichment and separation processes. Under the optimal conditions, the detection sensitivity of cotinine was enhanced by about 5000-fold using CSEI-sweeping MEKC compared to normal MEKC. The limit of detection for cotinine was found to be 0.2 ng/mL using ultraviolet absorbance detection. Furthermore, the developed method was successfully applied to the detection of cotinine in mouse serum samples.