Experimental determination of solid-liquid interfacial energy for solid Sn in the Sn-Mg system

The equilibrated grain boundary groove shapes for solid Sn in equilibrium with the Sn-9 at.% Mg eutectic liquid were directly observed annealing a sample at the eutectic temperature for about 5 days with a radial heat flow apparatus. The thermal conductivities of the solid phase, κ_S, and the liquid phase, κ_L, for the groove shapes were measured. From the observed grain boundary groove shapes, the Gibbs-Thomson coefficient, the solid-liquid interfacial energy and grain boundary energy for solid Sn in equilibrium with the Sn-9 at.% Mg eutectic liquid have been determined to be (7.35 ± 0.36) × 10⁻⁸ Km, (136.41 ± 13.64) × 10⁻³ J m⁻² and (230.95 ± 25.40) × 10⁻³ J m⁻², respectively.     

Measurement of solid-liquid interfacial energy for solid Zn in the Zn-Cd eutectic system

The equilibrated grain boundary groove shapes for the Zn solid solution in Zn-Cd liquid solutions were directly observed. From the observed grain boundary groove shapes, the Gibbs-Thomson coefficient for solid Zn (Zn-15 wt.% Cd) in Zn-Cd liquid solutions has been determined to be (2.5 ± 0.1) × 10⁻⁸ Km by a direct method. The solid-liquid interfacial energy between solid Zn and Zn-Cd liquid solution has been obtained to be (165.5 ± 19.0) mJ/m² from the Gibbs-Thomson equation. The grain boundary energy for the same alloy has been determined as (317.8 ± 39.9) mJ/m². The thermal conductivities of the solid and liquid phases at the eutectic composition and temperature have also been measured.     

Determination of interfacial energies in the aminomethylpropanediol-neopentylglycol organic alloy

The grain boundary groove shapes for solid aminomethylpropanediol in equilibrium with eutectic aminomethylpropanediol-neopentylglycol liquid were directly observed by using a horizontal temperature gradient stage. From the observed grain boundary groove shapes, the Gibbs-Thomson coefficient, solid-liquid interfacial energy and grain boundary energy of solid aminomethylpropanediol in equilibrium with eutectic aminomethylpropanediol-neopentylglycol liquid have been determined to be (5.3 ± 0.5) × 10⁻⁸ K m, (8.5 ± 1.3) × 10⁻³ J m⁻² and (16.8 ± 2.9) × 10⁻³ J m⁻², respectively.     

Experimental determination of interfacial energies for Ag2Al solid solution in the CuAl2--Ag2Al system

The equilibrated grain boundary groove shapes of solid solution Ag2Al in equilibrium with an Al-Cu-Ag liquid were observed from a quenched sample with a radial heat flow apparatus.The Gibbs-Thomson coefficient,solid-liquid interfacial energy and grain boundary energy of the solid solution Ag2Al have been determined from the observed grain boundary groove shapes.The thermal conductivity of the solid phase and the thermal conductivity ratio of the liquid phase to solid phase for Ag2Al-28.3 at the %CuAl2 alloy at the melting temperature have also been measured with a radial heat flow apparatus and Bridgman type growth apparatus,separately.     

A study of the determination of grain boundary diffusivity and energy through the thermally grown oxide ridges on a Fe-22Cr alloy surface

Abstract

The grain boundaries (GBs) present in polycrystalline materials are important with respect to materials behaviour and properties. During the transient stage of oxidation, the higher GB diffusivity results in heterogeneous oxidation structures in the form of oxide ridges that emerge along the alloy GBs. In an attempt to delve into the more fundamental aspects of the GBs, such as GB energy, the size of the oxide ridges was quantitatively measured by atomic force microscopy on the post oxidation surface of a Fe-22 wt % Cr alloy after an oxidation exposure at 800 °C in dry air. The GB diffusivity was calculated utilising the ridge size data and the relationship between the GB diffusivity and the GB characteristics was determined. Furthermore, the GB energy was calculated from the GB diffusivity data, also to make comparison with the data available in the literature. The absolute value of the calculated GB energy was quite close to the values reported in the literature. However, compared to the extremely low temperature (0 K) data-set from the literature, the data-set obtained from this study showed much less spread. The smaller variation range may be attributed to the higher temperature condition (1073 K) in this study.     

Significant decrease in interfacial energy of grain boundary through serrated grain boundary transition

The mechanism of serrated grain boundary formation and its effect on liquation behaviour have been studied in a wrought nickel-based superalloy – Alloy 263. It was newly discovered that grain boundaries are considerably serrated in the absence of γ?′-phase or M₂₃C₆ at the grain boundaries. An electron energy-loss spectroscopy study suggests that serration is triggered by the discontinuous segregation of C and Cr atoms at grain boundaries for the purpose of relieving the excessive elastic strain energy. The grain boundaries serrate to have specific segments approaching one {111} low-index plane at a boundary so that the interfacial free energy of the grain boundary can be decreased, which may be responsible for the driving force of the serration. The serrated grain boundaries effectively suppress grain coarsening and are highly resistant to liquation due to their lower wettability resulting from a lower interfacial energy of the grain boundary.     

Experimental determination of the translational kinetic energy of liquid and solid hydrogen

TOSCA is a novel inelastic spectrometer operating on the pulsed neutron source ISIS (UK). It covers a wide momentum and energy range, even though its kinematic region is close to a line in the (k, E) plane. Its use is mainly intended for vibrational spectroscopy. However, taking advantage of its good resolving power, we have carried out a test experiment aimed to use this instrument to measure the centre of mass kinetic energy of molecular hydrogen. The experiment was successful and we have obtained the translational kinetic energy of liquid and solid para-hydrogen improving the overall accuracy by almost an order of magnitude with respect to previous determinations. The data are compared with the results of a Path Integral Monte-Carlo simulations with almost perfect agreement. We have demonstrated that TOSCA can be used for measuring the translational kinetic energy of small molecular systems, taking advantage of the intrinsic incoherence that is introduced in the scattering process by the intra-molecular transitions. Received 9 June 1999     

A Boussinesq system for two-way propagation of interfacial waves

The theory of internal waves between two layers of immiscible fluids is important both for its applications in oceanography and engineering, and as a source of interesting mathematical model equations that exhibit nonlinearity and dispersion. A Boussinesq system for two-way propagation of interfacial waves in a rigid lid configuration is derived. In most cases, the nonlinearity is quadratic. However, when the square of the depth ratio is close to the density ratio, the coefficients of the quadratic nonlinearities become small and cubic nonlinearities must be considered. The propagation as well as the collision of solitary waves and/or fronts is studied numerically.     

固体线胀系数测定仪的改进

介绍一种新的固体线胀系数测量及温度控制方法．当温度测量精度为0．1℃时,在多个工作点上能在1．5min内保持恒温,从而消除了以往电加热方法中,由于忽略被测样品的热平衡时间而引起的误差．还自制了时间响应快的AD590M数字温度计,提高了测量精度．     

四程放大激光系统输出能量稳定性研究

 根据原型装置主放大系统组合式四程放大结构的特点,计算分析了放大过程中注入能量、放大增益及损耗的微小起伏对系统输出能量稳定性的影响。根据原型装置集成实验结果,分析了目前原型装置单路输出能量稳定性水平。研究结果表明：注入能量越大,其变化对输出能量影响越小;小信号增益系数对输出能量的影响明显大于注入能量;系统输出能量稳定性对腔内光学元件的透过率变化要求高于腔外光学元件。在3 ns基频光输出达标点处要使输出能量不稳定性控制在5%以内,注入能量起伏要低于10%,腔内放大片小信号增益系数起伏要低于1%,腔内光学系统损耗起伏要低于2%。     

飞秒激光-固体靶相互作用中超热电子能量分布的实验研究

用3TW飞秒激光器研究了激光-固体靶相互作用中产生的超热电子的能量分布.超热电子构成各向异性的能量分布：在靶法线方向，超热电子能谱呈类麦克斯韦分布，拟合的温度约为206keV，该方向占主导地位的加速机理是共振吸收；在激光反射方向，超热电子能谱先是出现一个局部的平台，然后逐渐衰减，呈现非类麦克斯韦分布，这是由于几种加热机理共同作用的结果，其中占主导地位的是反射激光对电子的加速.在靶法线方向超热电子的温度和产额均大于激光反射方向超热电子的温度和产额，证明共振吸收机理对电子的加速更有效. 关键词： 飞秒激光 等离子体 超热电子 能谱     

The electrical characterization of Zn(Phen)q/p-type Si/Al diode with interfacial layer by current–voltage characteristics

The current–voltage characteristics of Zinc (II) [(8-hydroxyquinoline)(1,10-phenanthroline)] complex (Zn(phen)q)/p-type Si/Al diode with interfacial layer have been investigated. The barrier height and ideality factor of the diode were found to be 0.71 eV and 2.05. Zn(phen)q/p-type Si/Al diode shows a metal–insulator–semiconductor structure resulted from presence of series resistance and an interfacial layer. The n and φ_B values obtained the presence of interfacial layer are 1.02 and 0.70 eV, respectively. The effect of series resistance was evaluated using a method developed by Cheung. The R_s and n values were determined from the d ln(I)/dV plot and were found to be 30.43 kΩ and 2.16, respectively. The barrier height and R_s values were calculated from the H(I)–I plot and were found to be 0.70 eV and 30.99 kΩ. The density of the interface states of the Zn(phen)q/p-type Si/Al diode was calculated and was found to be an order of 10¹³ eV⁻¹ cm⁻².     

Orientation dependence of the solid/liquid interfacial free energy in binary systems

A first-order theory of compositional segregation at solid/liquid interfaces, based on a pair-bonded, lattice-liquid interfacial model, has been applied to predict the effect of segregation on the orientation dependence of the interfacial free energy in binary metallic systems. The results show that the sharpness of the cusps in the gamma plot is reduced due to preferential segregation at layer edges as compared to layer faces, and cusps may be eliminated under certain conditions. The reduction in cusp sharpness is the greatest when the composition difference of the solid and liquid phases is large and the solutions are appreciably non-ideal. The relative reduction of sharpness due to segregation is less pronounced for cusps which are sharper in the unsegregated condition, so segregation tends to smooth the form of the gamma plot. Graphical results are presented for calculation of segregational anisotropy effects in general systems.     

SH ultrasonic guided waves for the evaluation of interfacial adhesion

Shear-Horizontally (SH) polarized, ultrasonic, guided wave modes are considered in order to infer changes in the adhesive properties at several interfaces located within an adhesive bond joining two metallic plates. Specific aluminium lap-joint samples were produced, with different adhesive properties at up to four interfaces when a glass–epoxy film is inserted into the adhesive bond. EMAT transducers were used to generate and detect the fundamental SH₀ mode. This is launched from one plate and detected at the other plate, past the lap joint. Signals are picked up for different propagation paths along each sample, in order to check measurement reproducibility as well as the uniformity of the adhesively bonded zones. Signals measured for four samples are then compared, showing very good sensitivity of the SH₀ mode to changes in the interfacial adhesive properties. In addition, a Finite Element-based model is used to simulate the experimental measurements. The model includes adhesive viscoelasticity, as well as spatial distributions of shear springs (with shear stiffness K_T) at both metal–adhesive interfaces, and also at the adhesive–film interfaces when these are present. This model is solved in the frequency domain, but temporal excitation and inverse FFT procedure are implemented in order to simulate the measured time traces. Values of the interfacial adhesive parameters, K_T, are determined by an optimization process so that best fit is obtained between both sets of measured and numerically predicted waveforms. Such agreement was also possible by adjusting the shear modulus of the adhesive component. This work suggests a promising use of SH-like guided modes for quantifying shear properties at adhesive interfaces, and shows that such waves can be used for inferring adhesive and cohesive properties of bonds separately. Finally, the paper considers improvements that could be made to the process, and its potential for testing the interfacial adhesion of adhesively bonded composite components.     

Diffusion activation energy versus the favourable energy in two-order-parameter model:A molecular dynamics study of liquid Al

In the present work, we find that both diffusion activation energy E_a(D) and E_a(S^ex) increase linearly with pressure and have the same slope (0.022±0.001 eV/GPa) for liquid Al. The temperature and pressure dependence of excess entropy is well fitted by the expression -S^ex(T,P)/k_B=a(P)+b(P)T+c(P)exp(E_f/k_BT), which together with the small ratio of E_f/k_BT leads to the relationship of excess entropy to temperature and pressure, i.e. S^ex≈-cE_f/T, where c is about 12 and E_f (=Δ E-PΔV) is the favourable energy. Therefore, there exists a simple relation between E_a(S^ex) and E_f, i.e. E_a(S^ex)≈cE_f.     

Effects of residual stress and interfacial frictional shear stress on interfacial debonding at notch-tip in two-dimensional unidirectional composite

A calculation method based on the shear lag approach was presented to get an approximate estimate of influences of residual stresses and frictional shear stress at the debonded interface on the interfacial debonding behavior at the notch-tip along fiber direction in two-dimensional unidirectional double-edge-notched composites. With this method, the energy release rate for initiation and growth of debonding as a function of composite stress were calculated for some examples. The calculation results showed in outline how much the tensile and compressive residual stresses in the matrix and fiber along fiber direction, respectively, act to hasten the initiation and growth of the debonding when the final cut element in the notch is matrix, while they act to retard them when the final cut element is fiber, and how much the frictional shear stress at the debonded interface reduces the growth rate of the debonding.     

Model of electroless Ni deposition on SiCp/Al composites and study of the interfacial interaction of coatings with substrate surface

Metallization techniques based on electroless plating are used to coat SiC_p/Al composite materials. The directly palladium chloride (PdCl₂) solutions in HCl is used to render the surface of such non-conductive substrates catalytically active towards metal deposition in the electroless plating solution. The microstructures of Ni-coated composites provided by scanning electron microscope (SEM) bring light into the palladium activation and electroless coating process. Also, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Line-scan have allowed to monitor the chemical and compositional surface modifications of activated and coated SiC_p/Al composites, as well as to understand the mechanisms of the catalyst (palladium species) chemisorption on the composites surface and the interaction mechanisms of Ni layer with the SiC_p/Al composites. The experimental results show that a nickel-substrate bonding action takes place during plating. Ni atom existing on the surface of the composites can partially obtain electrons from metals Al of the SiC_p/Al composites when the substrate is embedded in the Ni layers, that is, the orbital interaction through the mutual overlap of the electronic orbits does exist in the interfacial regions between the coated Ni atoms and composites substrate instead of the mechanical-interlocked form. On the basis of the evidence, a model of electroless Ni deposition on SiC_p/Al composites is submitted including Pd activation and Ni deposition processes to describe the formation of catalytic centers and the growth of deposited layer. The deposition model reveals that metal-substrate bond plays an important role in the high adhesion strength between the Ni coatings and the composites.     

Effect of ultrasonic melt processing and Al-Ti-B on the microstructural refinement of recycled Al alloys

Refining the α-Al grain size and controlling the morphology of intermetallic phases during solidification of Al alloys using ultrasonic melt processing (USMP) and Al-Ti-B have been extensively used in academic and industry. While, their synergy effect on the formation of these phases has not yet clearly demonstrated. In this paper, the influence of USMP and Al-Ti-B on the solidified microstructure of multicomponent Al-4.5Cu-0.5Mn-0.5Mg-0.2Si-xFe alloys (x = 0.7, and 1.2 wt%) has been comparatively studied. The results show that the USMP + Al-Ti-B method produce a more profound refinement effect than the individual methods. In addition, the area of single Fe-rich phases in both alloys with USMP + Al-Ti-B are also refined compared with conventional methods. A mechanism is proposed for the refinement, which are the deagglomerated TiB₂ parties induced by USMP providing more effective nucleation sites for α-Al, and the refined interdendritic regions limited the growth of Fe-rich phases in the following eutectic reaction. Finally, the application of combined USMP + Al-Ti-B methods is feasible in microstructural refinement, resulting in the improving the casting soundness and mechanical properties of alloys.     

Investigating the interfacial interaction of different aminosilane treated nano silicas with a polyurethane coating

In this work different nano silica particles varying in aminosilane functionalities were dispersed into a polyurethane clear coating (PU). The optical clarity of the resulting films as well as the mechanical integrities were studied utilizing haze transmission and dynamic mechanical analysis respectively. In addition, the curing behavior of films was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that particle dispersibility directly depended on the amount of grafted silane at the surface of nano silicas. Also the presence of amine functional groups on silica particles resulted in a systematic improvement of Tg and therefore in enhanced mechanical performance. These were attributed to an increased interfacial interaction and formation of some urea linkages in the hard segment of the polyurethane matrix. The DSC analyses also showed that the heat of reaction of particle loaded samples were all lower than that of the blank PU due to the facilitated interaction of amino groups at the silica surface with isocyanate cross-linker.