基于二维核磁共振弛豫谱的雷四段孔隙度计算方法

基于常规测井资料的体积模型和一维核磁共振（NMR）测井资料的固定截止值法,可以计算地层孔隙度,但是扩径段孔隙度计算结果偏大.本文通过川西海相雷四段岩心样品NMR实验和实测二维NMR测井资料,开展扩径段的T₂、T₁孔隙度计算方法研究.首先总结不同孔径流体在T₂谱和T₁谱上的响应特征,分析钻井液流体峰截止值的分布范围和影响因素,建立钻井液流体弛豫时间截止值的计算模型;然后根据未扩径段和扩径段的粘土束缚水弛豫时间截止值确定原则,确立变粘土束缚水弛豫时间截止值的有效孔隙度计算方法.多口井的应用效果表明,基于T₁谱的孔隙度计算结果精度更高、定量分析误差小,能有效解决扩径段孔隙度计算结果偏大的问题,满足储层评价的要求.     

川西致密气藏二维核磁共振测井优化设计与应用

二维核磁共振（NMR）测井在储层参数计算与流体性质判别应用中的作用逐渐受到重视.然而在川西致密气藏开展二维NMR测井应用之初,遇到了现有观测模式下资料采集效率较低、测井结果与地质条件不匹配等难题.通过对比两种常用的二维NMR测井方法,开展致密气藏二维NMR测井观测模式设计方法研究,结合致密气藏实际应用效果分析,明确了横向弛豫时间-纵向弛豫时间（T₂-T₁）方法比横向弛豫时间-自扩散系数（T₂-D）方法更适用于致密气藏,总结了一套致密气藏二维NMR测井观测模式设计流程与参数取值方法,设计出了适用于致密气藏的观测模式TGR01（tight gas reservoir 01）.新设计的观测模式在致密气藏的应用效果优于现有的二维NMR测井观测模式,结合T₂-T₁方法可以有效识别储层中的流体信号,解决致密气藏综合评价难题.     

渤海J油田储层核磁共振测井孔隙度影响因素分析及校正

渤海J油田沙河街组储层核磁共振（NMR）测井孔隙度和岩心NMR孔隙度均低于岩心氦孔隙度,这种现象影响了NMR测井的应用效果．通过开展岩心NMR实验,对该研究区仪器采集参数、井眼环境以及储层流体性质等因素进行分析,发现造成储层NMR测井孔隙度偏低的主要原因是高矿化度泥浆滤液侵入．基于饱和不同矿化度盐水对T₂谱的影响规律,确定了需要对T₂谱进行形态校正的矿化度下限值,并建立了对应不同矿化度的T₂谱形态校正模型及NMR孔隙度校正方法．应用结果表明,校正后的NMR测井孔隙度与岩心氦孔隙度的平均相对误差从13.56%下降至2.81%,有效提高了NMR测井孔隙度的精度．     

岩心核磁共振实验对低孔低渗碳酸盐岩储层的适应性研究

低孔低渗碳酸盐岩储层矿物成分复杂、岩石骨架参数难以确定、储集空间类型多样、孔隙结构及孔渗关系复杂、常规测井曲线响应特征不明显,使其测井评价极其困难．本文利用核磁共振测井定量评价低孔低渗碳酸盐岩储层岩心的孔隙结构、计算储层参数．利用T₂谱分布曲线分析孔隙结构、计算T₂截止值;在此基础上计算岩心总孔隙度、有效孔隙度、束缚水孔隙度、渗透率等储层参数,并与常规岩心实验结果进行对比分析;最后,总结出核磁共振测井在低孔低渗储层中的应用优势与局限,为核磁共振测井评价模型的建立提供基础数据．     

一种基于组分补偿的二维核磁共振测井数据高精度处理方法

二维核磁共振技术能够对储层中各类含氢流体进行无损、快速、定量的测量和表征，但受限于采集方式和参数，核磁共振设备在对页岩油等致密储层中的有机质、沥青等超快弛豫组分进行检测时，经常出现由于信号采集不完整所导致的二维谱中流体组分缺失或不准的问题.本文提出了基于超快弛豫组分补偿技术的T₂-T₁二维谱高精度反演方法，该方法将一维核磁共振前端信号补偿技术进行推广，通过在二维核磁数据反演前对回波数据进行组分补偿，能够有效解决二维核磁共振测井前端信号漏失的问题.实验及测井数据的应用表明，该方法在页岩油等富含快弛豫组分信号的储层中，可以得到更加精准和完整的储层信息.     

基于T2截止值的幂函数构建毛管压力曲线

岩心核磁共振（NMR）T₂谱和毛管压力曲线都在一定程度上反映了岩石孔隙结构，理论分析表明可利用T₂谱构建毛管压力曲线，由此快速获取储层孔隙结构的信息．本文对18块岩样T₂分布和毛管压力曲线进行了分析，提出将T₂截止值作为幂函数的分段点，采用分段幂函数方法构建岩样的NMR毛管压力曲线，并与采用不分段幂函数方法获得的毛管压力曲线进行了对比．研究结果表明，与不分段幂函数方法相比，分段幂函数方法得到的结果和压汞实验测定的毛管压力曲线吻合度更高，平均拟合度（R²）达到0.943 1，并且论证了T₂截止值作为分段点进行分段幂函数法构建NMR毛管压力曲线的合理性和可靠性．T₂截止值的引入提高了幂函数法构建NMR毛管压力曲线的精度，是利用NMR T₂谱构建岩样毛管压力曲线的有价值探索．     

D-T2二维核磁共振脉冲序列及反演方法改进设计

面对日益复杂的勘探对象, D-T₂二维核磁共振技术在实际应用中面临无法兼顾扩散系数测量范围和横向弛豫分辨率的困境. 脉冲序列作为D-T₂二维核磁共振数据采集的核心技术, 其性能优劣直接影响应用效果, 在综合对比PFG, STE-PFG, BP-PFG、改良式CPMG, 扩散编程, 多回波间隔CPMG脉冲序列性能的基础上, 有效融合脉冲梯度场、恒定梯度场D-T₂脉冲序列的优点, 本文提出一种基于脉冲梯度场的双变量、两窗口D-T₂脉冲序列改进设计. 针对两个窗口的D-T₂二维核磁共振数据反演, 为突破现有反演方法无法兼顾反演精度和解谱效率的瓶颈, 本着第二个窗口回波信号为主、第一个窗口回波信号为辅的原则, 本文提出一种同时使用两个窗口数据参与解谱的联合TSVD反演方法. 气水、油水、稠油、油气水模型不同信噪比条件下的数值模拟结果表明, 本文提供的D-T₂改进脉冲序列达到了平衡扩散系数测量范围和横向弛豫分辨率的设计要求, 本文提供的联合TSVD反演方法也有效平衡了反演精度要求和解谱效率. 文中的D-T₂改进脉冲序列及联合TSVD反演方法在复杂油气藏流体识别和产能预测中具有广泛的应用前景, 可为促进国内D-T₂二维核磁共振岩心分析技术的发展提供有利条件.     

一种改进的核磁共振测井测量脉冲序列

提出了一种可以提高核磁共振测井测量速度的新型测量脉冲序列,它基于对原有CPMG测量脉冲序列的改进.在原有的测量序列中,在一个CPMG脉冲序列结束之后,直接进行等待(T₁延时),以使磁化强度矢量能够完全恢复到平衡位置,然后再进行下一个CPMG脉冲序列的测量.由于测井仪器的连续运动,在测量含有长T₁成分的地层时,等待时间需要取得较长,使得测井速度很低.但在实际地层中,恰恰又是油气的T₁较长,这无疑给核磁共振测井带来了麻烦.作者发现,如果在一个CPMG脉冲序列结束之后在-x方向先施加一个90°脉冲(或在x方向施加一个270°脉冲),再进行等待,就能更好地使长T₁成分得到极化,从而缩短等待时间、提高测量速度.文中对这种改进后的脉冲序列进行了计算和分析,证明它确实具有一定的优越性.     

基于蒙特卡罗算法的低场核磁共振测量效率提高方法

核磁共振（NMR）的纵向弛豫时间（T₁）、横向弛豫时间（T₂）、自扩散系数（D₀）,以及T₂-T₁、T₂-D₀测量目前广泛应用于石油测井行业.在测量D₀的SGSE序列中,通过逐渐增大90°和180°脉冲之间的时间间隔（T_d）,可以对液体扩散行为产生的影响进行调节.然而T_d的"起点"、"步进数"和"终点"等参数必须设置得当才能准确测量T₁和D₀.目前参数的设置依赖多次的人工调整和测量人员的经验,耗时且使用门槛较高.本文用蒙特卡罗方法进行大量随机模拟,根据前面若干点的测量结果筛选出满足要求的随机值,预测下一个测量点的位置.该算法可以实时更新参数设置,实现自动化测量,达到降低测量门槛、缩短测量时间的目的.经验证,该算法可以适用于T₁、D₀的测量.     

13C及29Si核磁共振研究苯乙烯-二甲基硅氧烷嵌段共聚物的弛豫及分子运动

用¹³C及²⁹Si核磁共振研究了苯乙烯(S)及二甲基硅氧烷(Si)嵌段共聚物中硅氧烷软段的固体及溶液谱的自旋-晶格弛豫时间T₁。固态嵌段共聚物主链²⁹Si及侧甲基¹³C的T₁都与均聚物的T₁相近,但在CdCl₃溶液中各种嵌段共聚物的T₁与均聚硅氧烷相差颇大。用偶极-偶极相互作用来解释高聚物的自旋-晶格弛豫。苯乙烯-二甲基硅氧烷嵌段共聚物具两相结构,所以嵌段共聚物中软段及硬段微区中链段的运动与在均聚物分子中链段的运动模式基本相同。而CdCl₃对聚苯乙烯或聚硅氧烷都是良溶剂,软段硬段之间有相互影响。所以其链段运动与均聚物不同,从而导致链段运动的相关时间τ_c变短和T₁的增长。     

优化重聚脉冲提高梯度场核磁共振信号强度

缩短射频脉冲宽度, 有助于解决脉冲电力消耗大、样品吸收率高、信噪比低等极端条件核磁共振探测的关键问题. 本文首先分析射频脉冲角度对核磁共振自旋回波信号强度的影响机理, 基于Bloch方程推导了回波信号幅度与扳转角、重聚角的关系. 在特制核磁共振分析仪上采用变脉冲角度技术, 分别在均匀磁场和梯度磁场条件下实现对扳转角和重聚角与回波信号强度关系的数值模拟和实验测量. 结果表明, 梯度场中, 扳转角为90°、重聚角为140°的射频脉冲组合获得最大首波信号强度, 比180°脉冲对应的回波幅值提高13%, 能耗降低至78%. 选用该重聚角(140°) 优化设计饱和恢复脉冲序列探测流体的纵向弛豫时间T₁特性, 准确获得 T₁分布.该结果对于低电力供应、且对信噪比有较高要求的核磁共振测量, 如随钻核磁共振测井和在线核磁共振快速检测等, 具有重要意义. 关键词： 核磁共振 信号强度 重聚脉冲角度 Bloch方程     

Validity of NMR pore-size analysis of cultural heritage ancient building materials containing magnetic impurities

NMR relaxation time distributions, obtained with laboratory and portable devices, are utilized to characterize the pore-size distributions of building materials coming from the Roman remains of the Greek-Roman Theatre of Taormina. To validate the interpretation of relaxation data in terms of pore-size distribution, comparison of results from standard and in situ NMR experiments with results of the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) has been made. Although the pore-size distributions can be obtained by NMR in terms of either longitudinal (T₁) or transverse (T₂) relaxation times distributions, the shorter duration of the T₂ measurement makes it, in principle, preferable, although the determination of T₂ distributions is not necessarily an easy alternative to finding T₁ distributions. Among other things, the T₁ distribution is almost independent of the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field, while the T₂ distribution is strongly influenced by it. This paper was aimed at answering two questions: what are the validity limits to interpret NMR data in terms of pore-size distributions and whether the portable device can successfully be applied as a non-destructive and non-invasive tool for in situ NMR analysis of building materials, particularly those of Cultural Heritage interest.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry of the normal heart: Relationship between collagen content and relaxation times of the four chambers

The use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time measurements for characterization of abnormal cardiac tissue depends upon knowledge of variations of relaxation times of normal myocardium and determinants of these variations. We calculated in vitro NMR T₁ and T₂ relaxation times of canine myocardium from the four cardiac chambers, and determined hydroxyproline concentration (as a measure of collagen) and percent water content of the samples. We found both water content and T₁ relaxation time of the right ventricle to be significantly greater than the left atrium (p < 0.05). T₂ relaxation time of the left ventricle was found to be shorter than each of the other three chambers (p < 0.05). There were significant correlations between the spin-lattice relaxation time and both percent water content (r = 0.58) and hydroxyproline concentration (r = 0.45). A significant correlation was also found between T₂ relaxation time and hydroxyproline concentration (r = 0.49). When T₁ and T₂ were adjusted for water and hydroxyproline content, there was no longer any evidence for significant interchamber differences for either T₁ or T₂. These data suggest that differences in NMR relaxation times exist among the four chambers of the normal canine heart. Furthermore, a major determinant of myocardial spin-lattice relaxation time is tissue water content while both collagen content and percent water content significantly contribute to variability in cardiac chamber T₂ relaxation times.     

In vivo NMR T2 relaxation of experimental brain tumors in the cat: a multiparameter tissue characterization.

Experimental gliomas (F98) were inoculated in cat brain for the systematic study of their in vivo T₂ relaxation time behavior. With a CPMG multi-echo imaging sequence, a train of 16 echoes was evaluated to obtain the transverse relaxation time and the magnetization M(0) at time T = 0. The magnetization decay curves were analyzed for biexponentiality. All tissues showed monoexponential T₂, only that of the ventricular fluid and part of the vital tumor tissue were biexponential. Based on these NMR relaxation parameters the tissues were characterized, their correct assignment being assured by comparison with histological slices. T₂ of normal grey and white matter was 74 ± 6 and 72 ± 6 msec, respectively. These two tissue types were distinguished through M(0) which for white matter was only 0.88 of the intensity of grey matter in full agreement with water content, determined from tissue specimens. At the time of maximal tumor growth and edema spread a tissue differentiation was possible in NMR relaxation parameter images. Separation of the three tissue groups of normal tissue, tumor and edema was based on T₂ with T_2(normal) < T_2(tumor) < T_2(edema). Using M(0) as a second parameter the differentiation was supported, in particular between white matter and tumor or edema. Animals were studied at 1–4 wk after tumor implantation to study tumor development. The magnetization M(0) of both tumor and peritumoral edema went through a maximum between the second and third week of tumor growth. T₂ of edema was maximal at the same time with 133 ± 4 msec, while the relaxation time of tumor continued to increase during the whole growth period, reaching values of 114 ± 12 msec at the fourth week. Thus, a complete characterization of pathological tissues with NMR relaxometry must include a detailed study of the developmental changes of these tissues to assure correct experimental conditions for the goal of optimal contrast between normal and pathological regions in the NMR images.     

Selection of pulse sequences producing maximum tissue contrast in magnetic resonance imaging

The importance of spin density [N(H)] and spin-lattice (T₁) and spin-spin (T₂) relaxation in the characterization of tissue by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is clearly recognized. This work considers which optimized pulse sequences provide the best tissue discrimination between a given pair of tissues. The effects of tissue spin density and machine-imposed minimum rephasing echo times (TE_MIN) for achieving maximum signal tissue contrast are discussed. A long TE_MIN sacrifices T₁-dependent contrast in saturation recovery (SR) and inversion recovery (IR) pulse sequences so that spin-echo (SE) becomes the optimum sequence to provide tissue contrast, due to T₂ relaxation. Pulse sequences providing superior performance may be selected based on spin density and T₁ and T₂ ratios for a given pair of tissues. Selection of the preferred pulse sequence and interpulse delay times to produce maximum tissue contrast is strongly dependent on knowledge of tissue spin densities as well as T₁ and T₂ characteristics. As the spin density ratio increases, IR replaces SR as the preferred sequence and SE replaces IR and SR as the pulse sequence providing superior contrast. To select the optimal pulse sequence and interpulse delay times, an accurate knowledge of tissue spin density, T₁ and T₂ must be known for each tissue.