共查询到18条相似文献,搜索用时 78 毫秒
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采用廉价的无机锆源(无水硝酸锆)通过一步法合成表面含强Lewis酸位的SO42-/Zr-SBA-15,该催化剂材料在废弃食用油和甲醇酯交换制生物柴油过程中表现出良好的催化活性和选择性. 实验考察了酯交换反应的最佳条件为:反应温度160 oC、反应时间12 h、催化剂Zr:Si为0.11、催化剂用量为10%、醇油比30:1. SO42-/Zr-SBA-15在最佳反应条件下可使甘油三酯的转化率达到92.3%,脂肪酸甲酯的产率为91.7%. SO42-/Zr-SBA-15具有高比表面积的介孔结构和表面酸性,且具有良好的反应稳定性和重复性,反应7次后的脂肪酸甲酯的产率仍稳定保持在74 ±1%. 相似文献
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为了深入了解生物柴油在ZSM-5沸石上的催化反应机理,在常压的流动反应器中进行了生物柴油代用品丁酸甲酯在氢型ZSM-5(HZSM-5)催化剂上的热解和催化热解. 热解产物使用气相色谱-质谱法定性和定量测量. 动力学模型和实验表明,气相中氢提取反应是热解过程中丁酸甲酯分解的主要途径,但在HZSM-5上,丁酸甲酯则主要通过解离生成烯酮和甲醇消耗;与无催化反应相比,丁酸甲酯在HZSM-5上的初始分解温度降低了约300 K. 并且通过Arrhenius方程获得了在催化热解和均相热解条件下丁酸甲酯消耗的表观活化能. 明显降低的表观活化能证实了HZSM-5对丁酸甲酯热解的催化性能. 此外催化剂的活化温度对HZSM-5的某些催化性能具有一定的影响. 该研究对进一步的实际生物柴油燃料的催化燃烧具有一定的指导意义. 相似文献
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为了进一步降低柴油机燃用生物柴油的颗粒排放,利用激光拉曼光谱技术,研究了柴油机应用废气再循环(EGR)前后,燃烧柴油(B0)、生物柴油(B100)及其调和油(B50)的颗粒微观结构,采用五带拟合法对一阶拉曼光谱进行拟合,并计算了颗粒石墨微晶尺寸和石墨晶格C—C键长。结果表明:随着生物柴油掺混比的增加,颗粒D1带的半高宽增加,颗粒化学异相性增强;ID1/IG逐渐减小,颗粒中有序石墨结构含量增加,石墨化程度提高。引入EGR会使得颗粒D1带的半高宽增加,颗粒化学异相性增强;ID1/IG升高,颗粒有序石墨结构含量减少,石墨化程度降低,B0,B50和B100颗粒的ID1/IG在应用EGR前后分别降低了约8.5%,10.6%和11.8%。六种颗粒的缺陷类型主要属于石墨烯层边缘缺陷,掺混生物柴油和引入EGR均会使得颗粒碳层边缘缺陷浓度增加,颗粒中挥发性有机物的官能团含量增加,增强了颗粒氧化活性。掺混生物柴油使得颗粒石墨微晶尺寸增加,EGR使得颗粒石墨微晶尺寸减小,生物柴油和EGR对柴油机颗粒石墨晶格C—C键长影响不大,C—C键长约为0.142 nm。 相似文献
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在一台未作改动的直喷式柴油机上研究了生物油质量分数分别为10%和20%的生物柴油生物油乳化油的燃烧与排放特性。结果表明:与生物柴油相比,燃用乳化油时燃烧始点推迟,预混燃烧放热峰值升高,扩散燃烧放热峰值、最高燃烧压力和燃烧温度降低,燃烧持续期缩短,且随着生物油含量增加以上趋势更明显。燃用含10%生物油的乳化油时燃油经济性较生物柴油略低,与0号柴油相当,而燃用含20%生物油的乳化油时燃油经济性则低于生物柴油和0号柴油。乳化油的NO_x排放明显低于生物柴油,而碳烟排放高于生物柴油,但低于0号柴油。 相似文献
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为了分析实际生物柴油的燃烧特性,综合考虑了燃料的分子量、碳氢比、化学键能和十六烷值等特性,基于丁酸甲酯、醋酸乙酯、癸酸甲酯与正十二烷四种燃料,采用配平原子个数和十六烷值的方法构建了反映生物柴油基本燃烧特性的一种新的替代燃料模型。通过不同工况下模拟结果与实验数据的比较,对该方法的合理性进行了验证,结果表明该替代燃料模型能较好地预测生物柴油在不同压力、温度和当量比下的氧化过程。该机理构成方法为替代燃料机理的构建提供了新的思路。 相似文献
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以脱色率、甘油含量、回收率为考察指标,考察了8种树脂在甘油精制过程中的脱色性能,筛选出脱色效果最佳的树脂为大孔吸附树脂HPD 400与强碱性阴离子树脂717联用,并确定了大孔吸附树脂HPD 400及强碱性阴离子树脂717的最佳工艺条件。大孔吸附树脂HPD 400的最佳工艺条件为:粗甘油上样量与大孔吸附树脂HPD 400质量比1:8,加入去离子水稀释粗甘油至粗甘油质量分数为70%,吸附时间为0.5h。经过大孔吸附树脂HPD 400处理过的甘油进一步用强碱性阴离子树脂717处理,其最佳工艺条件为:甘油上样量与强碱性阴离子树脂717质量比1:8,加入去离子水稀释甘油至甘油质量分数为80%,吸附时间为1h。经过大孔吸附树脂HPD 400及强碱性阴离子树脂717处理后,脱色率为98.07%,吸光度达到分析纯甘油的吸光度。甘油含量从粗甘油的83.25%提高到98.63%。实验结果表明,大孔吸附树脂HPD 400与强碱性阴离子树脂717联用可以用于小桐子生物柴油副产物甘油的脱色。 相似文献
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在pH 2.2 BR缓冲介质中, 磷钨杂多酸(PTA)与格拉司琼(GSN)相互作用形成离子缔合物, 不仅引起吸收光谱的变化, 还导致共振散射光谱(RLS)的显著增强并产生新的RLS光谱, 最大RLS峰位于333 nm附近, 其RLS增强程度与格拉司琼浓度成线性关系, 检出限和线性范围分别为12 ng/mL和0.04~3.0 μg/mL。文中研究了反应产物的吸收和RLS光谱特征, 优化反应条件的影响, 据此发展了以磷钨杂多酸为光谱探针的灵敏、简便、快速测定格拉司琼的新方法。将方法用于血清中格拉司琼含量的快速定, 结果满意。讨论了离子缔合反应和RLS增强机理。 相似文献
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气溶胶老化是目前大气颗粒物物理化学领域的研究热点之一。通过真空型傅里叶红外光谱仪原位观测并对比了油酸(OA)薄膜和油酸包覆粉煤灰两种样品分别与臭氧发生的化学反应动力学,并评估了其中粉煤灰在非均相化学反应中所起到的作用。除了指纹区特征峰的不同,在反应前纯油酸薄膜和纯油酸包覆粉煤灰样品的主要红外特征吸收峰是相似的。当两种样品分别处于20 ppm 臭氧浓度、室温和干燥的反应环境中,=CH的特征吸收峰(3 050 cm-1)强度降低而—OH伸缩振动特征峰(3 430 cm-1)强度增加。此外,随着臭氧氧化反应的进行,处于1 710cm-1的羧酸C=O伸缩振动特征峰强度下降,反之,产物酯类物质的伸缩振动特征峰在1 740 cm-1出现并增强。通过红外光谱的变化趋势能够得到两组样品的OA成分在反应中逐步消耗并转化为含有羟基和酯类官能团的产物。通过位于1 740 cm-1处的C=O特征峰的变化能够得到准一级反应速率常数Kapp和摄取系数γ。粉煤灰样品的准一级反应速率常数大体是油酸薄膜反应体系的两倍。对于比表面积,粉煤灰样品要大于油酸薄膜,而两种反应体系的臭氧浓度一致,油酸薄膜和油酸包覆粉煤灰的γ值分别为(2.70±0.11)×10-4和(3.70±0.13)×10-4。较大的催化表面积和较快的催化效率是导致粉煤灰样品较油酸薄膜反应快的原因。由此证明了当粉煤灰与不饱和有机酸结合并处在臭氧氧化环境中时会常易促进二次有机气溶胶的形成。 相似文献
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Seyed Emadodin Shakeri Seyed Reza Ghaffarian Mahdi Tohidian Ghasem Bahlakeh Shahrouz Taranejoo 《Journal of Macromolecular Science: Physics》2013,52(9):1226-1241
A polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) of chitosan and phosphotungstic acid (PWA) was prepared and characterized as a proton-conducting membrane for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of stable PWA in PEC. To reduce the methanol permeability, several amounts of montmorilonite (MMT) nanoclays (trade name: Cloisite Na) were introduced to the system. The X-ray diffraction patterns of nanocomposite membranes proved the nanoclay layers were exfoliated in the membranes at loading weights of MMT lower than 3 wt%. Proton conductivity and methanol permeability were measured. According to the selectivity parameter—ratio of proton conductivity to methanol permeability—PEC containing 2 wt% MMT (PEC/2 wt% MMT) was identified as the optimum composition. Finally, DMFC performance tests were investigated at 70°C and 5 M methanol feed and the optimum membrane showed higher maximum power density in comparison with Nafion 117. The results indicated the optimum nanocomposite membrane is a promising polyelectrolyte membrane (PEM) for DMFC applications. 相似文献
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Ying Wang Jia-qing Wu Qian Wan Lei Zhang Hong-na Lei 《Journal of Macromolecular Science: Physics》2020,59(11):731-746
AbstractIn this paper, a green solvent for chitosan, plasma acid, was made and chitosan/plasma-acid solutions were prepared. An environmentally friendly chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nano-membrane was prepared via electrospinning due to the difficulty of electrospinning of pure chitosan/plasma-acid solutions. Two blending methods of chitosan with PVA were investigated. One way was to mix a chitosan/plasma-acid solution (1%) and a PVA/water solution (10%) with the volume ratios of 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3 and 8:2, respectively. The results showed that fibrous nano-membranes could start to be formed at a chitosan/PVA mixing ratio of 7:3 up to the ratio of 2:8 with increasing PVA. The average fiber diameters increased with increased adding of PVA, ranging from 74.7?nm for the 7:3 ratio to 280.7?nm for the 2:8 ratio. The other way to prepare the chitosan/PVA solutions was to put PVA and chitosan powders into the plasma acid together. Fibrous nano-membranes could also be formed at 6% PVA and 10% PVA solution, both with 1% chitosan compositions. The average diameters of the resulting nano-fibers were 144.67?nm and 300.7?nm, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results showed that the chitosan was bonded to the PVA by hydrogen bonds in the nano-membranes (6% PVA, 1% chitosan). It is noted that both of the two blending methods permitted obtaining chitosan/PVA nano-membranes. As indicated, the PVA in the solution had a large effect on the diameters of the nano-fibers. The first method permitted obtaining nano-fibers with smaller diameter. The maximum concentration of chitosan in the solution was 0.7% (7:3 ratio). The second method was simpler and permitted increasing the chitosan concentration in the solution to 1% for both the 6% and 10% concentrations of PVA. 相似文献
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Polyelectrolyte Nanocomposite Membranes Using Surface Modified Nanosilica for Fuel Cell Applications
Amir Hossein Haghighi Mahdi Tohidian Abolfazl Ghaderian Seyed Emadodin Shakeri 《Journal of Macromolecular Science: Physics》2017,56(6):383-394
The preparation and characterization of a new type of nanocomposite polyelectrolyte membrane (PEM), based on Nafion® (E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Ltd., for its copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluorinated vinyl ether) and sulfonic acid (-SO3H) or phosphotungstic acid (PWA) modified nanosilica (Si-SO3H or Si-PWA, respectively), for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications are described. Physical characteristics of these manufactured nanocomposite membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water uptake, methanol permeability and ion exchange capacity, as well as proton conductivity. The Nafion®/Si-PWA and Nafion®/Si-SO3H membranes showed higher proton conductivity, lower methanol permeability and, as a consequence, a higher selectivity parameter, in comparison to the neat Nafion® or Nafion®/pristine nanosilica membranes. The obtained results indicated that both the Nafion®/Si-PWA and Nafion®/Si-SO3H membranes could be utilized as promising polyelectrolyte membranes for direct methanol fuel cell applications. 相似文献
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Methanol Tolerant Non-noble Metal Co-C-N Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Using Urea as Nitrogen Source 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
机械研磨尿素、氯化钴、乙炔黑混合物并经800 oC热处理后,制备出了非贵金属Co-C-N(800)催化剂. X射线衍射测试表明催化剂中有单质β-Co生成. 用循环伏安法表征了催化剂的电化学特性,结果表明Co-C-N(800)具有良好的催化活性和耐甲醇性能. 45 h浸泡实验表明,催化剂在酸性电解液中具有较好的稳定性. 相似文献