具有谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力的含碲环糊精衍生物

设计并合成了谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)模拟物6A,6A’-二苯胺-6B,6B’-二碲桥联-β-环糊精(6-AnTeCD),采用双酶偶联法进行GPx活力测定和酶反应动力学分析,通过噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法评价了6-AnTeCD对H2O2诱导心肌细胞氧化损伤的保护作用.结果表明,6-AnTeCD催化谷胱甘肽(GSH)还原过氧化氢(H2O2)的活力高于6-AnSeCD、6,6’-二碲桥联-β-环糊精(6-TeCD)和Ebselen等GPx模拟物.稳态动力学分析显示,6-AnTeCD的催化机制为乒乓机制.6-AnTeCD分子兼具引入底物结合部位和改造催化部位的双重优点,具有分子量小、毒性低及可有效保护心肌细胞免受氧化损伤的优点.     

基于γ-环糊精的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶模拟物的构建及催化作用

基于对天然谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)结构与功能的理解,我们利用超分子化学的方法和原理,选择γ-环糊精为骨架,通过引入催化基团硒或碲,设计并合成了7种基于γ-环糊精的新型谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)模拟物,并采用元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振等手段对其结构进行了详细的表征和确认。运用GPX经典双酶体系法测定了它们的GPX活性,实验结果表明:6,6’双碲桥联γ-环糊精(6-diTe-γ-CD)表现出了最高的GPX活性,其催化GSH还原过氧化氢(H2O2)、叔丁基过氧化氢(t-BuOOH)和枯烯过氧化氢(CuOOH)的活力分别是传统小分子硒酶Ebselen的147.3、1897.9和663.9倍,该结果是目前报道的环糊精GPX模拟物中酶活力最高的。     

2-位碲桥联环糊精的制备、表征及其谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性的研究

该文以三种母体环糊精(CD),即α-、β-和γ-CD为修饰模板,将功能性基团有机碲引入到环糊精次面的2位羟基上,制备得到了三种具有谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性的GPX模拟物。采用元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振等手段对三种环糊精衍生物的结构进行了表征。运用GPX经典双酶体系法测定了三种环糊精衍生物的GPX活性,实验结果表明三者均具有很高的催化活性,其中2-位碲桥联γ-环糊精(2-Te-γ-CD)具有最高的GPX活性,其催化谷胱甘肽(GSH)还原过氧化氢(H2O2),叔丁基过氧化氢(t-BuOOH)和枯烯过氧化氢(CuOOH)的活力分别是传统"小分子硒酶"Ebselen的80.5,333.3和118.3倍。     

谷胱甘肽过氧化酶模拟物2—位碲桥联环糊精的合成及催化作用

以β-环糊精（CD）为酶模型，将Te引入β-环糊精中，成功地合成出一种新的水溶性好，活力高的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）小分子模拟物2－TeCD，并对其结构进行了表征，采用Wilson辅酶偶联法，间接测定了2－TeCD催化还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）还原H2O2的GPX活力为46.7U/μmol，与文献报道的数据相比，2－TeCD的GPX活力最高，通过考察2－TeCD催化GSH还原H2O2反应的动力学，发现反应初速度对底物浓度的双倒数曲线为一组平行线表明2－TeCD所遵循的催化剂可能为三转移乒乓机制，通过考察自由基捕获剂2，4－二叔丁基甲基苯酚对酶促和自发反应速率的影响，发现2－TeCD催化的酶促反应为非自由基机理。通过考察酶不可逆抑制剂碘乙酸对酶促反应速率的影响，发现2－TeCD催化反应过程中不生成碲醇中间体，由此推测出2－TeCD的催化循环经历碲硫化合物，次碲酸硫酯和次碲酸中间体，该催化循环与含硒GPX小分子模拟物所经历的催化循环不同，以及环糊精对底物具有识别与结合的能力，可能是2－TeCD具有高GPX活力的主要原因。     

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶模拟物2-位碲桥联环糊精的合成及催化作用

 以β－环糊精（CD）为酶模型，将Te引入β－环糊精中，成功地合成出一种新的水溶性好、活力高的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）小分子模拟物2－TeCD，并对其结构进行了表征．采用Wilson辅酶偶联法，间接测定了2－TeCD催化还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）还原H2O2的GPX活力为46．7U／μmol，与文献报道的数据相比，2－TeCD的GPX活力最高．通过考察2－TeCD催化GSH还原H2O2反应的动力学，发现反应初速度对底物浓度的双倒数曲线为一组平行线，表明2－TeCD所遵循的催化机制可能为三转移乒乓机制．通过考察自由基捕获剂2，4－二叔丁基甲基苯酚对酶促和自发反应速率的影响，发现2－TeCD催化的酶促反应为非自由基机理．通过考察酶不可逆抑制剂碘乙酸对酶促反应速率的影响，发现2－TeCD催化反应过程中不生成碲醇中间体．由此推测出2－TeCD的催化循环经历碲硫化合物、次碲酸硫酯和次碲酸中间体．该催化循环与含硒GPX小分子模拟物所经历的催化循环不同，以及环糊精对底物具有识别与结合的能力，可能是2－TeCD具有高GPX活力的主要原因．     

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶模拟物碲化透明质酸的合成及催化动力学研究

 以透明质酸(HA)作为谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)的酶模型,将碲(Te)引入HA中,合成了一种新型的高活力的GPX模拟物碲化透明质酸(TeHA). 用红外光谱和核磁共振技术对TeHA的结构进行了研究,证明Te的修饰位点位于HA的N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖的羟甲基(-CH2OH)上. 采用Wilson辅酶偶联法测定得到TeHA催化还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)还原H2O2的GPX活力为163.6 U/μmol, 高于文献报道的其它模拟酶. TeHA还能够催化GSH还原异丙苯基过氧化物(CuOOH)和叔丁基过氧化物(t-BuOOH)的反应,并且CuOOH为该模拟酶的最适底物. 通过研究TeHA催化GSH还原三种不同过氧化物的反应动力学发现, TeHA的催化遵循乒乓机制.     

表面等离子体子共振传感器研究谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶模拟物与底物的结合作用

采用表面等离子体子共振(SPR)传感装置,固定入射角,以波长为变量,以CCD为检测系统,用对金有较强吸附作用的谷胱甘肽(GSH)为基底膜,研究了GSH分别与谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)与小分子GPX模拟酶2-位-碲桥联-β-环糊精(2-TeCD)的动力学过程,计算得GSH与GST的结合常数为2.82×106L/mol;GSH与2-TeCD的结合常数为3.92×102L/mol。结果表明:本方法可以用来评价小分子GPX模拟酶与底物的结合程度,简便快捷,不需标记样品,可以实时监测反应过程,作用后酶与底物易于分离,分离后的酶可以继续使用等优点。     

以透明质酸为骨架的新型谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)模拟酶的制备及性质研究

用修饰法合成以透明质酸为骨架的两种新型GPX模拟酶: 硒化透明质酸SeHA及碲化透明质酸TeHA. 用红外光谱和核磁共振波谱对模拟酶的结构进行研究, 证明其修饰位点位于透明质酸的N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖的—CH2OH. 用二硫代双硝基苯甲酸(DTNB)法测定模拟酶的硒含量为1.2%. 通过模拟酶对3种不同底物过氧化氢(H2O2)、过氧化氢正丁烷(t-BuOOH)和过氧化氢异丙苯(CuOOH)的催化活性的研究结果表明CuOOH为该反应的最佳底物. 研究模拟酶催化谷胱甘肽(GSH)还原3种过氧化物的动力学发现, 反应速率与底物浓度的双倒数曲线均为平行的直线, 说明模拟酶反应的动力学机制与天然GPX相同, 为乒乓机制. 用2,4-二叔丁基甲基苯酚(BHT)法证明了该催化反应为非自由基机理, 且模拟酶不易被碘乙酸抑制.     

竞争包结法研究印楝素与β-环糊精及其衍生物的选择键合

以酚酞作为光谱探针,采用紫外-可见光谱滴定法测定了β-环糊精(β-CD),单(6-脱氧-乙二胺)-β-环糊精(en-β-CD),单(6-脱氧-二乙基三胺)-β-环糊精(dien-β-CD),七(2,3,6-三-O-甲基)-β-环糊精(TM-β-CD),七(2,6-二-O-甲基)-β-环糊精(DM-β-CD),2-羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD) 在25 ℃时,pH=10.5缓冲液中与两种印楝素客体分子所形成超分子配合物的稳定常数.结果表明,多种弱相互作用力协同作用于环糊精的配位过程,主-客体间的尺寸匹配决定所形成配合物的稳定性,环糊精衍生物的取代基影响主体配位能力.6种环糊精主体化合物对印楝素客体分子的包合能力的大小为:HP-β-CD> en-β-CD≈dien-β-CD>β-CD> DM-β-CD≈TM-β-CD.对印楝素A和B给出相似的键合能力.     

环糊精与烷基钴配合物分子识别作用的DFT研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法对Costa型烷基钴配合物[n-C6H13Co(C11H19N4O2)·H2O]+(A)和烷基钴肟配合物n-C6H13Co(C8H14N4O4)·H2O(B)进行计算研究,探讨了环糊精对它们的分子识别作用与其电荷分布之间的关系.结果表明,由于A和B的轴向烷基都是中性的,而且它们的烷基均插入环糊精腔内,而使A或B与环糊精形成包结物,因此,在环糊精边上修饰负离子不能加强其对+1价的Costa型配合物的识别作用,平面配体的类型及电荷对分子识别影响也不大.     

Evaluating substrate specificity of glutathione peroxidase mimic by molecular dynamics simulations and kinetics

The substrate specificities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) mimic, 6,6′-ditellurobis(6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin) (6-TeCD), for three hydroperoxides (ROOH), H₂O₂, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) and cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH), are investigated through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The most stable conformations and the total interaction energies of complex of 6-TeCD with ROOH are used to evaluate the substrate specificity of 6-TeCD. The steady-state kinetics of 6-TeCD is studied and the Michaelis-Menten constant (K _m) and second-order rate constant k _max/K _ROOH show that 6-TeCD displays different affinity and specificity to ROOH. These results of experiments are well consistent with ones obtained by MD simulations, indicating that MD simulations could be applied to evaluation substrate specificity of small-molecule enzyme mimics.     

Organotellurium-bridged cyclodextrin dimers as artificial glutathione peroxidase models

To elucidate the importance of the goodness of fit in complexes between substrates and glutathione peroxidise (GPX) mimics, we examined the decomposition of a variety of structurally distinct hydroperoxides at the expense of glutathione (GSH) catalyzed by 2,2′-ditellurobis(2-deoxy-γ-cyclodextrin) (2-Te-γ-CD), and by the corresponding derivatives of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and α-cyclodextrin. The good fit of the cumene group into the γ-CD binding cavity reflected the result of well-defined reaction geometry, leading to the most excellent peroxidase activity with high substrate specificity. Furthermore, the catalytic constant and the combination with the best binding also exhibited the highest regioselectivity in the substrate decomposition. Saturation kinetics were observed and the catalytic reaction agreed with a ping-pong mechanism, in analogy with natural GPX, and might exert its thiol peroxidase activity via tellurol, tellurenic acid, and tellurosulfide. The stoichiometry of the inclusion complex was determined to be of 2:1 host-to-guest. The value of stability constant K _c for (2-Te-γ-CD)₂/GSH at room temperature was calculated to be 3.815?×?10⁴?M^?2, which suggested that 2-Te-γ-CD had a moderate ability to bind GSH. Importantly, the proposed mode of the (2-TeCD)₂/GSH complex was the possible important noncovalent interactions between enzymes and substrates in influencing catalysis and binding.     

Inclusion complexes of dihydroartemisinin with cyclodextrin and its derivatives: characterization,solubilization and inclusion mode

The characterization, inclusion complexation behavior and binding ability of the inclusion complexes of dihydroartemisinin with β-cyclodextrin and its derivatives, sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD), mono[6-(2-aminoethylamino)-6-deoxy]-β-cyclodextrin (en-β-CD) and mono{6-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]-6-deoxy}-β-cyclodextrin (dien-β-CD), were studied using phenolphthalein as a spectral probe. Spectral titration was performed in aqueous buffer solution (pH ca. 10.5) at 25 °C to determine the binding constants. The inclusion complexation behaviors were investigated in both solution and solid state by means of NMR, TG, XRD. The results showed that the water solubility and thermal stability of dihydroartemisinin were significantly increased in the inclusion complex with cyclodextrins (CDs). According to ¹H NMR and 2D NMR spectroscopy (ROESY), the A, B rings of dihydroartemisinin can be included into the cavity of CDs. The enhanced binding ability of CDs towards dihydroartemisinin was discussed from the viewpoint of the size/shape-fit concept and multiple recognition mechanism between host and guest.     

一种新型芳香二胺桥联β-环糊精对染料的分子识别

以单-(6-对甲苯磺酰基)-β-环糊精和3,3′-亚甲基联苯胺为原料, 合成了一种新型刚性结构的芳香二胺桥联环糊精, 3,3′-亚甲基联苯胺桥联(6-氨基-6-脱氧-β-环糊精)2. 并用荧光光谱和紫外光谱技术分别测定了在25 ℃时, pH为7.20的磷酸缓冲溶液中β-环糊精(1)和新型桥联环糊精(2)与几种染料分子, 如吖定红(AR)、中性红(NR)、2-对甲苯胺基-6-萘磺酸钠(TNS)、1-苯胺基-8-萘磺酸铵(ANS)、罗丹明B(RhB)和亮绿(BG)形成超分子配合物的稳定常数KS. 化学计量比表明, 桥联环糊精2与客体形成了1∶1的超分子配合物, 其对客体的键合能力和分子选择性远远强于母体?茁-环糊精, 如桥联环糊精2对BG的键合能力可以达到母体环糊精的22.2倍. 从主-客体间的尺寸匹配关系和多重识别机理等方面探讨了桥联环糊精对客体分子的协同键合作用.     

Separation performance and recognition mechanism of mono(6-deoxy-imino)-β-cyclodextrins chiral stationary phases in high-performance liquid chromatography

Different substituent groups were introduced onto the rim of β-cyclodextrin through rigid CN bonds to form a series of imino-modified β-cyclodextrin derivatives: mono(6-deoxy-phenylimino)-β-cyclodextrin (BCD), mono(6-deoxy-isopropylimino)-β-cyclodextrin (YBCD), mono(6-deoxy-N-1-phenylethylimino)-β-cyclodextrin (R-,S-BYCD), mono[6-deoxy-N-1-(2-hydroxyl)-phenylethylimino]-β-cyclodextrin (R-,S-PGCD), heptakis(2,6-o-diamyl-6-deoxy-phenylimino)-β-cyclodextrin (WBCD), heptakis(2,6-o-diamyl-6-deoxyisopropylimino)-β-cyclodextrin (WYBCD) and heptakis[2,6-o-diamyl-6-deoxy-R-(-)-N-1-phenylethylimino)-β-cyclodextrin (WRBYCD). The obtained derivatives were then bonded to silica gel and used in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as chiral stationary phases (CSPs). The separation performance of these CSPs was examined by separating disubstituted benzenes, amino acids, ferrocene derivatives andchiral aromatic alcohol compounds. Satisfactory separation results were obtained for most of the compounds. The values for selectivity factors can reach up to 8.50 and 8.16 for separating positional isomers and ferrocene derivatives, respectively, and the best resolution was 6.89 for aromatic alcohol derivative separations. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for chiral discrimination of rac-N-benzoyl-phenylglycinol on S-PGCD CSP to study the recognition mechanism. MD simulation results show that the average free-energy of interaction is −1304.83 kcal/mol for the l-enantiomer and S-PGCD and −1324.23 kcal/mol for the d-enantiomer and S-PGCD. In the recognition stage, the l-enantiomer moves along the exterior of the cyclodextrin cavity from the wider edge to the narrower edge of cyclodextrin whereas the d-enantiomer moves slightly towards the cavity. The l-enantiomer thus is separated first due to weaker interaction with S-PGCD.     

Cyclodextrin-derived chalcogenides as glutathione peroxidase mimics and their protection of mitochondria against oxidative damage

A series of novel glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mimics based on organochalcogen cyclodextrin (CD) dimer were synthesized. Their GPx-like antioxidant activities were studied using hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂, tert-butylhydroperoxide (BHP), and cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) as substrates and glutathione as thiol co-substrate. The results showed that 6A,6B-ditelluronic acid-A,6B′-tellurium bridged γ-cyclodextrin (6-diTe-γ-CD) had the highest peroxidase activity, which was ~670-fold higher than ebselen, a well-known GPx mimic. Reduction of lipophilic CHP often proceeded much faster than reduction of the more hydrophilic H₂O₂ or BHP, which cannot bind into the hydrophobic interior of the CD. The biological activities were also evaluated for their capacity to protect mitochondria against ferrous sulfate/ascorbate-induced oxidative damage. 6-diTe-γ-CD was the best inhibitor which significantly suppressed ferrous sulfate/ascorbate-induced cytotoxicity as determined by swelling of mitochondria, lipid peroxidation and cytochrome c oxidase activity. Our data suggests that 6-diTe-γ-CD has potential pharmaceutical application in the treatment of ROS-mediated diseases.     

Inclusion complexes of ortho-anisidine and β-cyclodextrin: A quantum mechanical calculation

The structural aspects for the complexation of ortho-anisidine (O-AN)/β-cyclodextrin were explored by using PM6, density function theory B3LYP/6-31G*, M05-2X/6-31G*, B3PW91/6-31G*, MPW1PW91/6-31G*, HF/6-31G* methods and several combinations of ONIOM2 hybrid calculations. Calculations were performed upon the inclusion complexation of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with neutral (O-AN1) and cationic (O-AN2) species of ortho-anisidine. The obtained results with PM6 method clearly indicate that the formed complexes are energetically favored, the complex of O-AN2/β-CD in B orientation is significantly more favorable than the others energetically. The structures show the presence of several intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions that were studied on the basis of natural bonding orbital (NBO) analysis, employed to quantify the donor–acceptor interactions between ortho-anisidine and β-CD.     

Modeling of the inclusive complexation of natural drug trans 3,5,3′,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene with β-cyclodextrin

In this study, the complexation of trans 3,5,3′,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene, also known as piceatannol (PIC), with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was investigated using the semi-empirical PM3 method in vacuum. Two orientations were assessed for the encapsulation of piceatannol in the cavity of β-cyclodextrin. The orientation in which the A aromatic ring of PIC was directed toward the inner cavity of β-CD was named ‘A’ and that in which the B aromatic ring is located inside the β-CD cavity was named ‘B’. The results indicated that both orientations were favorable for the complexation of PIC/β-CD. Indeed, the energy difference between the two orientations was less than 1 kcal/mol. Additionally, the negative interaction energies obtained for a 1:1 stoichiometry suggest that the complexation process is exothermic and indicate that the PIC/β-CD complex was highly stable and enthalpically driven. HOMO and LUMO investigations confirmed these results.