真空环境下激光与固体靶冲量耦合的机理分析和数值模拟

在准真空环境下，采用高功率密度的调Q-Nd:YAG激光照射固体铝靶表面，测量了不同入射激光强度下气化靶物质对靶的冲量.通过分析不同情况下激光与固态靶、气化物质的作用机理，采用流体力学理论和三维有限差分的计算方法，对不同激光强度情况下气化物质对靶产生冲量的过程进行了数值模拟，将模拟计算所得结果与实验测量结果进行了比较和分析，进而对实验结果进行了解释.由数值模拟结果与实验结果的一致性可见，本文采用的模型能反映激光作用下固体靶力学响应的物理过程.     

Magnetic-field confinement of a laser-produced plasma

Summary Ruby-laser pulses have been focused onto planar targets of beryllium in a magnetic field,B=17 kG. The field was oriented parallel to the direction of the incoming laser beam and perpendicular to the target surface. It was balancing the kinetic pressure of the plasma at a few millimeters from the target. Spectroscopic observations, both time integrated and time resolved, have shown the magnetic-confinement effect. In particular, a reduction of the transverse plasma-plume size and a density increase and slower expansion, in the presence of the magnetic field, have been observed. In the introduction, a short review of the most recent papers on the subject is reported.

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Riassunto Gli impulsi luminosi di un laser a rubino sono stati focalizzati su bersagli piani di berillio in un campo magnetico di 17 kG. Il campo era orientato parallelamente alla direzione del fascio laser incidente e perpendicolarmente alla superficie del bersaglio ed era tale da bilanciare la pressione cinetica del plasma a qualche millimetro dal bersaglio. Osservazioni spettroscopiche, sia integrate che risolte nel tempo, hanno mostrato l’effetto di confinamento magnetico. In particolare, sono stati rilevati, in presenza del campo magnetico, una riduzione delle dimensioni trasversali del pennacchio di plasma ed un incremento della densità con rallentamento dell’espansione del plasma. Nell’introduzione è riportata una breve rassegna dei lavori piú recenti sullo stesso argomento.

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Резюме Импульсы рубинового лазера фолусируются на плоские мишени бериллия в мапитном поле,B=17 кГс. Магнитное поле ориентировано параллельно направлению падающего лазерного лучка и перпендикулярно поверхности мишени. Кинетическое давление плазмы уравновешивается в нескольких миллиметрах от мишени. Спектроскопические наблюдения указывют на зффект мапнитнопо В частности, наблюдаются умеиьшение поперечнопо поперечнопо размера плазмы, увеличение плотности и расшение расширения в присутствии мапнитнопо поля. Во введении предлапается краткий обзор недавних работ на эту тему.

     

Measurement of the electron temperature via incoherent emission from thin-foil laser-produced plasmas

Summary Time-resolved images of the rear surface of thin metallic foils irradiated by 5 ns pulses of Nd-glass laser have been recorded within a spectral window from 5800 ? to 6900 ?. By approximating the plasma to a blackbody, the recorded intensities have been converted into temperature giving electron temperature up to 10⁸ K and the results are compared with the predictions of the computer code, MEDUSA. The authors of this paper have agreed to not receive the proofs for correction.     

XUV generation from plasma produced by a XeCl excimer laser on a Cu target

Summary We present a detailed study of XUV and soft X-ray emission from Cu plasma produced by an excimer laser at intensitiesI _L≦8·10¹¹ W/cm². The XeCl excimer laser (ψ≈308 nm) delivers pulses with energyE _L≈2.3 J, temporal durationt _L≈100 ns and brightnessB≧10¹⁴ W/cm² sr. We recorded a spectral conversion efficiency η=0.5% eV⁻¹ forI _L=4·10¹¹W/cm² in the aluminium window at 73eV with a harder X-ray tail around ≈400eV. We also measured the dependence of X-ray signal on laser intensity and viewing angle. Experimental results have been compared with some analytical laser-plasma interaction models.     

A numerical simulation of the backward Raman amplifying in plasma

This paper describe a numerical simulation method for the interaction between laser pulses and low density plasmas based on hydrodynamic approximation. We investigate Backward Raman Amplifying （BRA） experiments and their variants. The numerical results are in good agreement with experiments.     

靶与光斑尺寸对激光冲量影响的数值模拟

采用二维雷诺平均N-S方程,数值模拟研究了大气条件下短脉冲激光与固体靶相互作用所产生等离子体的动力学过程。采用k-ε两方程模型用于湍流的数值模拟,分别利用ROE格式和二阶中心格式对对流通量和粘性通量进行离散处理;用高斯-赛德尔隐式格式对方程进行时间推进求解。数值模拟给出了激光引发靶蒸气等离子体侧向膨胀、稀疏等二维流体动力学过程的物理图像,讨论了靶与光斑尺寸对脉冲激光冲量的影响。结果表明,不同宽度固体靶受到的激光冲量有很大差异,固体靶宽度越大,受到的激光冲量也越大。     

Experimental study of the variation of the plasma temperature with the laser flux

Experiments performed with a 50 MW — 60 nsec ruby laser to estimate the temperature of the plasma produced on the planar targets of carbon as well as polyethylene are reported. Temperatures were estimated by two foil ratio technique. The temperatures of carbon and polyethylene plasma show aφ ^2/9 dependance on flux in the flux regime of 10¹⁰ W/cm² to 5 × 10¹¹ W/cm². The comparatively slower dependance is explained on the basis of purely collisional absorption, the effect being enhanced due to relatively long duration of the laser pulses. Scaling laws of plasma temperature against laser flux obtained by different workers in different flux regimes have been analysed on the basis of collisional and non-collisional absorption.     

冷冻靶制备中辅助加热的理论和数值分析

 为了补偿惯性约束聚变（ICF）冷冻靶冷却过程中非球对称腔体的热流分布,通常在冷却的同时在腔外壁上施加辅助加热。在间接驱动靶中建立了1维热传导理论模型,分析所需辅助热流密度,同时在2维轴对称模型下,利用计算流体力学的FLUENT程序,对辅助加热机制进行了热力学模拟。当把辅助加热设在腔外壁的中平面上下各1.3 mm的范围时,得到了最佳辅助热流密度为635 W/m²,与理论结果基本一致。     

Optical emission from laser-produced chromium and magnesium plasma under the effect of two sequential laser pulses

Parametric study of optical emission from two successive laser pulses produced chromium and magnesium plasma is presented. The line emission from chromium and magnesium plasma showed an increase by more than six times for double laser pulse excitation than for single-pulse excitation. An optimum increase in emission intensity was noted for inter-pulse delay of ∼2–3 μs for all the elements. The experimental observations were qualitatively explained on the basis of absorption of second laser pulse in the pre-formed (by first laser) coronal plasma by inverse Bremsstrahlung process, which were found responsible for the excitation of more ions and atoms in the plasma. This process starts as the plasma scale length becomes greater than the laser wavelength. This study further indicated the suitability of this technique in the field of elemental analysis     

A general analysis of the electromagnetic wake-fields due to a relativistic electron beam moving through a cold plasma

Summary Detailed electromagnetic analysis of the wake-field accelerator is presented. Particular attention is given to the two-dimensional dynamics model to understand how the wake-field affects the self-consistent radial dynamics of the beam. The corrent fields, in zeroth and first order, are obtained by using Fourier transform in the radial field. The self-focusing of the driving beam in a plasma is a result of the transverse wake. The ratio of the transverse wake-field to the longitudinal wake-field within the beam is calculated for small and large radii beams.     

激光在大气中驱动的强太赫兹辐射的理论和实验研究

两束双色激光脉冲能在大气中产生MV/cm的强太赫兹波.本文主要介绍了我们最近的三项理论和实验工作,澄清了双色激光方案的物理机制这个长期存在的问题,并对该方案进行了推广.为了在气体中有效地产生太赫兹波,在广泛研究的双色激光方案中两束激光的频率比ω_2/ω_1总是被取为1:2.首先从理论上预测采用其他频率比时,此方案仍能有效地工作,并通过实验进行证实.实验上观察到在新的频率比ω_2/ω_1=1:4,2:3下,也能有效地产生太赫兹波;观察到通过旋转较长波长的激光脉冲的偏振方向,能够有效地调节太赫兹波的偏振,但是旋转波长较短的激光脉冲的偏振方向,太赫兹波的偏振几乎没有变化,这违背了多波混频理论中极化率张量对称性的要求;采用不同的频率比时,太赫兹能量定标率并没有显示出明显的区别,这与多波混频理论预测的能量定标率不符.这些实验结果与等离子体电流模型及粒子模拟结果符合得很好.因此,该研究不仅对双色激光方案进行了推广,而且证实了其物理机制应该归结为等离子体电流模型.     

激光烧蚀等离子体射流与固体靶相互作用实验研究

利用激光烧蚀等离子体射流可以获得数km/s 甚至上千km/s 的射流速度,远超目前绝大多数设备所能提供的模拟速度,并且覆盖了极大的温度与密度范围,作为加载手段具有广阔的应用前景。通过实验方法,探索和发展激光烧蚀等离子体射流这一新型实验模拟手段,利用高功率激光烧蚀产生高温高压等离子体射流,实现超高速气体动力学实验室模拟的新途径。以此作为加载条件,研究超高速物体与气体相互作用的气体动力学特性。通过建立激光烧蚀等离子体射流与固体靶相互作用实验方法,可进一步研究等离子体射流的产生、发展以及高速物体气体动力学,为下一步开展天体物理、小行星形貌、超高速陨石与行星大气相互作用机制等相关研究奠定基础。     

Collisionless absorption in an overdense plasma with anisotropic electron distribution function

Collisionless absorption of linearly polarized electromagnetic wave in a plasma with anisotropic bi-Maxwellian electron velocity distribution is investigated. Due to the wave magnetic field influence on the electron kinetics in the skin layer, the wave absorption is found to significantly depend on the degree of the electron temperature anisotropy. Depending on the value of the skin layer anomaly parameter, and on the electron temperature anisotropy degree, the conditions are found when a significant decrease or increase of the collisionless absorption is expected. Received 25 January 2002     

Design, simulation and application of phase plates

In this paper we analyze the use of phase plates to obtain homogeneous laser intensity profiles. We studied the dependence of intensity distribution on phase plates characteristics, we obtained analytical solution for the intensity profile in the focal plane for plane waves and developed a numerical simulator to calculate the intensity distribution with a generic initial beam and at any propagation plane. We defined criteria to evaluate the quality of profiles produced by different phase plates. Finally we compared experimental results obtained at the Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik of Garching with our numerical simulations. Received 23 July 2001 and Received in final form 8 January 2002     

超声空化去毛刺的理论分析及数值仿真

随着制造业的不断发展,对产品的加工精度要求愈来愈高,然而微小毛刺的去除仍然是十分困难的。毛刺虽小但危害巨大。因此,有效去除毛刺已成为加工中不可或缺的工序。而超声波去毛刺法可以有效快速的去除复杂零件的微小毛刺,具有很高的实用价值。尽管超声波的相关理论日趋完善,但是超声去毛刺机理以及空化产生的高压对毛刺的影响缺乏一些理论参考。此文阐述了超声波去毛刺的基本原理,利用有限元软件ABAQUS对单个空化泡在毛刺上的溃灭过程进行数值仿真,证明了超声波去毛刺的可行性,通过实验验证,超声波能够有效的去除毛刺。其研究结果为进一步研究超声波去毛刺的理论提供了参考。     

纳秒激光烧蚀固体靶产生的等离子体在外加横向磁场中膨胀时的温度和密度参数演化

利用等离子体光学波段自发光成像、光学光谱和光学探针干涉等诊断手段, 观察了纳秒脉冲激光烧蚀固体靶产生的等离子体在外加横向磁场中的膨胀过程. 根据实验参数特征建立了简化的磁流体物理模型, 结合自发光强度的时间演化, 理论计算了等离子体温度和密度参数的时间演化, 理论计算结果与实验测量结果基本符合, 证实了碰撞磁扩散过程在等离子体演化中发挥了关键作用.     

On a magnetic confinement of femtosecond laser pulse plasmas

Perspectives of magnetic confinement for the increase of life times of laser plasmas generated by femtosecond laser pulses are considered. Possibilities that are provided by miniature magnetic cusp configurations with magnetic fields of moderate intensities (of order of Teslas) are investigated. The construction of micro-traps with permanent magnets, making it possible to increase neutron yield, seems to be very simple and possible for most modern “table top" laser experiments.     

Study of the conditions for the effective energy transfer in a process of acceleration and collision of the thin metal disks with the massive target

Efficiency studies of laser driven thin metal disks acceleration using the first harmonic (λ₁=1.315 μm) of the Prague Asterix Laser System (PALS) and subsequent craters creation produced by collisions of these disks with massive targets are presented. Several different disks made of aluminium and copper foils with diameters of 300 μm and 600 μm and thicknesses of 11 μm (Al) and 3.6 μ m (Cu) were employed. Disks were placed at the distance of either 100 μ m or 300 μm in front of aluminium massive targets. The following irradiation conditions were used: the laser beam energy of 120 J, the focal spot diameter of 200 μm, and the pulse duration of 0.4 ns (FWHM). A three-frame interferometric system was employed to determine electron density distributions in plasma corona. Shape and volume of craters were obtained by crater replica technology and microscopy measurements. The aim of these investigations was to analyse conditions leading to the most effective energy transfer in the process of collision of the accelerated disks with solid targets. The overall efficiency of these processes was characterized by the volume of craters produced in such targets.     

从常温常压到超临界乙醇的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法系统地研究了从常温常压到超临界状态乙醇的热力学性质、结构性质和动力学性质.模拟发现随着温度的升高,体系焓值增大,乙醇分子间的氢键作用减弱,自扩散系数增大;随着压强的增大,乙醇分子间的氢键作用增强,自扩散系数减小;乙醇自扩散系数在液相区随温度变化不明显,在气相区随压强增大很快减小,超临界区乙醇的自扩散系数比液相区大十几倍.温度和压强对乙醇自扩散系数的影响可通过密度来体现.与常温常压相比,超临界条件下的乙醇体系因密度涨落存在分子聚集现象,且在低密度区域更显著;乙醇分子间的氢键作用明显减弱,结