Calculation of bond dissociation energies for oxygen containing molecules by ab initio and density functional theory methods

Two ab initio (ROHF and MP2), one local (SVWN), four hybrid (BHandH, BHandHLYP, Becke3LYP, and Becke3P86), and two nonlocal (BLYP and BP86) density functional theory (DFT) methods are used for calculating the dissociation energies of molecules that contain H(SINGLE BOND)O, O(SINGLE BOND)O and O(SINGLE BOND)C bonds. The sensitivity to the basis set of the prediction of bond dissociation energies with DFT methods was tested with Becke3LYP on the H(SINGLE BOND)O dissociation energy of water. The 6–31 + G(d) methods are chosen as the smallest basis set which produces reasonable results. The calculated values for all other ab initio and DFT methods were performed with these basis sets and then compared with the experimental data. The suitability of DFT methods for computing reliable bond dissociation energies of oxygen containing molecules is discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The exchange-correlation potential in ab initio density functional theory

From coupled-cluster theory and many-body perturbation theory we derive the local exchange-correlation potential of density functional theory in an orbital dependent form. We show the relationship between the coupled-cluster approach and density functional theory, and connections and comparisons with our previous second-order correlation potential [OEP-MBPT(2) (OEP-optimized effective potential)] [I. Grabowski, S. Hirata, S. Ivanov, and R. J. Bartlett, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 4415 (2002)]. Starting from a general theoretical framework based on the density condition in Kohn-Sham theory, we define a rigorous exchange-correlation functional, potential and orbitals. Specifying initially to second-order terms, we show that our ab initio correlation potential provides the correct shape compared to those from reference quantum Monte Carlo calculations, and we demonstrate the superiority of using Fock matrix elements or more general infinite-order semicanonical transformations. This enables us to introduce a method that is guaranteed to converge to the right answer in the correlation and basis set limit, just as does ab initio wave function theory. We also demonstrate that the energies obtained from this generalized second-order method [OEP-MBPT2-f] and [OEP-MBPT2-sc] are often of coupled-cluster accuracy and substantially better than ordinary Hartree-Fock based second-order MBPT=MP2.     

An ab initio and density functional theory study of radical-clock reactions

Density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio (CBS-RAD) calculations have been used to investigate a series of "radical clock" reactions. The calculated activation energies suggest that the barriers for these radical rearrangements are determined almost exclusively by the enthalpy effect with no evidence of significant polar effects. The ring-closure reactions to cyclopentylmethyl radical derivatives and the ring opening of cyclopropylmethyl radicals give different correlations between the calculated heat of reaction and barrier, but the two types of reaction are internally consistent.     

Dissociation of sulfur oxoacids by two water molecules studied using ab initio and density functional theory calculations

Using ab initio [SCS‐MP2 and CCSD(T)] and density functional theory (M062X) calculations, we have studied the geometries and energies of sulfur oxoacids H₂S_mO₆ (m = 2–4) and their monohydrated and dihydrated clusters. When including the results from previously reported disulfuric acid (H₂S₂O₇) cases, the gas phase acidity is ordered as H₂S₂O₆ < H₂S₃O₆ < H₂S₂O₇ < H₂S₄O₆. The intramolecular H‐bonding, which may indicate the degree of structural flexibility in this molecular series, is an important factor for the order of the gas phase acidity. All these sulfur oxoacids show dissociated (or deprotonated) geometries with only two water molecules, although the energies of the dissociated conformers are ranked differently. All of the dissociated conformers form a unique H‐bonding network structure in which the protonated first water (H₃O⁺) is triply H‐bonded to each oxygen atom of two SO₃ moieties as well as the second water, which in turn is H‐bonded to a SO₃ moiety. H₂S₃O₆ has the best molecular flexibility for adopting such an H‐bonding network structure, and thereby all the low‐lying conformers of H₂S₃O₆(H₂O)₂ are dissociated. In contrast, the least flexible H₂S₂O₆ forms such a structure with a high strain, and dissociation of H₂S₂O₆(H₂O)₂ is found from the third lowest conformer. Although the gas phase acidity of H₂S₄O₆ is the highest in this series, the lowest dissociated conformer and the lowest undissociated conformer of H₂S₄O₆(H₂O)₂ are very close in energy. This is because forming the H‐bonding network structure is somewhat difficult due to the large distance between the two SO₃ moieties.     

The evaluation of bond dissociation energies for simple sulphur containing molecules using ab initio and density functional methods

The S–H and C–S bond dissociation energies for simple alkylthiols and dialkylsulphides, along with the S–S bond dissociation energy for dimethyl disulphide, compounds which have been used in the metal–organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) growth of wide band gap II–VI (12–16) Zn- and Cd-based compound semiconductors, have been computed using the ab initio (ROHF and MP2) and density functional theory (DFT) methods (BHandH, BHandHLYP, B3LYP, B3P86, B3PW91, BLYP and BP86) with the 6-311+G(2d,p) basis set along with high accuracy complete basis set, CBS-4 and CBS-Q energy computations. The computed energies are compared with experimental results and the suitability of the DFT methods, for the computational study of these systems, is discussed.     

Vibrational spectroscopy investigation using ab initio and density functional theory on p-anisaldehyde

The FTIR and FT Raman spectra of p-anisaldehyde has been recorded in the regions 4,000-400 and 3,500-100 cm(-1), respectively. The optimized geometry, frequency and intensity of the vibrational bands of p-anisaldehyde were obtained by ab initio and DFT levels of theory with complete relaxation in the potential energy surface using 6-31G(d,p) basis set. A complete vibrational assignment aided by the theoretical harmonic frequency analysis has been proposed. The harmonic vibrational frequencies calculated have been compared with experimental FTIR and FT Raman spectra. The observed and the calculated frequencies are found to be in good agreement. The experimental spectra also coincide satisfactorily with those of theoretically constructed bar type spectrograms.     

Electron affinities of metals computed by density functional theory and ab initio methods

An extensive computational study of the meal electron affinity was performed using the ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) methods. HF, MP2, MP3, MP4, QCISD, and QCISD(T) was used as computational methods, while the hybrid, local, and nonlocal DFT methods with the LYP, P86, PW91, and VWN correlation functionals were used. Two basis sets, one small and applicable to almost all metals (LanL2DZ) and one large [6-311 + + G(3df, 3 pd)] used only for small metals, were employed. The computed results were compared with the experimental data and the capabilities of the DFT methods to perform this study were discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The structure of 1-chlorosilatrane: An ab initio molecular orbital and a density functional theory study

The molecular geometries of the 1-chloro-, 1-fluoro-, 1-methyl-, and 1-hydrogenosilatranes were fully optimized by the restricted Hartree-Fock (HF) method supplemented with 3-21G, 3-21G(d), 6-31G(d), and CEP-31G(d) basis sets; by MP2 calculations using 6-31G(d) and CEP-31G(d) basis sets; and by GGA-DFT calculations using 6-31G(d5) basis set with the aim of locating the positions of the local minima on the energy hypersurface. The HF/6-31G(d) calculations predict long (>254 pm) and the MP2/CEP calculations predicted short (∼225 pm) equilibrium Si(SINGLE BOND)N distances. The present GGA-DFT calculations reproduce the available gas phase experimental Si(SINGLE BOND)N distances correctly. The solid phase experimental results predict that the Si(SINGLE BOND)N distance is shorter in 1-chlorosilatrane than in 1-fluorosilatrane. In this respect the HF results show a strong basis set dependence, the MP2/CEP results contradict the experiment, and the GGA-DFT results in electrolytic medium agree with the experiment. The latter calculations predict that 1-chlorosilatrane is more polarizable than 1-fluorosilatrane and also support a general Si(SINGLE BOND)N distance shortening trend for silatranes during the transition from gas phase to polar liquid or solid phase. The calculations predict that the ethoxy links of the silatrane skeleton are flexible. Consequently, it is difficult to measure experimentally the related bond lengths and bond and torsion angles. This is the probable origin of the surprisingly large differences for the experimental structural parameters. On the basis of experimental analogies, ab initio calculations, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, a gas phase equilibrium (r_e) geometry is predicted for 1-chlorosilatrane. The semiempirical methods predict a so-called exo minimum (at above 310 pm Si(SINGLE BOND)N distance); however, the ab initio and GGA-DFT calculations suggest that this form is nonexistent. The GGA-DFT geometry optima were characterized by frequency analysis. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Halide adsorption on single-crystal silver substrates: dynamic simulations and ab initio density functional theory

We investigate the static and dynamic behaviors of a Br adlayer electrochemically deposited onto single-crystal Ag(100) using an off-lattice model of the adlayer. Unlike previous studies using a lattice-gas model, the off-lattice model allows adparticles to be located at any position within a two-dimensional approximation to the substrate. Interactions with the substrate are approximated by a corrugation potential. Using density functional theory (DFT) to calculate surface binding energies, a sinusoidal approximation to the corrugation potential is constructed. A variety of techniques, including Monte Carlo and Langevin simulations, are used to study the behavior of the adlayer. The lateral root-mean-square (rms) deviation of the adparticles from the binding sites is presented along with equilibrium coverage isotherms, and the thermally activated Arrhenius barrier-hopping model used in previous dynamic Monte Carlo simulations is tested.     

In cation interactions with some organics: ab initio molecular orbital and density functional theory

Ab initio molecular orbital and density functional theory studies were undertaken to investigate the structural and energetic characteristics of complexes of In⁺ with several different organic molecules for the first time. HF, MP2, QCISD, and CCD levels of theory in ab initio MO as well as B3LYP, B3PW91 hybrid functionals in density functional theory were used. A valence TZ+P basis set with relativistic effective core potentials was used for the In atom while the 6-311++G(3d, 2p) basis set was utilized for all other atoms. Both closed-shell (H₂O, CH₄, CH₃OH, and C₆H₆) and open-shell (CH₃ and C₂H₃) molecules were considered for complexation with In⁺. In⁺ affinities of 21.5, 24.8, 28.6, 18.4, and 23.0 kcal/mol were obtained with the B3PW91 hybrid functional for H₂O, CH₃OH, C₆H₆, CH₃, and C₂H₃, respectively. The large values for the calculated affinities indicate the validity of our recent experimental detection of In⁺ ion attachment to some organic molecules.     

A study of nitrogen oxides by using density functional theory and their comparison with ab initio and experimental data

Ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) methods have been applied to generated geometries of chemical systems built only from nitrogen and oxygen. The results of hybrid, local, and nonlocal DFT methods were compared with ab initio HF and MP2 methods. The suitability of DFT methods for modeling nitrogen-oxygen chemical systems is discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Implementation of pseudopotential in the G3 theory for molecules containing first-, second-, and non-transition third-row atoms

Compact effective pseudopotential (CEP) is adapted in the G3 theory providing a theoretical alternative referred to as G3CEP for calculations involving the first-, second-, and non-transition third-row elements. These modifications tried to preserve as much as possible the original characteristics of G3. G3CEP was used in the study of 247 enthalpies of formation, 22 atomization energies, 104 ionization potentials, 63 electron affinities, and 10 proton affinities, resulting in the calculation of 446 species for the first-, second-, and third-row atoms. The final average total absolute deviation was of 1.29 kcal mol(-1) against 1.16 kcal mol(-1) from all-electron G3 for the same calculations. The CPU time has been reduced by 7% to 56%, depending on the size of the molecules and the type of atoms considered.     

Truncation of the correlation consistent basis sets: extension to third-row (Ga-Kr) molecules

The systematic reduction of the commonly used correlation consistent basis sets [cc-pVnZ where n=D(2), T(3), Q(4), and 5] as a means to reduce computational cost has been extended to hydrogen-containing third-row (Ga-Kr) molecules of the G2 test suite. Coupled cluster with singles, doubles, and quasiperturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] calculations were performed using both the full correlation consistent basis sets and a series of truncated basis sets in order to assess the impact of basis set reduction upon the structures and energies of the species. The impact that truncation of the basis sets for hydrogen has upon extrapolation of energies to the complete basis set limit also has been examined, and the cost savings that can be achieved are discussed. Overall, basis set reduction can be accomplished which preserves the systematic convergence behavior of the full correlation consistent basis sets.     

Carbohydrate-protein recognition probed by density functional theory and ab initio calculations including dispersive interactions

Carbohydrate-protein recognition has been studied by electronic structure calculations of complexes of fucose and glucose with toluene, p-hydroxytoluene and 3-methylindole, the latter aromatic molecules being analogues of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, respectively. We use mainly a density functional theory model with empirical corrections for the dispersion interactions (DFT-D), this method being validated by comparison with a limited number of high level ab initio calculations. We have calculated both binding energies of the complexes as well as their harmonic vibrational frequencies and proton NMR chemical shifts. We find a range of minimum energy structures in which the aromatic group can bind to either of the two faces of the carbohydrate, the binding being dominated by a combination of OH-pi and CH-pi dispersive interactions. For the fucose-toluene and alpha-methyl glucose-toluene complexes, the most stable structures involve OH-pi interactions, which are reflected in a red shift of the corresponding O-H stretching frequency, in good quantitative agreement with experimental data. For those structures where CH-pi interactions are found we predict a corresponding blue shift in the C-H frequency, which parallels the predicted proton NMR shift. We find that the interactions involving 3-methylindole are somewhat greater than those for toluene and p-hydroxytoluene.     

Differences between ab initio and density functional electron densities

We analyzed the energy contributions and the spatial distribution differences of several electron densities of atoms and small molecules. The results show the insensitivity of local spin density correlation functionals in respect to differences in the electron densities. On the other hand, significant changes in one-electron and two-electron energy contributions are observed, although both compensate each other. The projection of the differences between these electron densities, referred to as the Hartree-Fock density, shows a qualitative resemblance between multideterminantal and Kohn-Sham wavefunctions. Finally, a comparative analysis of the optimized conformational parameters obtained using several methods shows that the inclusion of the correlation energy in SCF or in post-SCF procedures gives similar results and that the exchange potential is more important than is the correlation potential to improve these conformational parameters. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Metahybrid density functional theory and correlated ab initio studies on microhydrated adenine-thymine base pairs

Monohydrated and dihydrated adenine-thymine base pairs are characterized using metahybrid density functional theory and correlated ab initio approaches. The motivation of this work is twofold. First, the high-level geometries and interaction energies computed for different complexes serve as a reference for the testing of recently developed density functional theory (DFT) with respect to its ability to correctly describe the balance between the electrostatic and the dispersion contributions that bind these complexes. Second, these studies of nucleic acid base pairs are important for finding binding sites of water molecules around bases and for a better understanding of the influence of the solvent on the stability of the structure of DNA duplexes.     

Cooperativity in hydrogen-bonded interactions: ab initio and "atoms in molecules" analyses

The H(2)CO...(HF)(n) (n = 1, ..., 9) complexes were investigated using the MP2 method and the following basis sets: 6-311++G(d,p), aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ. It was found that the cooperativity effect enhances significantly the F-H...O hydrogen bond; in some of cases one can detect the covalent nature of hydrogen bonding. To deepen the nature of the interactions investigated, the scheme of decomposition of the interaction energy was applied; for stronger H-bonds where the cooperativity is more important, the delocalization energy term increases. The ratio of delocalization energy to electrostatic energy increases for stronger hydrogen bonds where the proton...acceptor distance is shorter. The Bader theory was also applied, and it was found that for stronger H-bonds the electronic energy density at the proton...acceptor bond critical point is negative and may be attributed to the partly covalent interaction.