The Claus Reaction: VI. The Reaction Mechanism over a Sn–Mo Oxide Catalyst

Based on the comparison of reactant conversions in pulses on the stationary surface of the catalyst, the Claus reaction is found to occur via a stepwise mechanism. The nature of interaction of the SO₂ and H₂S molecules with the catalyst surface was studied by FTIR and UV–VIS spectroscopy and the reactivity of the adsorbed species was studied in situ. The intermediate adsorbed reactant species are determined. A scheme of the reaction mechanism over the Sn–Mo oxide catalyst is discussed.     

Early events in radiation chemistry and in photoionization

Real-time studies of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons by pulse radiolysis and laser photoionization reveal the chemistry of the ionic species in the condensed phase. The occurrence of radical cation reactions with solvent molecules provides the core mechanism capable of explaining a wide range of observations in photoionization and radiation chemistry. The study of products and transients in photoionization of aromatic solutes in hydrocarbon and alcohol solvents illustrates several details of this “high-energy” chemistry. A reaction pathway involving ion-molecule reaction of excited ions is indicated for a series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons photoionized using intense excimer laser (248 and 308 nm) pulses in hydrocarbon and alcohol solutions. We have found that condensed-phase ion-molecule reactions in radiolysis are ubiquitous and we speculate on their overall role in hydrocarbon radiolysis.     

Na2SnO3系催化剂表面吸附氧的EPR研究

以Na_2SnO_3系甲烷氧化偶联催化剂中性能较好的5%Li_2SO_4-Na_2SnO_3样品为主要研究对象, 用电子顺磁共振(EPR)方法对表面吸附氧及其与甲烷的作用进行了研究, 实验表明: 样品在氧气氛中处理后,得到可归属为表面吸附超氧负离子O_2~-的顺磁信号, 在300 ℃以上温度条件下吸附氧后, 可产生这种表面氧物种, 该物种在室温、1.33×10~(-2) Pa真空条件下能稳定存在, 700 ℃与甲烷作用后顺磁信号显著减弱, 因而催化剂表面的O_2~-物种可能起着活化甲烷的作用.     

A strain-promoted [3 + 2] azide-alkyne cycloaddition for covalent modification of biomolecules in living systems

Selective chemical reactions that are orthogonal to the diverse functionality of biological systems have become important tools in the field of chemical biology. Two notable examples are the Staudinger ligation of azides and phosphines and the Cu(I)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition of azides and alkynes ("click chemistry"). The Staudinger ligation has sufficient biocompatibility for performance in living animals but suffers from phosphine oxidation and synthetic challenges. Click chemistry obviates the requirement of phosphines, but the Cu(I) catalyst is toxic to cells, thereby precluding in vivo applications. Here we present a strain-promoted [3 + 2] cycloaddition between cyclooctynes and azides that proceeds under physiological conditions without the need for a catalyst. The utility of the reaction was demonstrated by selective modification of biomolecules in vitro and on living cells, with no apparent toxicity.     

Acetylene‐Hydration Kinetics on Cadmium‐Exchanged Clinoptilolite Catalyst,Preliminary Communication

Hydration of acetylene under steady‐state conditions around 450 K proceeds on Cd‐clinoptilolite without catalyst deactivation and formation of by‐products. Reaction rates were determined under steady‐state conditions at different partial pressures of acetylene, water, and acetaldehyde. In relation with the results, rate equations for different kinetic models were evaluated. Langmuir‐Hinshelwood kinetics was established. According to this model, acetylene and water must adsorb on similar sites, and the surface reaction between the adsorbed reactants is the rate‐determining step, which is followed by equilibrated desorption of the produced acetaldehyde.     

Infrared spectra and the structures of the chemisorbed species resulting from the adsorption of propene and propane on a Pt/SiO2 catalyst

The infrared spectrum from propane adsorbed on a Pt/SiO₂ catalyst at room temperature is readily interpreted in terms of the presence of a predominantly propylidyne surface species; additional absorptions in the spectrum from propene indicate the presence also of non-dissociative species, i.e. considerable amounts of di-σ species and a smaller amount of the π-bonded species. With adsorbed propene, heating in vacuum above 130°C leads to the breakdown of the initially adsorbed species to give ethylidyne, implying CC bond-breaking and an increasingly alkenyl-type dehydrogenated surface species. The addition of H₂ at room temperature to the species from adsorbed propene leads largely to the removal of the surface species as propane; the residual surface species are alkyl in type and at elevated temperatures (>100°C) are reversibly dehydrogenated by pumping. Methane desorption is observed in H₂ at 300°C and the spectra of the remaining surface alkyl species show the presence of lengthened hydrocarbon chains, implying an overall process of disproportionation.     

Heats of adsorption using temperature programmed adsorption equilibrium: application to the adsorption of CO on Cu/A12O3 and H2 on Pt/Al2O3

A new simple analytical procedure is described that allows the determination of the heats of adsorption (denoted E(theta)) of adsorbed species at several coverages (theta's) using a single experiment. This procedure is an extension of an original method previously developed (denoted AEIR: adsorption equilibrium infrared spectroscopy). A mass spectrometer is used to determine the amounts of gas (in the present study, CO and H2) either desorbed from or adsorbed on a metal supported catalyst (4.7% Cu/Al2O3 and 2.9% Pt/Al2O3) during the perturbation of the adsorption equilibrium due to a controlled change of the adsorption temperature (Ta) at a quasi-constant adsorption pressure (Pa). These amounts allow us to follow the evolution of the adsorption equilibrium coverage (theta(e)) with Ta at the quasi-constant partial pressure (Pa). Then, the curve theta(e) = f(Ta) provides Etheta = f(theta) with the support of an adsorption model. This procedure presents several advantages as compared to the TPD methods, in particular, considering the theoretical supports linked to the exploitation of the experimental data. As compared to AEIR, the TPAE procedure allows one to study the heats of adsorption of adsorbed species that are not detectable by IR. However, it is not adapted if surface reactions occur in parallel to adsorption/desorption processes.     

Monte Carlo simulation of catalytic CO oxidation

A simple Monte Carlo model of the CO oxidation on a single-crystal catalyst surface is presented. The simulation model considers the following elementary reaction steps:

1. (1) chemisorption of a CO molecule, its surface migration and possible desorption

2. (2) physisorption of an O₂ molecule to a precursor state and its subsequent dissociative chemisorption

3. (3) activated reaction of adsorbed O and CO (the Langmuir - Hinshelwood reaction mechanism), formation of CO₂ and its rapid desorption.

The changes in the activation energy of reaction and in the adsorption energy of CO resulting from the interactions between adsorbed species are also considered. The model makes possible to monitor temperature programmed reaction spectra or reaction spectra obtained during changes of the ratio of the partial pressures of CO and O₂. The results of simulations for a Pd(111) single-crystal plane are compared with experiment.     

铂/L分子筛重整催化剂烷烃芳构化反应机理

铂/L分子筛新型重整催化剂具有碱性、单功能与独特的孔结构。与双功能催化剂对比,它对n-C_6～n-C_8直链烷烃有极高的芳构化活性和选择性,其芳构化机理可能与双功能催化剂不同。本文应用正己烷(n-C_8)、正庚烷(n-C_7)、正辛烷(n-C_8),2-甲基己烷(2MHx)、甲基环戊烷(MCP)等探针分子,在脉冲微反装置上考察了它们在Pt/BaL催化剂上的芳构化性能和产物分布。提出烷烃分子(≥C_6)主链的1,6位碳原子经与     

The application of diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption to investigate the interaction of methanol on eta-alumina

The adsorption of methanol and its subsequent transformation to form dimethyl ether (DME) on a commercial grade eta-alumina catalyst has been investigated using a combination of mass selective temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The infrared spectrum of a saturated overlayer of methanol on eta-alumina shows the surface to be comprised of associatively adsorbed methanol and chemisorbed methoxy species. TPD shows methanol and DME to desorb with respective maxima at 380 and 480 K, with desorption detectable for both molecules up to ca. 700 K. At 673 K, infrared spectroscopy reveals the formation of a formate species; the spectral line width of the antisymmetric C-O stretch indicates the adoption of a high symmetry adsorbed state. Conventional TPD using a tubular reactor, combined with mass spectrometric analysis of the gas stream exiting the IR cell, indicate hydrogen and methane evolution to be associated with formation of the surface formate group and CO evolution with its decomposition. A reaction scheme is proposed for the generation and decomposition of this important reaction intermediate. The overall processes involved in (i) the adsorption/desorption of methanol, (ii) the transformation of methanol to DME, and (iii) the formation and decomposition of formate species are discussed within the context of a recently developed four-site model for the Lewis acidity of eta-alumina.     

Mo／ZSM-5催化剂上NO催化还原反应机理与动力学研究

采用浸渍法制备了Mo/ZSM-5催化剂样品,并以氨为还原剂对其NO选择性催化还原活性、以及NO转化的反应速率进行测定.结果表明,在Mo/ZSM-5催化剂上不会发生NO氧化成NO2的反应,也没有N2O生成,然而有少量的NO分解反应发生.在氧气存在条件下,Mo/ZSM-5催化剂上NO-NH3-O2的SCR反应遵循LH机理.NO、O2和NH3首先吸附在Mo/ZSM-5表面,吸附态NO物种与吸附NH3物种直接反应生成氮气,气相氧的作用是加强NO吸附、补充催化剂表面吸附氧物种.并由此推导出NO转化的速率方程式,分别计算和模拟了在不同O2浓度、NO浓度和反应温度条件下NO的反应速率rNO值及其变化关系.结果表明,理论模拟值能够与实验值很好地吻合,所推测的机理能够很好地描述Mo-ZSM-5催化剂上NO选择性催化还原行为.     

制备方法对LaMnO3上氯乙烯催化燃烧性能的影响

含氯挥发有机物(CVOCs)广泛用于化工原料以及有机溶剂,由于其毒性大,难降解,直接排放可引起严重的空气污染问题,采用催化燃烧的技术可以实现CVOCs高效净化,其关键在于高活性和高稳定性的催化剂.CVOCs净化催化剂主要有负载型贵金属催化剂、(复合)氧化物催化剂和复合分子筛催化剂.我们以具有高稳定性的LaMnO3钙钛矿为研究对象,主要考察了不同制备方法对于氯乙烯催化燃烧性能的影响;并通过XRD,Raman,N2-吸附脱附,O2-TPD,H2-TPR,ICP-AES,XPS等表征方法研究催化剂的结构和物化性能.性能评价结果表明,MnO2虽具有良好的催化性能,但LaMnO3催化剂则具有更好的循环稳定性.同时,制备方法对LaMnO3催化剂上氯乙烯催化燃烧的性能有显著的影响,其活性高低的顺序为:溶胶凝-胶法(SG)>共沉淀法(CP)>硬模版剂法(HT)>水热法(HM),其中LaMnO3-SG催化剂在182℃时氯乙烯的转化率即可达到90%.XPS结果表明,不同的制备方法导致LaMnO3催化剂表面La和Mn的富集程度不同,并显著影响了催化剂表面Mn离子的价态、分布和氧空穴的数量.其中,LaMnO3-SG催化剂具有最高的表面Mn4+浓度,其对应的氯乙烯催化燃烧活性最高.而对于LaMnO3-HM催化剂,La(OH)3的生成导致其具有最高的表面La/Mn比(2.29)和最低的表面Mn4+浓度.由XPS计算氧空穴浓度可知,LaMnO3-SG催化剂氧空穴浓度(1.03)远高于LaMnO3-HM催化剂表面的氧空穴浓度(0.07),进而LaMnO3-SG在O2-TPD中表现出更高的O2脱附量.进一步分析可知Mn4+离子浓度与氧空穴浓度成正相关的关系,即:Mn4+离子浓度越高,则表面氧空穴浓度越高.而催化剂表面氧空穴浓度越高,则有利于氧在催化剂表面的吸附和活化,从而使得催化剂表面氧物种的浓度增加,这与O2-TPD结果一致.同时,制备方法对催化剂氧化还原性能也有显著的影响,由H2-TPR所得催化剂的耗氢量顺序为:LaMnO3-SG>LaMnO3-CP>LaMnO3-HT>LaMnO3-HM,这与它们催化活性的顺序一致.结合XPS和H2-TPR结果可知,催化剂表面Mn4+/Mn3+比例高,则催化剂的氧化还原能力也越强.以上分析表明,LaMnO3催化剂的催化活性与催化剂表面Mn4+浓度和氧空穴数量相关.具有较高的Mn4+浓度有利于氯乙烯在催化剂表面吸附;而氧空穴数量的增加有利于氧在催化剂表面的吸附和活化,从而提高氯乙烯催化燃烧的反应性能.     

CuO-ZnO-ZrO_2催化甲醇水蒸汽重整反应机理和中间态

应用质谱在线技术,对CuO-ZnO-ZrO2催化甲醇水蒸汽重整(SRM)反应进行程序升温脱附(TPD)和程序升温表面反应(TPSR)研究.结果表明:在反应态催化剂表面,甲醇以分子吸附态形式存在,甲醇水蒸汽重整反应经历甲酸根中间物种.分别用CuO、CuO-ZnO、CuO-ZnO-ZrO2作催化剂,甲醇在气流中的摩尔分数分别高于5.4%、0.37%和0.17%时,甲酸根中间态的分解产物为CO2和H2;而甲醇在气流中的摩尔分数分别低于5.4%、0.37%和0.17%时,甲酸根中间态的分解产物为CO、CO2和H2.     

ZSM-5分子筛转化乙醇为乙醚的研究

用原位红外技术、程序升温热脱附和X射线光电子能谱研究了乙醇和乙醚在HZSM-5和PZSM-5上的吸附及表面状态, 并与催化乙醇为乙醚的活性和选择性相关联. 结果表明, 乙醇与质子酸中心作用形成吸附态乙醇, 该吸附态乙醇与气相乙醇反应生成吸附态乙醚, 然后从表面脱附. 磷的掺入能有效抑制积炭发生.     

Adsorption and electrooxidation of dimethyl ether on platinized platinum electrode in sulfuric acid solution

Adsorption and oxidation of dimethyl ether (DME) on the Pt/Pt electrode from 0.5 M H₂SO₄ is studied by measuring transients of current and potential, charging curves, and curves of electrooxidation in the adsorbed layer and also by cyclic voltammetry and steady-state polarization measurements. The DME adsorption is accompanied by dehydrogenation and destruction of its molecules to form a chemisorbed adsorbate that mainly consists of C1 species (HCO_ads and/or CO_ads) with (under certain conditions) a small amount of species that desorb at cathodic polarization. The adsorption and electrooxidation of DME are inhibited by adsorbed oxygen. The possible schemes of DME oxidation, where the reaction of DME chemisorption products with adsorbed oxygen-containing species is the limiting stage, are discussed.     

NH3-SCR反应过程中NH3和NOx在Cu/SAPO-34分子筛催化剂上的吸附特性和作用

通过离子交换法制得Cu/SAPO-34菱沸石分子筛催化剂, 同时研究了NH₃和NO_x (NO和NO₂)在该催化剂上的吸附位、吸附强度、吸附量和吸附速率, 得到了不同反应气氛在Cu/SAPO-34 上的吸附性能及其在NH₃选择性催化还原(NH₃-SCR)反应中的作用. 研究采用瞬态实验、程序升温脱附(TPD)和漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(DRIFTS)等方法进行表征实验. 瞬态实验结果表明NH₃是吸附性气体. 程序升温脱附实验和红外漫反射实验结果表明NH₃可以吸附在布朗斯特和路易斯酸性位上形成不同的NH₃物种, 它们显示不同的SCR活性. NH₃在Cu²⁺上的吸附速率最快, 且键强最强. NO_x可以氧化并以硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐的形式吸附在Cu物种上. 最后, 本文讨论了NH₃选择性催化还原反应过程中在Cu物种上的中间物种并推测反应机理.     

中温镍水蒸汽转化催化剂积碳动力学与机理研究

研究了833-948K和常压下, C7H16在镍催化剂上进行水蒸汽转化过程中的积碳反应动力学, 获得了相应的动力学方程。并探讨了相应的反应机理, 提出在镍表面同时进行的水蒸汽转化和积碳反应是两个相对独立的反应。指出在较高温度下, 水蒸汽会从简单非解离吸附转变为解离吸附, 这一变化不仅改变了反应级数, 更重要的是它提高了水蒸汽参与表面反应的能力, 特别是加强了氢对积碳反应的作用; 同时庚烷的吸附热也随之产生相当大变化。分析了出现在本温度区内积碳反应负表观活化能的来源。     

CuO-ZnO-ZrO2催化甲醇水蒸汽重整反应机理和中间态

应用质谱在线技术,对CuO-ZnO-ZrO2催化甲醇水蒸汽重整（SRM）反应进行程序升温脱附（TPD）和程序升温表面反应（TPSR）研究.结果表明:在反应态催化剂表面,甲醇以分子吸附态形式存在,甲醇水蒸汽重整反应经历甲酸根中间物种.分别用CuO、CuO-ZnO、CuO-ZnO-ZrO2作催化剂,甲醇在气流中的摩尔分数分别高于5.4％、0.37％和0.17％时,甲酸根中间态的分解产物为CO2和H2;而甲醇在气流中的摩尔分数分别低于5.4％、0.37％和0.17％时,甲酸根中间态的分解产物为CO、CO2和H2.     

Ni/Al2O3催化剂表面状态对CH4氧化反应的影响

采用瞬变响应技术研究了常压700℃条件下气相O2、Ni/Al2O3催化剂表面上可逆吸附氧物种及催化剂的表面状态对CH4吸附、反应以及CH4部分氧化反应的影响,同时也对CH4部分氧化制合成气反应过程中催化剂表面所处的状态进行了研究.结果表明,如果催化剂表面处于氧化态,CH4不能吸附分解,只能通过RidealEley机理与催化剂表面的吸附氧进行非选择性氧化反应,这将严重影响CH4的转化和目的产物H2、CO的选择性.只有在还原的催化剂上,CH4部分氧化制合成气反应才能高转化、高选择性地进行.在CH4部分氧化制合成气反应过程中,催化剂表面处于还原态,不存在多余的中间氧物种NiO,但存在少量的碳物种,这有利于保持催化剂的还原态和抑制CO2的生成.     

铁助剂对Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2催化剂表面上的CO脱附和CO加氢行为的影响

 采用一氧化碳程序升温脱附（CO－TPD）和吸附的一氧化碳加氢程序升温表面反应（TPSR）考察了Fe助剂对Rh基催化剂上CO的脱附行为及吸附CO的加氢行为的影响．CO－TPD实验表明，在Rh／SiO2催化剂上CO有三个脱附峰．在Rh－Mn－Li／SiO2中加入0．05％Fe后，高温脱附CO比Rh／SiO2催化剂上相应的CO量大．增加Fe的负载量，CO的脱附量减少．TPSR实验中，CO加氢反应的主要产物是甲烷．不同组分的催化剂上甲烷的生成温度有如下顺序：Rh／SiO2（482K）＜Rh－Mn－Li／SiO2（489K）＜Rh－Fe／SiO2（494K）＜Rh－Mn－Li－Fe／SiO2（501K）．甲烷峰的产生伴随着CO（s）高温脱附峰的消失，说明甲烷是由强吸附的CO加氢生成的．