GaAs-GaAlAs多量子阱结构中热载流子弛豫过程

将微微秒非线性光学相关技术发展成一种新的微微秒时间分辨光谱技术,并用它研究了GaAs-GaAlAs多量子阶结构中非平衡载流子的弛豫过程,讨论了非平衡电子系统能量损耗的机理,给出了电子-声子散射的时间常数。 关键词：     

包括振动弛豫的超短光脉冲染料放大器理论分析

本文将染料的振动弛豫速率引入超短光脉冲染料放大器的速率方程,建立了包括染料振动弛豫的超短光脉冲染料放大模型。并且将模型分析的结果与振动弛豫的模型进行了比较,新模型能更好的解释超短光脉冲染料介质中的放大结果。提出了一种测量染料振动弛豫寿命的可能的方法。     

Low-power electron paramagnetic resonance spin-echo spectroscopy

Electron spin-echo experiments generally require microwave power levels of hundreds of watts to produce the 5–10 G of RF field to generate 90° and 180° pulses in 10 ns. A low-power (i.e., less than I W) EPR spectrometer using a loop-gap resonator can generate the full range of time-domain experiments on samples with submicrosecond recovery times; 90° pulses are generated in 40 ns, and relaxation times as short as 22 ns are measured. Appropriate time-domain experiments were performed to independently measure the spinspin relaxation time, phase memory time, and spin-lattice relaxation time; the results were compared with CW saturation. It was found that the spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation rates do differ by about 5%. The entire CW signal of PADS is reconstructed from a pulse experiment at a single field position. Small differences in linewidths among the three lines were seen in accordance with theory.     

油酸甘油酯体系的低场核磁共振弛豫特性研究

甘油酯体系低场核磁共振（LF-NMR）弛豫特性的研究有助于脂质重构进程的快速监测及产物分析.本文主要对不同酯化度的单一或混合油酸甘油酯体系的LF-NMR弛豫特性进行了研究.结果表明,油酸甘油酯呈现三个弛豫峰;随酯化程度增加或温度升高,单组分和多组分弛豫时间均增大,各峰面积比例有一定改变,且酯化程度越高,弛豫时间的变化幅度越大;对二元和三元油酸甘油酯体系而言,随三油酸甘油酯（GTO）比例增至40%,单组分和多组分弛豫时间均增大,S₂₂峰面积比例增加,而S₂₃减小;三元混合体系的LF-NMR弛豫特性经主成分分析（PCA）后,混合体系在得分图上随GTO比例及二油酸甘油酯/单油酸甘油酯配比（GDO/GMO）的变化而呈规律性分布.     

Spin-lattice relaxation of deuterated methyl groups: Implications of the pauli principle

The high-field spin-lattice relaxation of deuterated methyl groups undergoing rotational tunneling is investigated theoretically. It is found that for systems showing a tunneling frequency comparable to accessible Larmor frequencies the relaxation to equilibrium of the Zeeman energy does not follow a simple exponential time dependence even in powdered samples due to a finite coupling to the relaxation of the tunneling system. This finding contrasts to the high-temperature behavior of reorienting methyl groups which undergo simple exponential relaxation. The nonexponentiality has its origin in the statistical coupling of the three deuteron spins due to the Pauli principle.     

Bubble dynamics in double-stranded DNA

We report the first measurement of the dynamics of bubble formation in double-stranded DNA. Fluctuations of fluorescence of a synthetic DNA construct, internally tagged with a fluorophore and a quencher, are monitored by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The relaxation dynamics follow a multistate relaxation kinetics, with a characteristic time scale of 50 microseconds. A simple model of bubble dynamics based on constant zipping-unzipping rates is proposed to account for our experimental data. The role of different secondary structures stabilizing the open bubble is tested.     

Relaxation of stretched DNA in slitlike confinement

We experimentally observe two separate time scales governing the entropic recoil in the linear force-extension regime of single double-stranded DNA in slit confinement. We demonstrate the existence of two distinct relaxation regimes at different extensions during relaxation. Contrary to bulk measurements, the true longest relaxation time may only be probed very close to equilibrium. A simple model of the relaxation mechanism leads to a scaling analysis that correctly predicts the extension at the crossover between the two regimes.     

Ultrafast Relaxation Dynamics of the Optical Nonlinearity in Nanometric Gold Particles

Measurements of the resonantly enhanced, third-order nonlinear optical properties of gold nanostructures exhibiting reduced charge-carrier mobility in three dimensions were performed with a number of ultrafast nonlinear optical techniques. The size of the particles investigated was varied between 5 and 40 nm. The magnitude of the nonlinear susceptibility is of the order of 5·10^–16 m²V^–2 at resonance and an order of magnitude lower off-resonance. The response time of the nonlinearity is found to be extremely fast and could not be resolved in the experiments undertaken here. The only statement that can be made in this regard is that the phase relaxation time is of the order of or less than 20 fs while the energy relaxation time is of the order of or less than 75 fs.     

A new spectrometric method,using a magneto-optical effect,to study magnetic liquids

We present an original polarimetric method to study the magnetic relaxation of ferrofluids. The Brownian relaxation of three ferrofluids with Fe₂CoO₄ particles dispersed in water, dibutyl phthalate and diethylene glycol is presented and compared with the theoretical model of Debye adapted to the magnetism. The results show that this system has a good sensitivity even at low volume concentration of particles and under low ac magnetic field. The analysis of the relaxation parameters leads to a good estimation of particles diameter and put in evidence a distribution of relaxation time.     

Dielectric spectroscopy on aqueous solutions of some zwitterionic amino acids

The complex (electric) permittivity of aqueous solutions of dipolar solutes has been measured as a function of frequency between 1 MHz and 40 GHz. Solutes are the isomers DL-2-aminobutyric acid, DL-3-aminobutyric acid, and 4-aminobutyric acid, and also 6-aminohexanoic acid. The measured dielectric spectra show two dispersion/dielectric loss regions, one due to the orientational diffusion of the solute molecules the other one due to the dielectric relaxation of the solvent water. A relaxation spectral function based on a model of the solutions has been fitted to the measured frequency dependence of the complex permittivity. The values for the electric dipole moment and reorientation time of the zwitterionic part of the solute particles derived by this analysis from the measurements fairly agree with theoretical predictions. Quite remarkably, the dipole moment in solution of 4-aminobutyric acid and 6-aminohexanoic acid up to remarkably high solute concentrations is nearly constant. A noteworthy result for the hydration water of the amino acids is, that its relaxation time is almost independent of the solute dipole moment.     

Dielectric relaxation in deuterated triglycine sulfate crystals

A study has been made of the slow relaxation of the dielectric permittivity of deuterated triglycine sulfate (DTGS) initiated by application of a dc electric field. The field and temperature dependences of the relaxation time associated with domain-wall motion were obtained. The effect of the internal electric field on relaxation processes is seen in different behavior of the field and temperature dependences under different orientations of the external field. The existence in DTGS crystals of two temperature regions of domain-structure rearrangement lying 7–8 and 15–18 °C below the Curie point has been established. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 1542–1545 (August 1998)     

Development of the Miniature NMR Apparatus for Edible Oil Quality Control

Edible oils are necessary in daily cooking; therefore, it is significantly important to find an efficient scheme for its quality control. In this work, a miniature nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) apparatus was set up for the identification of edible oils with different qualities. Experimental results show that the total transverse relaxation time of the commercial refined edible oil is shorter than the poor quality edible oil. Further data processing was performed with inverse Laplace transformation for transverse relaxation time distribution analysis. The spectra of the distribution of transverse relaxation times of different qualities edible oils are also significantly different, among which, the refined edible oil has two peaks whereas the poor quality edible oil has three peaks. The experimental results are well agreed with the theoretical analysis. As the miniature NMR apparatus was employed to analyze three suspected illegal cooking oils which were seized at the scene of inspection, the three oils were all confirmed to be poor quality edible oils. The apparatus can also detect refined edible oils adulterated with illegal cooking oils. In conclusion, the presented miniature NMR apparatus could be a potential tool for edible oil quality control.     

Dynamics of water in binary and ternary solutions of DNA and porphyrins

The dynamics of heavy water (at 20°C) in solutions with polyanionic DNA chains and ternary systems containing DNA and negatively charged tetraphenylporphyrins has been investigated using neutron resonance spin echo in the time range t = 1?1000 ps. The diffusion dynamics has been observed in the momentum transfer range q = 1.3?1.8 Å^?1, and the relaxation rates in single-component, binary, and ternary systems are close to each other. Apart from the relaxation, the vibrational mode in the solutions has been revealed at the momentum transfer q = 1.9 Å^?1. The introduction of porphyrins into the solution (one molecule per ten DNA base pairs) has resulted in a retardation of diffusion and a considerable increase (by 5–10%) in the frequency of translational vibrations of water molecules due to the interaction with porphyrin molecules.     

Monte Carlo simulation of very large kinetic Ising models

We study the relaxation of Ising models in three and four dimensions aboveT _c , using multi-spin coding for lattices up to 360³ and 40⁴. The nonlinear relaxation time diverges as (T–T _c )^{–1.05±0.04} in three dimensions, where corrections to scaling are taken into account. In four dimensions the effective exponent is about 0.72; logarithmic correction factors make the analysis difficult here. The linear relaxation time for the asymptotic exponential decay is found to be larger, with effective exponents 1.31 (d=2) and 0.97 (d=4). The difference in the linear and nonlinear relaxation exponents is compatible in three dimensions with the orderparameter exponent , as predicted by Racz.Work supported by SFB 125 Aachen-Jülich-KölnWork started at Department de Physique des Systemes Desordonnes, Universite de Provence, Centre St-Jerome, F-13397 Marseille Cedex 13, France     

Numerical calculation of the dielectric relaxation time distribution function in polar liquids

A numerical method for calculation of the relaxation time distribution function based on the discrete Fourier transform of the dispersion part of the complex dielectric permittivity is developed. The time relaxation distribution function is found for water; its dispersion of relaxation times is narrow. This is explained by the presence of distorted hydrogen bonds (the Pople model).Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 37–40, March, 1982.     

Improvements for MeasuringH–H Coupling Constants in DNA via New Stripe-COSY and Superstripe-COSY Pulse Sequences Combined with a Novel Strategy of Selective Deuteration

Three bond proton-proton vicinal coupling constants are of potential value for analyzing sugar conformations in DNA. However, self-cancellation in antiphase cross peaks and modulation of peak splittings by transverse cross relaxation can alter the apparent coupling constants such that they do not accurately reflect the sugar conformations. Transverse cross relaxation is most effective between strongly coupled geminal proton pairs. Here we report the use of stereospecific deuteration at the H2″ position in the A5 and A6 residues in the 12 base pair DNA sequence [d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2] as a means of investigating the effect of transverse cross relaxation on P.E.COSY type cross peaks. Deuteration of the H2″ proton is expected to reduce the transverse cross relaxation rate by the square of ratio of the proton to deuteron gyromagnetic ratios, i.e., by a factor of 42. Additionally, a striking eight- to ninefold increase in the signal intensity was observed for cross peaks involving the remaining H2′ proton resulting from diminished dipolar relaxation. Further improvements in signal-to-noise ratio were realized by collecting P.E.COSY spectra in strips, using an experiment referred to as stripe-COSY, employing selective excitation pulses which reduced the number of requiredt₁increments by a factor of four. A final improvement was achieved by employing selective time-shared homonuclear decoupling during the acquisition period, in an experiment referred to as superstripe-COSY, to collapse splittings due to passive couplings. Collectively, these approaches provide P.E.COSY-type spectra with two to three orders of magnitude increased sensitivity per unit time and that are relatively free from artifacts.     

Conductivity relaxation patterns of mixed conductor oxides under a chemical potential gradient

Chemical diffusivity of a mixed ionic–electronic conductor compound is often measured by monitoring the relaxation of electrical conductivity with time under a component's chemical potential gradient. Conductivity relaxations were systematically examined on undoped polycrystal BaTiO₃, acceptor-doped polycrystal BaTiO₃, donor-doped polycrystal BaTiO₃, and undoped single crystal TiO₂ upon oxidation and reduction, and on proton-conducting, acceptor-doped polycrystal SrCeO₃ and BaCeO₃ upon oxidation/reduction or hydration/dehydration at elevated temperatures. It has been found that there are three patterns of relaxation: single-fold (single relaxation time) monotonic, twofold (two relaxation times) monotonic and twofold non-monotonic relaxation. The inner working for each pattern is discussed and a general solution to the relaxations is presented in closed form, together with the chemical diffusivities as evaluated thereby.     

Dynamics of supercooled water in mesoporous silica matrix MCM-48-S

Using three different quasielastic neutron spectrometers with widely different resolutions, we have been able to study the microscopic translational and rotational dynamics of water, in a mesoporous silica matrix MCM-48-S, from T=300 K to 220 K, with a single consistent model. We formulated our fitting routine using the relaxing cage model. Thus, from the fit of the experimental data, we extracted the fraction of water bound to the surface of the pore, the characteristic relaxation times of the long-time translational and rotational decays, the stretch exponent describing the shape of the relaxation processes, and the power exponent determining the Q-dependence of the translational relaxation time. A tremendous slowing down of the rotational relaxation time, as compared to the translational one, has been observed.