卸压开采损伤煤岩气体渗透率试验研究

我国煤系地层的煤岩体渗透率普遍较低,直接影响煤矿瓦斯抽采效果。卸压开采使采场围岩受采动应力作用具备了峰后力学行为,其渗透率也大幅度增加,有助于瓦斯的高效抽采。本文基于MTS815.02型电液伺服岩石渗透试验系统,对卸压开采后损伤煤岩的气体渗透率进行了测试。研究表明:(1)卸压损伤煤岩石的渗透率在10-5～10-4 m2之间,较受采动影响前要大107～108倍;(2)卸压过程中,煤样的气体渗透率与围压近似呈线性关系,与岩样呈双曲线关系;(3)卸压损伤煤岩逐渐加围压,气体渗透率近似为线性下降,卸压阶段,其渗透率增加;(4)加卸围压对煤岩的气体渗透率有很大影响。研究结果可为卸压瓦斯高效抽采提供理论依据。     

砂岩峰后卸除围压过程的渗透性试验研究

为了探讨煤层开采引起的围岩卸除围压过程中砂岩渗透性的变化规律,本文用数控瞬态渗透法在电液伺服岩石力学试验系统MTS815.02上进行了砂岩试样的渗透特性试验。得出了试样峰前渗透系数-应变与应力-应变的关系曲线,以及在峰后保持轴向应变一定卸除围压过程中试样的渗透系数-围压与主应力差-围压的关系曲线;对试验砂岩在变形破坏过程中渗透性变化规律进行了总结,重点分析了其峰后卸除围压过程中渗透性的变化规律;并对试验砂岩峰后渗透系数与有效围压关系进行了拟合,得出了拟合方程式,为煤层开采引起的围岩体应力场与渗流场耦合问题提供参考。     

破碎岩石气体渗透性的试验测定方法

为了测试采矿工程中松散破碎岩体的气体渗透特性,设计了与MTS815.02岩石力学伺服机配套的气体渗透仪和测试系统。依靠MTS伺服机改变压力和位移条件,渗透仪用以稳定破碎岩石并连接气体测试系统,接入气源、组成回路和测试气透特性等由测试系统完成。通过对几组破碎砂岩岩样氮气渗透性能的测试,结合考虑状态方程的渗透率换算公式,得出破碎砂岩气体渗透率随压力和粒径条件的变化规律。该测试方法和测试结果在研究采动破碎岩体瓦斯等气体流动规律方面具有重要意义。     

圆板状岩样破坏过程中的渗透特性实验研究

利用一种自行设计的附加渗透试验装置,在MTS815.02岩石力学伺服试验系统上完成了圆板状岩样破坏过程中的渗透特性试验,得到了圆板状岩样渗透率、渗透压差、渗流速度与轴向荷载的关系,并对试验结果进行了分析和讨论。研究表明:1)岩样在渗透的同时发生弯曲变形,岩样的渗透率与其受力状态密切相关,当达到峰值载荷时,渗透率急剧增大,由此验证了突水是伴随着结构破坏的渗流失稳过程;2)岩样在破坏过程中,当轴向载荷达到峰值时,岩样两端压力差急剧减小;3)岩样两端压力差保持0.2MPa,轴向荷载达到峰值时,增压器活塞位移急剧增大,即渗流速度突然变大;4)冲剪破坏为圆板状岩样的主要破坏形式。     

卸荷速率对岩石强度影响的试验研究

通过MTS 815.02型电液伺服岩石力学试验系统,研究砂岩试样在常规三轴条件下卸 围压过程中的应力-应变关系,探讨不同卸荷速率对试样强度的影响情况,分析得 出卸荷速率与试样强度的变化规律;观察、测量破坏试样的破裂特征及角度,初步探究试 样在卸荷作用下的破坏机理;研究成果可为工程实践的岩体卸荷问题提供一定的理 论参考.     

充填泥沙裂隙岩石渗流特性的实验研究

对人工充填泥沙裂隙岩石在MTS815.02电液伺服岩石试验系统上进行渗流实验,同时结合岩石孔隙电子显微照片,探讨了泥沙颗粒对裂隙岩石渗透特性的影响规律.实验表明,在泥沙颗粒的作用下,裂隙岩样渗透率明显减小;泥沙颗粒在岩样宏观裂隙中运移达到重新平衡之后,裂隙岩样渗透率随时间逐渐增大并最终趋于稳定.     

破碎岩石渗透性的试验测定方法

传统的试验仪器和方法仅能测试岩石破坏前的渗透系数，文中介绍了一种自行设计并已获国家专利的破碎岩石压实渗透仪，依靠其与MTS815.02岩石力学伺服系统连接匹配。利用MTS的两套闭环系统施加轴压和孔压，可测试压力作用下岩石破碎后的渗透系数，对破碎砂岩进行高压下的渗透测试进一步说明该方法的可行性。利用该方法得出的测试结果。对破碎岩体中渗流问题研究及灾害防治具有参考价值。     

断层内破碎岩石渗透性的实验研究

断层破碎带岩石的渗透性是影响地下工程中由渗流失稳而引发灾害事故的重要影响因素之一。利用一种专门的破碎岩石压实渗透仪,在MTS815.02岩石力学伺服试验系统上测试了取自断层内的破碎灰岩、破碎砂岩、破碎泥岩的渗透系数,得到并分析了轴向压力、岩样粒径、水流速度与渗透系数的关系曲线。研究表明:破碎岩石渗透系数与其压实状态密切相关,随着轴压的增加,渗透系数都相应降低;在相同的轴向压力状态下,岩样粒径越小,其渗透系数也越小,因此,挤压程度和充填程度都较低的小断层导水性好,容易导致突水;破碎岩石的渗透系数随着水流速度的增大呈减小趋势,但水流速度对破碎岩石渗透系数的影响程度有限;在相同的压力、粒径情况下,破碎泥岩的渗透系数比破碎灰岩、破碎砂岩的要小1～2个量级,说明当断层上下盘为坚硬岩石时,断层带渗透性好、易导水。研究结果可为采动过程中评价断层的导水性提供参考。     

砂岩脆性变形破坏过程中声发射信息试验研究

针对砂岩试样进行了单轴刚性加载试验,并测试整个过程的声发射信息。根据试验情况,可将砂岩在整个变形阶段的声发射信号特征划分为压密、弹性、稳定破裂、非稳定破裂和峰后情况五个阶段。通过对稳定破裂和非稳定破裂分界点对应的临界点处的应力和应变值与峰值应力及其对应的应变比值分析发现,大部分应变比在74%与78%之间;应力比则相对具有较大的离散性,均值在73%左右。上述研究,通过对砂岩脆性破坏过程中声发射信息与应力比和应变比之间的关系分析,增进了对岩石破裂过程中生发现象的认识,为相应岩石脆性破坏导致的地质灾害分析提供了新的研究思路。     

三种红层岩石常规三轴压缩下的强度与变形特性研究

利用MTS815Teststar程控伺服岩石力学试验系统研究了川东地区一红层边坡中的砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩围压为0³MPa的应力-应变全过程曲线,建立了峰值强度、峰值强度前弹性模量以及峰值强度后的弹性模量和围压的关系。将低围压下红层的全应力-应变曲线概化成5个阶段,分别为压密段、弹性段、屈服段、应变软化段和塑性流动阶段。试验结果得出,红层弹性模量随围压的增加而提高且变化明显,砂岩和粉砂岩在此围压内为脆性破坏,泥岩为塑性破坏的规律。     

An Experimental Investigation of Permeability Measurement of Water Flow in Crushed Rocks

Due to the high permeability of water flow in crushed rocks, flow catastrophes and water inrush accidents are apt to take place in the broken zones of aquifers in coal mining engineering. The pore, crack and fracture geometries needed for water transport are strongly influenced by grains diameter size and axial displacement conditions. In order to inspect and quantify the influence, we designed and manufactured a water flow apparatus that can be connected to the electro-hydraulic servo-controlled test system MTS815.02 which provides loading pressure in the experiment. Using the apparatus and MTS system, we tested crushed mudstone, limestone and sandstone specimens and obtained the relationship between permeability and variable grain diameter of a (2.5–5 mm), b (5–10 mm), c (10–15 mm), d (15–20 mm) and e (mixed sizes) under variable axial displacement (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 mm). In particular, the permeability calculation based on collection of water flow velocity and pore pressure gradient difference has involved the influence of non-Darcy flow. The results show that (1) The porosity decreases with the increase of axial displacement and decrease of bigger particle size, respectively. Particle crushing during compaction is a main cause of size 0–2.5 mm appearing, some fine particles be washed away is a main cause of weight loss because of the effect of water seepage. (2) Water flow properties of crushed rocks are found to be strongly influenced by axial displacement and grain diameter size; in general, the permeability decreases with the increase of axial displacement and the decrease of grain diameter, respectively. (3) The fluctuations of permeability–axial displacement are especially intense for mudstone and sandstone than that for limestone. The permeability of crushed rocks is not only related to loading levels but also to grain diameters, style of arrangement. (4) To each grain diameter sizes, the permeability change of sandstone has a greater value than that of mudstone and limestone. The permeability of crushed mudstone shows much less than that of limestone and sandstone.     

Laboratory Investigation of LNAPL Migration in Double-Porosity Soil Under Fractured Condition Using Digital Image Analysis

Gas production from shale gas reservoirs plays a significant role in satisfying increasing energy demands. Compared with conventional sandstone and carbonate reservoirs, shale gas reservoirs are characterized by extremely low porosity, ultra-low permeability and high clay content. Slip flow, diffusion, adsorption and desorption are the primary gas transport processes in shale matrix, while Darcy flow is restricted to fractures. Understanding methane diffusion and adsorption, and gas flow and equilibrium in the low-permeability matrix of shale is crucial for shale formation evaluation and for predicting gas production. Modeling of diffusion in low-permeability shale rocks requires use of the Dusty gas model (DGM) rather than Fick’s law. The DGM is incorporated in the TOUGH2 module EOS7C-ECBM, a modified version of EOS7C that simulates multicomponent gas mixture transport in porous media. Also included in EOS7C-ECBM is the extended Langmuir model for adsorption and desorption of gases. In this study, a column shale model was constructed to simulate methane diffusion and adsorption through shale rocks. The process of binary \(\hbox {CH}_{4}{-}\hbox {N}_{2}\) diffusion and adsorption was analyzed. A sensitivity study was performed to investigate the effects of pressure, temperature and permeability on diffusion and adsorption in shale rocks. The results show that methane gas diffusion and adsorption in shale is a slow process of dynamic equilibrium, which can be illustrated by the slope of a curve in \(\hbox {CH}_{4}\) mass variation. The amount of adsorption increases with the pressure increase at the low pressure, and the mass change by gas diffusion will decrease due to the decrease in the compressibility factor of the gas. With the elevated temperature, the gas molecules move faster and then the greater gas diffusion rates make the process duration shorter. The gas diffusion rate decreases with the permeability decrease, and there is a limit of gas diffusion if the permeability is less than \(1.0\,\times \,10^{-15}\, \hbox { m}^{2}\). The results can provide insights for a better understanding of methane diffusion and adsorption in the shale rocks so as to optimize gas production performance of shale gas reservoirs.     

基于Lemaitre原理改进砂岩蠕变损伤模型研究

以煤矿巷道围岩（砂岩）为研究对象,采用MTS815.02岩石力学试验系统,对流固耦合蠕变过程中孔隙水压力作用机制展开研究,以伯格斯模型为基础,基于Lemaitre原理建立改进的伯格斯非线性蠕变损伤模型,可以得到如下主要结论：当围压越大,岩石蠕变最后一级荷载作用持续时间越长,相对经历衰减蠕变和稳定蠕变时间越长;且由最终一级破坏蠕变变形值可知,孔隙水压较小时,蠕变变形量相对较大,此时围压增大提升了岩石延性特性,但是孔隙水压增大却削弱了围压作用,由于孔隙水压使得岩石力学性能劣化,因而减少了岩石在破坏时蠕变变形量;随后基于Lemaitre原理建立的伯格斯非线性损伤蠕变模型,可以较好地描述岩石的衰减蠕变、稳定蠕变与加速蠕变阶段;且试验曲线与拟合曲线吻合度高,验证了本文所建立损伤流变模型的合理性．     

Microscopic mechanism of periodical electroosmosis in reservoir rocks

Based on the electric double layer (EDL) theory and the momentum equation governing the electroosmosis flow, this paper presents an analytical solution to the periodical electroosmosis with a parallel straight capillary bundle model of reservoir rocks to reveal the microscopic mechanism of the electroosmotic flows in rocks. The theory shows that both the frequency dispersion characteristics of the macroscopic electroosmotic Darcy velocity in unsealed rocks and the electroosmotic pressure coefficient in sealed rocks depend on the porosity and electrochemical properties of reservoir rocks. The mathematical simulation indicates that the distribution of the periodical electroosmotic velocity is wavelike in the rock pore. The greater the porosity is, the greater electroosmotic the Darcy velocity and the smaller electroosmotic pressure coefficient are generated. The module values of the electroosmotic Darcy velocity and the electroosmotic pressure coefficient increase with the decreasing solution concentration or the increasing cation exchange capacity without affecting the phase of the electroosmotic Darcy velocity.     

Stress-Dependent Porosity and Permeability of Porous Rocks Represented by a Mechanistic Elastic Cylindrical Pore-Shell Model

The stress dependency of the porosity and permeability of porous rocks is described theoretically by representing the preferential flow paths in heterogeneous porous rocks by a bundle of tortuous cylindrical elastic tubes. A Lamé-type equation is applied to relate the radial displacement of the internal wall of the cylindrical elastic tubes and the porosity to the variation of the pore fluid pressure. The variation of the permeability of porous rocks by effective stress is determined by incorporating the radial displacement of the internal wall of the cylindrical elastic tubes into the Kozeny–Carman relationship. The fully analytical solutions of the mechanistic elastic pore-shell model developed by combining the Lamé and Kozeny–Carman equations are shown to lead to very accurate correlations of the stress dependency of both the porosity and the permeability of porous rocks.