Modeling the propagation of long, intense microwave pulses inmixtures of air and SF6

Self-consistent equations-Maxwell's equations and the electron fluid transport equations-are used to study the interaction of long, intense microwave pulses with gases. The threshold for breakdown is a factor of seven higher in SF₆ than in air. This difference is attributed to the fact that SF₆ is an insulator. When SF₆ was mixed with air, the breakdown threshold increased with the increase in the percentage of SF₆. Introducing 5-10% of SF₆ in air increased the breakdown threshold by a factor of 3-4. The electron density and conductivity and the plasma frequency increased as the pulse intensity increased. The growth rates of the electron density and conductivity were much higher in air than in SF₆     

基于飞秒激光引导高压放电的SF6分解物原位检测

气体绝缘开关设备(GIS)绝缘缺陷引发的放电会导致SF₆分解,分解产生的低氟硫化物与设备内的微量H₂O和O₂反应生成具有腐蚀性的物质,影响设备正常运行,因此,研究SF₆分解机理对GIS的安全运行具有重要意义。由于部分分解物在采样过程中发生转化,因此,实现SF₆分解物的原位检测对于研究SF₆分解机理是十分必要的。采用飞秒激光引导高压放电实现了高压放电空间和时间的精确控制,并利用飞秒激光引导高压放电产生的空间分辨光谱实现了SF₆分解物的原位测量。首先研究证明了飞秒激光不会引起SF₆的分解;其次,利用飞秒激光产生的等离子体通道实现了放电空间和时间的精确控制;最后,发现分解物中包含由于高能电子碰撞直接或间接产生的大量S和F的离子和原子。研究证明了基于飞秒激光引导高压放电可以实现SF₆分解物的原位检测,为开展高压放电下SF₆分解机理研究提供了一种新的研究手段。     

Study of a circuit-breaker arc with self-generated flow. I. Energytransfer in the high-current phase

This study deals with the first phase of operation, corresponding to the energy transfer between arc and gas and to the pressure rise. The experimental study is devoted to measurements of current, arc voltage, and pressure variations in N₂ and SF₆. For currents of the order of 10 kA the mean measured electric field was about 32 V/cm in SF₆ and 36 V/cm in N₂. Through a bibliographical study and a modeling approach of the interruption arc, an analysis of the role of the different mechanisms of energy transfer between the arc and SF₆ was conducted. With a 10 kA pulse, about 80% of the transfer is found to be due to convection and the rest to radiation from the arc. This transfer results in an overpressure of nearly 1 bar in SF₆ and 2 bar in N₂. It appears that the operation of this type of circuit breaker is limited to high currents: for currents below 7 kA the overpressure is lower than 0.5 bar, which does not provide efficient blowing at current zero     

Excitation and relative differential oscillator strengths for trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride, SF5CF3, in the UV–VUV region by electron energy loss spectroscopy

Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) has been used to study the photo-absorption spectrum of trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride (SF₅CF₃) for the first time. Comparison is made with the EELS spectrum of sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆). The photolysis of the compound is discussed with relevance to estimated lifetimes in the atmosphere. It is estimated that the lifetime of SF₅CF₃ is of the order of 1000 years.     

Study of a circuit-breaker arc with self-generated flow. III. Thepost-arc phase

For pt.II see ibid., vol.16, p.615-22, 1988. The third part of this study of a circuit-breaker arc with self-generated flow concerns the model of the post-arc phase. The greater interruption capability of SF₆ compared to N₂, already suggested in pt.II, is confirmed by the following results: amplitude and duration of the postarc current are much lower in SF₆ and the maximum value of the rate of rise of recovery voltage is about three times higher in SF₆ than in N₂. The model also predicts the existence of a plateau in post-arc current variation and the original behavior of this type of circuit-breaker: interrupting efficiency increases with the current peak in the initial phase     

Polarization and extra-atomic relaxation on the surface and in the bulk of solids: influence of the molecular shape, polarizability and complex nature of the adsorbate

The influence of the molecular cavity shape and of the angular dependence of the dielectric constants in a low symmetry crystal on the polarization energy E_pol, induced by electron holes in the bulk and on the surface of the molecular solids, is investigated. The analytical expressions are obtained and evaluated for SF₆, SO₂, CS₂ and seven aromatic organic compounds. The theory is in good agreement with the experimental data. The deviation of the molecular cavity shape from a sphere has a marked influence on the calculated extra-atomic relaxation energy in large molecules. The E_pol value depends on the hole position. In SF₆ this value is larger for F atom photoionization than for S atom photoionization. The angular dependence of the dielectric constants has a smaller effect on the E_pol value than does that of the cavity shape. The E_pol value on the surface of a single crystal depends on the crystallographic plane. The polarization energy for CO molecules on the top of Xe layers on Al(111) is calculated in dependence on the number of Xe layers. The calculated extra-atomic relaxation energy is in good agreement with experiment.     

非匹配传输线型宽谱振荡器实验研究

设计了基于低阻形成线对非匹配传输线充电型宽谱振荡器,介绍了振荡器的工作原理。在数值模拟分析的基础上,完成了低阻形成线、非匹配传输线的结构设计。此宽谱振荡器在1 MV Marx实验平台上开展了实验研究,在主开关的间隙为14 mm、气压1.5 MPa,短路开关间隙为6 mm、气压1.0 MPa,锐化开关间隙为4 mm、气压1.1 MPa的条件下,实现了宽谱脉冲重复频率20 Hz稳定输出,中心频率达到260 MHz。采用低阻形成线对非匹配传输线充电技术,既实现了高功率宽谱振荡脉冲又提高了脉冲的中心频率。     

Studies and performance of decreased rail gap switch inductance byenhancing multichanneling via gas mixture

In pulsed power technology, a pressurized gap switch has been mainly utilized to produce a high power pulse. A multichannel rail gap switch has been widely utilized not only to obtain extremely low inductance, low resistance switching but also to reduce the damage of the electrode. A self-elected multichannel rail gap switch was developed. The switch was operated with pure SF₆ and the mixture of SF₆ with N₂, channel numbers of 20 and 100 were obtained with low switching inductance's of 15 nH and 9 nH, respectively     

便携式非分光红外SF6气体检测方法研究

为了满足电力系统中对SF₆气体精确测量的需求, 基于非分光红外差分检测原理, 设计了一种便携式的SF₆气体传感器。系统采用单光束双波长结构, 对直射式和梯形反射式气室进行光学仿真, 最终确定了气室类型, 提高了系统的紧凑性和灵敏度。在电路方面设计了一种小信号放大滤波电路, 有效地将有用信号从噪声中提取出来; 传感器采用高精度高性能模数转换器将模拟电信号转换为数字信号送入单片机处理, 大大提高了检测精度。实验结果表明, 该传感器能够准确检测体积分数为0~2×10-3范围内的SF₆气体, 满量程精度可达4.2%。     

均匀电场SF6短气隙放电过程动态模拟

根据基本物理定律和流体力学,构建均匀电场下SF₆短气隙放电流体模型,运用通量校正传输法(flux-corrected transport)数值分析大气压下4 mm间隙SF₆的放电过程,展现放电空间带电粒子产生、复合、附着、扩散以及光致电离动态过程,获得了放电间隙电场畸变、带电粒子动力学行为和放电通道形成发展历程和时空分布,根据R-M判据求出模型放电过程中电子崩转向流注的时空临界点,印证了光致电离在流注发展阶段的重要作用.     

不同释放高度的化学物质的电离层扰动特性

在电离层释放H₂O, CO₂, H₂和SF₆等中性气体能导致释放区域电子损耗, 形成明显的人工电离层洞, 是电离层人工变态的重要而有效的手段之一. 本文在改进电离层化学物质释放三维动力学模型的基础上, 对不同释放量级的H₂O 和SF₆在不同释放高度下产生的电离层洞形态结构及其时空演化规律进行了系统对比研究, 探讨了释放高度对化学物质释放电离层扰动效果、电离层洞形态及其动力学特性等的影响, 并对其成因进行了分析. 关键词： 化学物质释放 电离层扰动 人工电离层洞 三维动力学模型     

Lower hybrid waves in plasmas with negative ions

The ion-ion hybrid mode, with frequencies ω≈(ω_c+ω_c-)^1/2, is briefly analyzed for a warm plasma containing positive ions (gyrofrequency ω_c+), negative ions (gyrofrequency ω_c-), and electrons. Experiments with SF₆ ^- as the negative ion are proposed     

长光程共振式二氧化碳气体光声传感器研究

二氧化碳(CO₂)是植物光合作用的原材料,也是一种温室气体,其过量地排放会影响动植物的生态环境。在碳达峰、碳中和的背景下,研制高灵敏度的CO₂检测装置具有重要意义。为了监测大气环境中CO₂含量的变化,设计了一种长光程共振式CO₂气体光声传感器,并以此搭建了光声检测装置。以中心波长为2 004 nm的分布式反馈激光器(DFB)作为激发光源,激光射入由漫反射材料制成的球型吸收腔,在腔内多次反射以增加气体的吸收路径。吸收腔外部被两个高热传导率的铝制半球包裹,降低由池体吸收光能后产生的热噪声。吸收腔上耦合一根声学管,当其工作在一阶纵向共振模态时,光声信号被放大,在管子末端达到极大值。为了进一步增大光声信号,通过饱和加湿样品的方式来加快CO₂气体的弛豫速率,加湿后的样品产生的光声信号是干燥样品的2.1倍左右。使用一系列浓度的湿润CO₂样品标定光声检测装置,结果表明,光声信号与浓度之间呈现良好的线性关系。在此基础上,通过对标准气体的检测实验,验证了装置的准确性与稳定性...     

平行板电极边缘滑闪引起加载电压的“双峰”现象

平板电容器是电磁脉冲(EMP)模拟装置中常用的脉冲压缩器件,在平行板电极的SF₆沿面闪络实验中发现,原本前沿光滑的纳秒脉冲电压加载在平行板电极上,会在脉冲电压前沿上测得一尖峰,使加载的脉冲电压出现“双峰”现象。为探索该现象的原因,首先通过理论分析,认为该现象可能是由于平行板电极边缘发生了滑闪放电,增大了电极等效正对面积,使平行板电极的等效容值发生突变所致,容值变化越大,尖峰越明显。之后开展了不同气压下平行板电极的沿面闪络实验,并对放电过程的图像进行了拍摄,结果表明:平行板电极边缘产生的树枝状放电在低气压时主干明亮粗大,分枝较多,气压升高后,主干亮度和直径逐渐变小,分枝也越来越少;随着气压的增加,由于平行板电极边缘的滑闪放电受到抑制,平行板的等效面积变化率越来越小,尖峰出现时对应的电压幅值越来越高,且尖峰越来越不明显,与理论分析一致。     

The 3ν3 overtone bands of UF6 and UF6

The absorption specta of CO laser radiation by 3ν₃ overtone bands of ²³⁸UF₆ and ²³⁵UF₆ has been measured using photoacoustic spectroscopic techniques. For the two temperatures 250 K and 290 K, measured absorption coefficients and cross-sections of the 3ν₃ band of ²³⁵UF₆ are reported for the first time.     

激波与SF_6梯形气柱相互作用的数值模拟

基于大涡模拟,结合五阶加权基本无振荡格式以及沉浸边界法对平面入射激波与两种SF_6梯形重气柱的相互作用过程进行了数值模拟,数值结果清晰地显示了激波诱导Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性所导致的两种梯形重气柱的变形过程,详细分析了入射激波在两种梯形重气柱界面发生反射、折射、绕射以及折射激波与透射激波在气柱内部来回反射的过程,并研究了该过程中所产生的复杂波系结构,对两种梯形气柱变形过程中与周围空气的混合过程进行了分析;通过记录气柱界面四个特征尺寸随时间的变化对两种梯形气柱界面的不同演化过程进行了定量分析。     

Electron-molecule collision frequencies in SF6 inE×B fields

Electron-molecule collision frequencies in SF₆ are obtained from an equivalent gas number density method in a coaxial gap. At a given equivalent reduced electric field, the collision frequencies increase with increasing B/N     

光声光谱多组分气体分析仪的交叉干扰特性研究

设计了一套基于红外热辐射光源的光声光谱多组分气体分析仪。通过分析多组分气体间交叉干扰的主要因素以及特征气体的红外吸收谱线,确定了中红外带通滤光片的参数。利用标准气体对设计的光声光谱仪进行标定,研究了待测气体之间交叉干扰的定量关系,并利用湿度发生器对装置受到水气干扰情况进行分析。实验结果表明,C₂H₂对CH₄、CH₄对C₂H_6的干扰水平分别达到10.49μV/(μL/L)、18.66μV/(μL/L),其他烃类气体间的干扰可以忽略。CO₂对CO、CH₄、C₂H₂和C₂H₄干扰响应度分别为1.615μV/(μL/L)、0.055μV/(μL/L)、0.130μV/(μL/L)以及0.016μV/(μL/L)。此外,水气对C₂H₂、CH₄、C₂H_6、C₂H₄、CO和CO₂都会产生一定的干扰,干扰的响应度分别为0.591μV/(μL/L)、0.421μV/(μL/L)、0.071μV/(μL/L)、0.007μV/(μL/L)、0.051μV/(μL/L)和0.055μV/(μL/L)。实验结果表明C₂H₂对CH₄、CH₄对C₂H_6、CO₂对CO以及高浓度水气对其他气体的检测会产生较高水平的干扰,在测量过程中应当考虑扣除。     

基于多帧背景的泄漏气体自适应匹配滤波检测

被动傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)扫描遥测成像系统采集的红外高光谱图像具有空间、光谱等维度信息,可被用于大气环境中有毒有害气体的识别、定量及可视化。该系统具有光谱分辨率高、非接触式及远距离探测等优点,然而其单帧图像的像元数量少且部分存在气体吸收或发射特征,无法直接用于红外高光谱图像的目标检测。提出了基于多帧背景的泄漏气体自适应匹配滤波(AMF)检测方法,以短时间内、同一区域的多帧红外高光谱图像为基础,筛选出无目标气体特征的背景光谱并计算探测区域的背景最大似然估计,应用于后续帧的目标气体泄漏检测。红外高光谱图像来自于SF₆气体的遥测实验,共扫描四帧（120像元/帧）,去除前三帧内含有目标气体特征的像元光谱,剩余背景光谱被用于计算背景的最大似然估计,第四帧红外高光谱图像逐像元对SF₆气体进行的AMF检测,并与非线性最小二乘法反演的SF₆柱浓度图像比对,结果表明AMF检测高值与柱浓度高值有较强的相关性。为验证多帧背景在不同空间检测方法下的性能,分别对该帧数据进行了基于正交子空间的自适应子空间检测(ASD)、基于混合空间的自适应余弦检测(ACE)及基于斜子空间的最大似然比检测(OGLRT),并分别与SF₆柱浓度图像比对,结果表明多帧背景适用于不同空间的检测方法。此外,为验证存在目标气体吸收特征的非背景光谱对背景空间的影响,向背景空间中加入多条含有SF₆气体吸收特征的光谱,通过ROC曲线检验,结果表明背景空间中混入目标气体特征会降低AMF方法的检测性能。AMF检测值的假彩色图像也能应用于被动FTIR扫描遥测成像系统,相较于柱浓度假彩色图像,泄漏源及扩散趋势更为明显。基于红外高光谱图像的检测方法依赖于整体背景的统计特性,相较于单像元光谱波段的反演算法,极大地降低了背景的依赖性。多帧背景下的AMF泄漏气体检测方法能很好地应用于被动FTIR扫描遥测成像系统上并满足在线监测要求。     

An examination of the initial oxidation of a uranium-base alloy (U–14.1 at.% Nb) by O2 and D2O using surface-sensitive techniques

The corrosion resistance of uranium is greatly enhanced by alloying with niobium. In this study the initial stages of corrosion of a specific uranium-base alloy (U–14.1 at.% Nb) by O₂ or D₂O have been examined using the surface specific techniques of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermal programmed desorption (TPD), static secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SSIMS), and sputtered neutrals mass spectroscopy (SNMS). XPS studies of the U–14.1 at.% Nb surface following oxidation using O₂ at 300 K indicate production of a thin oxide overlayer of stoichiometric UO_2.0 intermixed with Nb₂O₅. The same stoichiometry is exhibited for uranium when the oxide is prepared at 500 K with O₂; although, niobium is much less oxidized exhibiting a mixture of NbO and Nb. Contrary to previous XPS literature, SNMS depth profiling studies reveal that oxidation by O₂ is much greater (as judged by oxide layer thickness) than that exhibited by D₂O. An oxide layer thickness of less than 20 Å was created using D₂O as an oxidant at 300 K with exposures >3500 L (oxide layers created from O₂ are significantly greater at much smaller exposures). Formation of a critical density of Nb₂O₅ is suggested to be responsible for the enhanced corrosion resistance by preventing diffusion of O⁻ (O²⁻) or OD⁻/OH⁻ into the oxide/metal interface region. The domains of stability of hydroxyl formation have also been followed using TPD, SSIMS and XPS. Maximal surface hydroxyl concentrations (Θ_rel=0.30) are obtained at a surface temperature of 175 K for these experimental conditions.