高钆耐热镁合金在高温蠕变过程中的显微组织演变

以时效态Mg-12Gd-3Y-1Sm-0.5Zr (%,质量分数)合金为研究对象,利用蠕变持久试验机在250℃/50 MPa下对合金的蠕变性能进行了测试,并采用TEM研究了合金在250℃/50 MPa下蠕变10, 30 min, 100 h过程中的显微组织和相的演变。结果表明:时效态Mg-12Gd-3Y-1Sm-0.5Zr合金相由α-Mg基体和β′相组成,β′相为纳米析出相,在高温蠕变过程中,晶内析出相明显长大,形貌由黑色椭圆形颗粒向菱形和长条状转变,经对应的选区电子衍射谱标定,相结构未发生变化;晶界上析出相粗化,转化为平衡相β相。本研究为开发高温高强抗蠕变耐热镁合金提供理论基础。     

铈对高Cu/Mg比率Al-Cu-Mg合金组织和耐热性能的影响

采用拉伸测试和透射电镜(TEM),研究了微量Ce对高Cu／Mg比率的Al-Cu-Mg合金组织和耐热性能的影响。结果表明,添加0．20％Ce后,在室温到350℃测试范围内,合金的室温拉伸强度和高温耐热性能得到了提高。透射电镜分析表明,合金中的主要强化相为{111}型Ω相和少量的θ’相,添加微量Ce能细化合金中的强化相,提高强化相的高温热稳定性。     

镧在镍铬钴钨合金中的偏聚作用

用扫描俄歇电子能谱和扫描电子显微镜技术，研究微量镧在Ｎｉ２０Ｃｒ２０Ｃｏ１８Ｗ高温合金中的偏聚作用。发现时效状态下镧偏聚在晶界和碳化物相界，降低了界面上碳的含量；镧与杂质元素（硫、氧和氮）结合，形成没有固定成分比的原子尺寸薄膜，其作用是减慢碳化物长大速度，增加杂质的分散度，从而显著地改善合金的持久性能。     

微量元素铈对Cu0.9%Cr合金组织与性能的影响

采用石墨型铸造Cu0. 9%Cr,Cu0. 9%Cr0. 05Ce两种合金,并对合金固溶后在450℃进行不同时间的时效,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、导电率测量仪、电子拉伸试验机以及往复摩擦磨损试验机,研究微量Ce对Cu0. 9%Cr合金微观组织、强度、导电率和摩擦磨损的影响。结果表明:在时效前期,微量Ce的加入使Cu0. 9%Cr合金组织细化、Cr析出相增且更均匀分布,经450℃时效+4 h可达到抗拉强度峰值590 MPa,导电率达到83%IACS,且具有优异的耐磨性能;在时效后期,微量Ce的添加主要起到抑制过时效的作用,抗拉强度值下降缓慢、导电率平稳变化。     

铒和钕对铸态ZK60镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了铒和钕对铸态ZK60镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：ZK60镁合金中添加Er或Nd能够细化晶粒，改变合金的显微组织。当ZK60镁合金中加入1．0％（质量分数）的Er或Nd具有最佳的细化效果，与原ZK60镁合金晶粒尺寸相比较，晶粒的平均直径由原来的33．0μm分别减少至23．6和25．2μm。添加Er或Nd的ZK60镁合金形成古有Er或Nd的稀土共晶相，其熔点为518℃。稀土共晶相对晶粒具有钉扎作用，提高合金在150℃时的抗拉强度。稀土共晶相的形态和分布对室温力学性能有显著影响。含有Er的共晶相析出数量较少，沿晶界不连续分布，提高合盒室温强度的同时塑性略有改善，而含有Nd的共晶相形态粗大，析出数量较多，沿晶界网状连续分布，合金固溶强化效果明显减弱，室温强度和塑性均降低。     

钙对Mg-Gd-Nd-Zr-xCa合金组织和力学性能的影响

镁合金的轻量化优势使其有广阔的应用前景,然而普通镁合金低强度限制了它的应用。镁稀土合金拥有良好的力学性能,在Mg-GdNd-Zr合金的基础上,添加不同量的Ca元素,通过光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和拉伸性能测试等方法,对Mg-9Gd-2Nd-x Ca-0.5Zr (x=0,0.5,1.0,1.5(%,质量分数))合金热处理前后的组织和性能的变化进行了探究。结果表明：合金组织由α-Mg,Mg₅Gd相和Mg₄₁Nd₅相组织,添加Ca元素后,组织中形成了Mg₂Ca相。铸态合金经过热处理后,晶界上的第二相大部分溶入基体,时效态组织中析出了大量细小的板条状析出相,使合金的力学性能得到提高。时效态Mg-9Gd-2Nd-1Ca-0.5Zr合金有最高的抗拉强度,达到了256 MPa。     

钇对Mg-0.8Zr-0.35Zn基合金组织及高温性能的影响

采用XJG-04型金相显微镜、 JCXA-733电子探针、 D/max-rB型X射线衍射仪及WDW-200型电子万能实验机研究了Y对Mg-0.8Zr-0.35Zn基合金铸态、固溶时效组织及高温(250 ℃)性能的影响. 结果表明: Y能细化Mg-0.8Zr-0.35Zn基合金铸态及热处理态组织, 加入Y形成新相Mg24Y5. 在250 ℃时, 随着Y含量增加合金高温抗拉强度增大, 延伸率及断面收缩率降低; 高温拉伸断口SEM图像显示脆性断裂趋势增大, 断裂由延性向解理方式发展.     

铈对Zn-22%Al减振合金组织和力学性能的影响

借助于光学显微镜、透射电镜及扫描电镜,采用自然时效、人工时效等热处理工艺,研究了微量Ｃｅ对Ｚｎ－２２％Ａｌ减振合金显微组织和力学性能的影响,Ｃｅ具有细化Ｚｎ－２２％Ａｌ合金组织并障碍时效时晶粒长大和等轴程度降低的作用,在低于８０℃的温轧温度下效时,加Ｃｅ和不加Ｃｅ的Ｚｎ－２２％Ａｌ合金的强度不随时间的推移而变化。Ｃｅ还提高了Ｚｎ－２２％Ａｌ合金的强度和时效时力学性能的稳定性。     

热挤压AM50GdX镁合金的腐蚀力学性能研究

通过SEM、光学显微镜、失重测量、拉伸测试等方法研究了热挤压加工对不同Gd含量的AM50GdX镁合金的显微组织及腐蚀力学性能的影响。结果表明:热挤压后,合金内部出现了具有方向性的平行纤维变形组织;随着Gd含量的增加,AM50GdX镁合金组织中β-Mg_(17)A_l(12)相数量减少而Al_2Gd_3相数量和体积增加;1%Gd元素对合金耐蚀性提升作用最大;热挤压处理使合金的晶粒细化,从而使拉伸强度提升了接近50%;由于热挤压处理和1%Gd元素的存在大大改善了AM50镁合金的腐蚀剩余强度性能。     

Al-5Mg-Er合金中Al3Er相的析出及其热力学计算分析

通过应用Miedema热力学模型方法对添加了微量Er的Al-5Mg合金中的Er的存在形式进行了初步的分析，并结合XRD，TEM试验进行了验证。微量Er在Al-5Mg合金中主要是以Al3Er的形式存在，并且不会出现元素Mg与Er之间的金属间化合物；同时通过XRD和TEM分析证实，含微量Er（0．1％～0．7％）的Al-5Mg合金中Er是以Al3Er相存在并且弥散分布，讨论了Al3Er相与Al基体之间的取向关系，分析了Al3Er相的存在能够改善Al-5Mg合金材料的机械性能。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Investigation of Kinetics of Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate

The kinetics of the interaction between lithium carbonate and silica with various degrees of dispersion was investigated by TG and DTA methods. It was found that the utilization of pyrogenic silica with a specific surface area of about 300 m²g^-1 instead of aerosil with one of 175 m²g^-1 leads to an increase of the reaction rate between lithium carbonate and silica, which depends on the formation and growth of lithium orthosilicate crystals in the first stage, and is conditioned by the diffusion of lithium and oxygen ions through the lithium orthosilicate layer formed at temperatures above 800 K. This supposition is supported by the kinetic analysis results obtained with the use of the different models. The optimal regime of heating is recommended. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小环化合物中饱和碳质子化学位移的计算

小环化合物由于其张力、构型、构象和各向异性效应等原因,环碳上质子化学位移缺乏规律性,难以预测,对此作者曾提出一种近似算法。本文根据303种小环化合物中饱和碳质子的化学位移实验数据,将适于计算这类质子化学位移的公式表述为:     

解决能源问题的新途径--光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。