烯烃氢甲酰化反应研究进展

本文综述了烯烃氢甲酰化反应的催化剂从钴配合物到铑配合物和从均相催化体系到两相催化体系的发展过程。比较了三种催化剂和两个催化体系的特点、应用情况及研究工作进展.     

高碳烯烃氢甲酰化研究

高碳烯烃氢甲酰化是最重要的石化技术之一.本文从均相催化体系和两相催化体系两个方面介绍了国内外近年来在研究与开发上取得的进展.两 相催化体系的开发正在成为研究的主流引人瞩目,预期新催化剂体系和两相体系在高碳烯烃氢甲酰化应用上将有突破.     

两相催化体系中长链烯烃氢甲酰化反应研究进展

水溶性有机金属络合物为催化剂的两相催化体系,由于反应条件缓和,产物和催化剂分离简便等特点,已成为发展环境友好的绿色化学的重要方向。本文介绍了近年来两相催化体系中长链烯烃氢甲酰化反应和催化剂研究进展。     

两相催化体系中长链烯烃氢甲酰化反应研究——反应初期的界面化学特征

从界面化学的角度研究了水／有机物两相体系中ＲｈＣｌ（ＣＯ）（ＴＰＰＴＳ）２－ＣＴＡＢ催化１－十二碳烯氢甲酰化反应初期的界面特征。结果表明,催化剂及过量配体的加入,使ＣＴＡＢ的ＣＭＣ降低。样品的光散射及显微照片表明,在ＣＴＡＢ浓度为２．７～６ｍｍｏｌ／ｄｍ＾３范围内,体系中存在着ＣＴＡＢ单体／胶束－Ｏ／Ｗ型乳认间的平衡,在较高ＣＴＡＢ浓度下可能形成Ｏ／Ｗ型微乳;胶束及Ｏ／Ｗ型乳状液滴界面呈负电性,证     

双膦钴配位催化烯烃氢甲酰化的研究

1.前言 叔膦化合物作为配位体在许多均相催化反应,尤其在羰基合成(包括烯烃氢甲酰化、氢羧基化、氢酯基化等)的催化反应中起着重要作用。它们的配位可使许多过渡金属如钴、铑、钯、(钅了)等的羰基络合物催化剂的热稳定性明显增强,无须在高压CO气氛中使用,从而把高压催化反应变成中压催化反应,因之易于实现工业化。近来,双膦配体,如1,2-双(二苯基膦)乙烷(即dppe),对于一些羰化反应已显示出比单膦配体有更大的优越性,它使烯烃氢甲酰化的转化率和产率增加一至二百多倍。因此,对双膦配体进行系统深入     

温控相分离催化的高碳烯烃氢甲酰化反应研究

考察了非离子表面活性膦配体P[p-C6H4O(CH2CH2O)nH]3(PETPP,n=6～12,N=3n)在有机溶剂中的溶解度－温度关系，发现其在甲苯中具有临界溶解温度（CST）现象。基于PETPP在甲苯中低温分相、高温互溶的CST特性，提出了温控相分离催化的新概念。并将其应用于癸烯氢甲酰化反应，转化率及醛收率分别达到98.7%和96.0%，催化剂循环使用10次，活性基本保持不变。     

新型水溶性膦配体用于烯烃氢甲酰化反应的研究

介绍了 4个水溶性膦配体的合成过程 ,并研究了 4个配体分别与乙酰丙酮二羰基铑构成的催化剂在水 -有机两相体系中 ,在不同条件下对 1-庚烯、苯乙烯和丙烯酸甲酯的氢甲酰化反应的催化性能 .结果表明 ,这 4个配体在水中的溶解性很好 ,并且有一定的稳定性 ;在温度为 5 0℃、压力为 5 .0 MPa、P/ Rh为 8、 [Rh]为 1.6×10 - 3mol/ L的条件下 ,苯乙烯的转化率可达 10 0 %、产物的 n/ i为 9.2 ;在相同条件下 ,1-庚烯的转化率可达99.3%、 n/ i为 2 .2 ;丙烯酸甲酯的转化率可达 92 .7%、 n/ i为 6 .3;α-甲基丙烯酸甲酯的转化率可达 73.0 %、 n/ i为 5 .5     

CO_2(CO)_8-Ru_3(CO)_(12)体系对乙烯氢甲酰化反应的双金属协同效应

本文介绍了Ru_3(CO)_(12)-Co_2(CO)_8混合体系对乙烯氢甲酰化反应的双金属协同效应。实验系用一定量的Co_2(CO)_8和Ru_3(CO)_(12)混合在一起为催化剂体系,以乙烯、合成气(H_2/CO=1)为原料,在110℃,7.6MPa压力下研究了对乙烯氢甲酰化反应的活性,并和相应的Co_2(CO)_8和Ru_3(CO)_(12)的单组分体系作了对比。结果表明Co-Ru双组分体系的活性远高于相应的单组分体系的活性。红外光谱考察表明,Co_2(CO)_8-Ru_3(CO)_(12)在用于烯烃氢甲酰化反应后,Co_2(CO)_8Ru_3(CO)_(12)之间没有因相互作用而产生新化合物。过去对氢甲酰化反应的催化循环,是基于在单一的络合物金属中心上讨论的。基于本文结果,可以设定在双金属体系存在下,烯烃氢甲酰化反应的催化循环有可能在双金属中心上实现。     

铑-膦配位催化烯烃氢甲酰化反应研究

本文研究了由Rh2(CO)4CI2分别与两种膦配体4－下丁苯基二苯基膦（1）和4－正辛苯基二苯基磷（2）形成的原位催化剂体系对烯烃氢甲酰化反应的催化性能。对影响反应的各种因素,如P／Rh物质的量比、反应温度、反应压力,不同烯烃等的影响作了探讨。结果表明,配体1、2与Rh2(CO4)CI2形成的原位催化剂体系的催化活性与选择性均高于结构相似的PPh3,在相同的条件下,不同烯烃的氢甲酰化反应活性依直链烯烃＞苯乙烯＞直链内烯＞环己烯的顺序递增。     

Domino Hydroformylation/Aldol Condensation/Hydrogenation Catalysis: Highly Selective Synthesis of Ketones from Olefins

A general and highly chemo‐ and regioselective synthesis of ketones from olefins by domino hydroformylation/aldol condensation/hydrogenation reaction has been developed. A variety of olefins are efficiently converted into various ketones in good to excellent yields and regioselectivities in the presence of a specific rhodium phosphine/base–acid catalyst system.     

Spiroketal‐Based Phosphorus Ligands for Highly Regioselective Hydroformylation of Terminal and Internal Olefins

A new class of bidentate phosphoramidite ligands, based on a spiroketal backbone, has been developed for the rhodium‐catalyzed hydroformylation reactions. A range of short‐ and long‐chain olefins, were found amenable to the protocol, affording high catalytic activity and excellent regioselectivity for the linear aldehydes. Under the optimized reaction conditions, a turnover number (TON) of up to 2.3×10⁴ and linear to branched ratio (l/b) of up to 174.4 were obtained in the Rh^I‐catalyzed hydroformylation of terminal olefins. Remarkably, the catalysts were also found to be efficient in the isomerization–hydroformylation of some internal olefins, to regioselectively afford the linear aldehydes with TON values of up to 2.0×10⁴ and l/b ratios in the range of 23.4–30.6. X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed the cis coordination of the ligand in the precatalyst [Rh( 3 d )(acac)], whereas NMR and IR studies on the catalytically active hydride complex [HRh(CO)₂( 3 d )] suggested an eq–eq coordination of the ligand in the species.     

Palladium‐Catalyzed Isomerization and Hydroformylation of Olefins

A novel selective palladium catalyst system based on bidentate 2,2′‐heteroarylarylphosphines and p‐TsOH has been developed for hydroformylation reactions (see scheme). By applying optimal conditions good to excellent regioselectivity is obtained for the hydroformylation of aliphatic and aromatic olefins. It is shown that a low acid concentration is crucial for obtaining high degrees of the linear isomer.

     

Cloud Points of Water—soluble Polyether Phosphites and Their Application in the Biphasic Hydroformylation of Higher Olefins

Wate-soluble polyether phosphites alkyl polyethylene glycol ophenylene phosphite(APGPPS)were alcoholysis of phosphorus chloride with plyoxyethylene alkyl ether.With appropriate HLB(hydrophile-lypophile balance),the phosphites possess clear cloud points below 100℃，Addition of some inorganic salts decreases cloud points of the phosphites.When the phosphiites have long polyether chain binding to short-chain alkyl group,their cloud points could be extrapolated from figure of dependece of cloud points on addition of inorganic salts.Utilizing octylpolyglycol-phenylene-phosphite(OPGPP)(APGPP,R:Octyl)/Rh complex formed in situ as catalyst,over 90% conversion of 1-decene was obtained ,avoiding the limitation of water insolubility of substrates.Preliminary results indicated that micellar catalysis and thermoregulated phase-transfer catalysis(TRPTC)coexist in the reaction system.Below cloud point,micellar catalysis induced by plyether phosphites may be existed.When temperature is increased to above cloud point of the phosphies,this reaction works mainly in TRPTC.The catalysts could be easily spearated by simple decantation,but followed by considerable loss in activity after three successive reaction runs.Preliminary results indicated hydrolysis of OPGPP happened during the reaction.which may explain for the bad loss in activity.The catalyst was reused up to seven times with-out clear decrease in activity when OPGPP/Rh ratio was increased to 50.     

Reductive Hydroformylation of Isosorbide Diallyl Ether

Isosorbide and its functionalized derivatives have numerous applications as bio-sourced building blocks. In this context, the synthesis of diols from isosorbide diallyl ether by hydrohydroxymethylation reaction is of extreme interest. This hydrohydroxymethylation, which consists of carbon-carbon double bonds converting into primary alcohol functions, can be obtained by a hydroformylation reaction followed by a hydrogenation reaction. In this study, reductive hydroformylation was achieved using isosorbide diallyl ether as a substrate in a rhodium/amine catalytic system. The highest yield in bis-primary alcohols obtained was equal to 79%.     

Computational Kinetics of Cobalt‐Catalyzed Alkene Hydroformylation

Density functional theory, coupled‐cluster theory, and transition state theory are used to build a computational model of the kinetics of phosphine‐free cobalt‐catalyzed hydroformylation and hydrogenation of alkenes. The model provides very good agreement with experiment, and enables the factors that determine the selectivity and rate of catalysis to be determined. The turnover rate is mainly determined by the alkene coordination step.     

Water／Oil Biphasic Hydroformylation of Higher Olefins over a TPPTS-Rh／SiO2 Catalyst

A novel TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst, prepared by directly modifying a heterogeneous high-surface-area Rh/SiO2 catalyst with water-soluble TPPTS ligands, could decrease the resistance of masstransfer in water/oil biphasic media for the hydroformylation of higher olefins. The catalytic performancefor hydroformylation on this biphasic TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst system was higher than those of thetraditional biphasic HRhCO(TPPTS)3 systems, owing to the chemical bonds between the highly dispersedRh metal particles and the TPPTS ligands. The catalyst system is applicable for hydroformylation ofhigher olefins such as 1-dodecene.     

Water/Oil Biphasic Hydroformylation of Higher Olefins over a TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 Catalyst

A novel TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst, prepared by directly modifying a heterogeneous highsurface-area Rh/SiO2 catalyst with water-soluble TPPTS ligands, could decrease the resistance of mass transfer in water/oil biphasic media for the hydroformylation of higher olefins. The catalytic performance for hydroformylation on this biphasic TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst system was higher than those of the traditional biphasic HRhCO(TPPTS)3 systems, owing to the chemical bonds between the highly dispersed Rh metal particles and the TPPTS ligands. The catalyst system is applicable for hydroformylation of higher olefins such as 1-dodecene.