大米淀粉糊化过程的光谱分析

采用衰减全反射傅立叶变换红外光谱仪跟踪测定了不同品种大米淀粉的糊化过程,同时与X-射线衍射仪测定的淀粉结晶度相对比,研究了淀粉颗粒内结晶结构在糊化过程中变化的详细情况.利用红外光谱仪计算出天然大米淀粉及其在糊化过程中各个阶段代表结晶区特征的1047cm-1和代表非晶区特征的1022cm-1两处红外吸收峰强度的比值.结果表明,天然淀粉的结晶区主要由支链淀粉侧链的双螺旋结构所形成;在加热过程中淀粉的结晶结构被破坏,并且直链淀粉含量越高,其结晶结构在糊化过程中破坏越慢,说明直链淀粉能抑制淀粉结晶结构的破坏.利用X-射线衍射仪测定了大米淀粉糊化过程各个阶段的结晶度,进一步验证了淀粉的结晶结构在糊化过程中的损失.虽然,两种测定方法对"结晶度"的定义不同,但对于淀粉结晶程度的测定具有相关性和可比性,能为研究淀粉的糊化行为提供有利的补充信息.     

木质素/氧化锌复合颗粒的制备及在水性聚氨酯中的应用

通过沉淀法以季铵化木质素(LQAs)、醋酸锌和NaOH为原料制备了不同木质素负载量的木质素/氧化锌(LQAs/ZnO)复合颗粒.测试结果表明,LQAs/ZnO复合颗粒是由LQAs和ZnO形成的杂化结构,且NaOH用量对LQAs/ZnO复合颗粒的形貌有显著影响.与纯ZnO相比,复合颗粒对紫外光的吸收明显增强.此外,探究了复合颗粒掺杂改性的水性聚氨酯(WPU)复合薄膜的光学和力学性能.与0.6%(质量分数)的LQAs/ZnO复合颗粒均匀共混成膜的WPU复合薄膜的断裂拉伸强度和断裂伸长率相较于纯WPU薄膜,分别提高了81.5%和10.9%.经过192h紫外光老化测试后,断裂拉伸强度保持在25 MPa以上,断裂伸长率保持在360%以上,表明LQAs/ZnO复合颗粒可有效提高WPU薄膜的紫外屏蔽性能和抗紫外老化性能.     

谷朊粉/淀粉/甘油混合体系的流变行为与力学性能

研究了甘油增塑谷朊粉/淀粉混合体系的动态流变行为与单轴拉伸力学性能,考察了淀粉与水含量的影响.研究结果表明,含水量10%的混合体系储能模量(G′)随淀粉含量增大而增大,并在100℃出现橡胶平台.增塑谷朊粉在30℃呈现凝胶特性,在80℃出现交联网络结构.淀粉粒子可与小麦蛋白质形成复杂相互作用,阻碍蛋白质链段运动,导致模量与强度增加,断裂伸长率降低.含水量为20%与25%时,水份在淀粉粒子与蛋白质网络间起稀释和润滑作用,拉伸强度与断裂伸长率随淀粉含量的增高而降低.     

PZT/P(VDF-TrFE)纤维膜的静电纺丝制备及其性能

以锆钛酸铅压电陶瓷(PZT)和聚(偏氟乙烯-三氯乙烯)(P(VDF-TrFE))共聚物为原料,利用静电纺丝的方法制备了PZT/P(VDF-TrFE)纤维膜。用扫描电子显微镜、精密阻抗测试仪和拉力试验机对纤维膜的形貌、电学性能、力学性能进行了表征。结果表明,适当地提升PZT的质量分数能有效提升纤维膜中纤维丝的均匀性。当PZT质量分数为4%时,纤维丝的均匀性最佳;静电纺丝方法能够得到低介电常数的PZT/P(VDF-TrFE)纤维膜,并且通过调节PZT的质量分数,可以保证纤维膜的介电常数在一定范围内变化。PZT颗粒的加入能够有效调节PZT/P(VDFTrFE)纤维膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,当PZT质量分数为4%时,纤维膜具有最佳的综合力学性能,能够满足可穿戴设备的要求。     

聚丙烯酸酯/偏二氯乙烯/蒙脱土复合乳液的制备

以偏二氯乙烯和蒙脱土作改性剂,采用种子乳液聚合方法制备了聚丙烯酸酯 偏二氯乙烯/蒙脱土（PEA VDC/MMT）共聚物复合乳液,研究了蒙脱土质量分数对共聚物乳胶粒径、乳胶膜抗拉强度与断裂伸长率及热稳定性的影响。 结果表明,当蒙脱土质量分数从1%增加至5%时,PEA-VDC/MMT共聚物乳胶的平均粒径从141 nm增至243 nm;在蒙脱土质量分数为2%时, 乳胶膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率达到最大值,分别为3.23 MPa和1.330%。 PEA VDC共聚物的成碳率和热分解温度均随蒙脱土质量分数的增加而略有增加。     

致孔剂聚乙二醇对纤维素中空纤维膜结构与性能的影响

以离子液体氯代1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑（[AMI M]Cl）为溶剂纺制纤维素中空纤维膜,考察了聚乙二醇（PEG）分子量及其质量分数对中空纤维膜结构与性能的影响。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）对膜内、外表面形态结构进行了观察,测试了中空纤维膜的水通量、截留率等渗透性能以及最大拉伸强度、断裂伸长率等力学性能。结果表...     

细菌纤维素膜的制备与性能

以细菌纤维素为原料,氯化锂(LiCl)/二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂,通过相转化法制备了细菌纤维素膜.用单纤维强力仪对膜的拉伸强度和伸长率进行测试,分析了细菌纤维素浓度、凝固浴温度、凝固浴浓度、凝固时间及塑化条件对膜力学性能的影响.结果表明:在一定范围内,随着制膜液中细菌纤维素浓度的增加、凝固浴温度的降低和凝固浴浓度的增大,膜的拉伸强度和伸长率均提高;随着甘油浓度的增大和塑化时间的延长,膜的拉伸强度逐渐减小,伸长率逐渐增大.     

淀粉添加量和增塑剂对聚乙烯醇/淀粉复合材料结构与性能影响

近些年来，由于不可再生资源的消耗问题以及塑料垃圾等造成的白色污染等环境问题，人们对绿色环保产品的需求日益增长，高性能生物降解材料的开发受到越来越多的关注。采用醇解度适中的1788型聚乙烯醇(PVA1788)和玉米淀粉为原料，添加少量甘油与氯化钙，通过溶液流延法制得了聚乙烯醇/淀粉(PVA/ST)复合材料。研究了淀粉添加量以及增塑剂配比对PVA/ST复合材料结构与性能的影响。结果表明：淀粉的加入会导致PVA的结晶度明显下降，黏度提高，同时因为淀粉的高脆性，导致复合材料模量明显提高，力学性能明显下降；而加入的甘油和氯化钙作为增塑剂，能够减弱PVA和ST的分子间作用力，降低结晶度，提高材料的柔韧性。当加入甘油与氯化钙的比例均为PVA和ST总含量的10%时，复合材料的力学性能最优，拉伸强度约为16 MPa,断裂伸长率约为410%。     

松香基聚醚酯弹性体的制备及表征

通过松香与聚醚丙烯酸酯的Diels Alder加成产物与聚乙二醇、柠檬酸的缩聚反应,合成出松香基聚醚酯弹性体,产物采用红外、拉伸、DSC和TGA进行了表征。 TGA测试表明,松香基聚醚酯弹性体的10%热失重温度在300 ℃以上,拉伸测试表明,拉伸强度为0.26～0.62 MPa,断裂伸长率为338%～458%。     

聚氯乙烯-聚乙烯醇的相容性及其复合多孔膜的结构与性能

通过溶液成膜法制备了聚氯乙烯-聚乙烯醇(PVC-PVA)复合多孔膜,从聚合物混合焓及分子之间相互作用的角度探讨了PVC和PVA两者之间的相容性,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、接触角测量仪及平板超滤膜测试仪等分析了复合多孔膜的孔形貌、亲水性、过滤性能及力学性能.研究结果表明,在PVC-PVA复合体系中,大分子之间可形成氢键及偶极相互作用,混合焓随PVA在聚合物中质量分数的增大而呈现先增大后减小的趋势, PVC-PVA总体上为部分相容.与纯PVC膜相比, PVC-PVA复合多孔膜断面的“指状孔”特征减弱,而“海绵孔”特征增强,且纯水通量增大、耐污染性能改善、力学韧性增强.当PVA在聚合物中的质量分数为9%时,复合多孔膜的纯水通量是纯PVC膜的4倍,对PEG100000的截留率为80%,强度为3.5 MPa,断裂伸长率为26%,在水处理领域具有良好的应用前景.     

Biodegradable biocompatible xyloglucan films for various applications

Polysaccharides are known for their film-forming properties which have been intensively investigated for food and non-food applications. Here we have developed a xyloglucan transparent film for various applications especially in controlled release of drugs and cosmetics. The present study evaluated the properties of the composite films of xyloglucan, chitosan and rice starch obtained by the casting/solvent evaporation method. Xyloglucan chitosan blend film shows better mechanical properties. Hydrophobicity and crystallinity of xyloglucan film was increased by blending with chitosan. This was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies and contact angle measurements. Scanning electron microscopic observations indicated that the xyloglucan chitosan blend films were smooth and homogenous. Thermogravimetric and differential scannining calorimetric analysis showed a high thermal stability and melting temperature of xyloglucan chitosan film compared with others. The swelling properties of the xyloglucan chitosan blend film, studied as a function of pH showed that the sorption ability of the blend film was high at a pH 7.4. This indicates its controlled release property at that pH. Controlled drug release property of the film was studied by using streptomycin as a model drug.     

Analytical application of organic reagents in hydrophobic gel media-I General principle and the use of dithizone gel

Two types of hydrophobic gel particles containing dithizone were prepared, either by the swelling of low cross-linkage polystyrene beads with a dithizone solution in chlorobenzene, or by the gelatinization of a dithizone solution with dibenzalsorbitol. The extraction capacity of the gel particles for metal ions such as mercury, cadmium, zinc and lead from dilute aqueous solution, was investigated at various dithizone concentration and pH values. A column packed with such gel particles is found to be useful for the selective preconcentration or the selective trapping of specific metal ions at low concentration levels.     

Phase transitions of cassava starch dispersions prepared with glycerol solutions

The aim of this work was to study the glass transition, the glass transition of the maximally freeze-concentrated fractions, the ice melting and the gelatinization phenomenon in dispersions of starch prepared using glycerol-water solutions. The starch concentration was maintained constant at 50 g cassava starch/100 g starch dispersions, but the concentration of the glycerol solutions was variable (C _g= 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mass/mass%). The phase transitions of these dispersions were studied by calorimetric methods, using a conventional differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and a more sensitive equipment (micro-DSC). Apparently, in the glycerol diluted solutions (20 and 40%), the glycerol molecules interacted strongly with the glucose molecules of starch. While in the more concentrated glycerol domains (C _g>40%), the behaviour was controlled by migration of water molecules from the starch granules, due to a hypertonic character of glycerol, which affected all phase transitions.     

Effect of SiO2 coating layer morphology on TiH2 gas release characteristic

In this study, a uniform and compact SiO2 film-coating layer was prepared on the surface of TiH2 particles by sol-gel method using inexpensive raw materials. The preparation process of SiO2-coated TiH2 particles and the effect of the coating layer morphology on the gas release characteristic were investigated in detail. When the pH value of TiH2 suspending solution is about 4.0 and the concentration of silicic acid is more than 0.5 mol/L, the coating layer shows a SiO2 particle-coating morphology. While a homogeneous and dense film-coating layer can be obtained when the solution pH value and concentration of silicic acid are about 4.0 and 0.5 mol/L. The results of gas release at 700 degrees C show that TiH2 particles coated with silicon dioxide layers can efficiently delay the starting time of gas release of TiH2 powders to 60-100 s. Comparing the particle-coating layer, the SiO2 film-coating layer has a better delaying effect on gas release of TiH2 particles.     

毛细管电泳法同时分析水、乳、膏类化妆品中5种有机酸

建立了毛细管电泳同时分析5种有机酸的间接紫外检测法。优化了背景电解质溶液中表面活性剂十四烷基三甲基溴化铵（TTAB）的浓度和溶液pH。优化后的电泳分析条件如下：含0.4 mmol/L TTAB的15 mmol/L邻苯二甲酸氢钾溶液为背景电解质（pH 5.6）；分离电压-15 kV；检测波长254 nm；分离温度25℃；进样压力5 kPa；进样时间5 s。在此条件下，可在6 min内完成5种有机酸的同时分离检测，线性范围为甲酸15~600 mg/L、苹果酸30~800 mg/L、柠檬酸20~700 mg/L、乙醇酸40~500 mg/L和乳酸30~5000 mg/L，线性相关系数为0.9983~0.9998；检出限为0.1~2.0 μg/g。该方法可用于检测水状、乳状、膏状3类化妆品中的5种有机酸。在3个加标水平下，有机酸分析的回收率为95.0%~101.6%，RSD在2.0%以内。该方法操作简单，分析快速，安全环保，灵敏度高，重现性好，有望用于化妆品生产和保存过程中有机酸的监测。     

Discontinuous electrolyte systems for improved detection of biologically active amines and acids by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced native fluorescence detection

On-line concentration and separation of biologically active amines and acids by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in conjunction with laser-induced fluorescence using an Nd:YAG laser at 266 nm under discontinuous conditions is presented. The suitable conditions for simultaneous analysis of amines and acids were: samples were prepared in a solution (pH* 3.1) consisting of 10 mM citric acid, 89% acetonitrile (ACN), and water; a capillary was filled with 1.5 M Tris-borate (TB) buffer (pH 10.0); and the anodic vial contained PTG10 buffer (pH* 9.0) that consists of 50 mM propanoic acid, Tris, 10% glycerol, and water. After injecting a large-volume sample, amines and acids were separately stacked at the front (cathodic side) and back (anodic side) of the acidic sample zone, mainly because of changes in their electrophoretic mobilities as a result of changes in pH, viscosity, and electric field when high voltage was applied. When the sample was injected at 15 kV for 360 s, the concentration limits of detection (LODs) for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) were 0.27 and 0.31 nM, respectively, which are about 400- and 800-fold sensitivity improvements when compared to those injected at 1 kV for 10 s. For the analysis of amines, samples were prepared in 100 mM citric acid (pH* 1.8) containing 89% ACN and both the capillary and anodic vial were filled with 400 mM PTG20 (propanoic acid, Tris, 20% glycerol, and water) at pH* 4.5. Using a large injection volume (15 kV for 360 s), we achieved concentration LODs of 17 pM and 0.3 nM for tryptamine and epinephrine, which are about 5200- and 14,000-fold sensitivity improvements, respectively, in comparison with those injected at 1 kV for 10 s. The features of simplicity (no sample pretreatment), rapidity (12 min), and sensitivity for identification of amines and acids of interest in urine samples show diagnostic potential of the two approaches developed in this study.     

Evaluation of black tea polyphenol extract against the retrogradation of starches from various plant sources

The effects of black tea polyphenol extract (BTPE) on the retrogradation of starches from different plant sources were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). DSC analysis shows that the gelatinization temperature of maize starch and starches from different rice varieties increased with increasing BTPE level. After storage at 4 °C, BTPE at a concentration of 15% markedly retarded the retrogradation of maize starch and starches from different rice varieties. Native maize starch and starches from different rice varieties showed typical A-type X-ray diffraction patterns, while native potato starch showed a typical B-type X-ray diffraction pattern. Adding BTPE significantly affected the crystalline region and intensities of X-ray diffraction peaks of maize and rice starch granules. It is concluded that adding BTPE markedly inhibits the retrogradation of maize starch and starches from different rice varieties, but has no significant influence on the gelatinization and retrogradation characteristics of potato starch.     

Stimuli-sensitive thin films prepared by a layer-by-layer deposition of 2-iminobiotin-labeled poly(ethyleneimine) and avidin

Layered thin films composed of avidin and 2-iminobiotin-labeled poly(ethyleneimine) (ib-PEI) were prepared by a layer-by-layer deposition of avidin and ib-PEI on a solid surface, and the disintegration induced by changing environmental pH and adding biotin in the solution was studied. The avidin/ib-PEI layered film could be deposited only from the solutions of pH 10-12. The film did not form in pH 9 or more acidic media because of a low affinity of protonated 2-iminobiotin residues in ib-PEI to avidin. The avidin/ib-PEI layered films were stable in pH 8-12 solutions, while in pH 5-7 media the film decomposed spontaneously as a result of the protonation to 2-iminobiotin residues in ib-PEI. The avidin/ib-PEI films were disintegrated also upon addition of biotin and analogues in the solution owing to the preferential binding of biotin or analogues to the binding site of avidin. The decomposition rate was arbitrarily controlled by changing the type of stimulant (biotin or analogues) and its concentration. The avidin/ib-PEI films were disintegrated rapidly by addition of 10(-)(5) M of biotin or desthiobiotin, while the rate was slower upon adding the same concentration of lipoic acid or 2-(4'-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid. On the other hand, the film was fully decomposed within 1 min in the 10(-)(3) M lipoic acid or 2-(4'-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid solution. Thus, the decomposition rate is highly dependent on the concentration of the stimulants. It was observed that the stimuli-induced decomposition of the films is slow at pH 12, in contrast to a rapid decomposition in pH 8 medium due to a low affinity of the protonated 2-iminobiotin to avidin. The present system may be useful for constructing stimuli-sensitive devices that can release drug or other functional molecules.     

Effect of PHB on the properties of biodegradable PLA blends

Blends of biodegradable polymers polylactic acid/thermoplastic starch/polyhydroxybutyrate (PLA/TPS/PHB) were prepared using a twin-screw extruder. The TPS content was constant (50 %) and the PHB content in the blends was gradually changed from 0 mass % to 20 mass %. TPS was prepared by melting, where a mixture of native starch, water and glycerol was fed into the twinscrew extruder. Average temperature of extrusion was 180°C and the concentration of glycerol was 40 mass %. Influence of the PHB concentration in the blend and that of the processing technology on the mechanical and rheological properties of the PLA/PHB composition containing TPS were studied. Mechanical properties were measured 24 h after the film and monofilament preparation and also after the specific storage time to study the effect of storage on the properties. The results indicate that differences in morphology strongly influence the mechanical properties of the studied materials with identical material composition.     

Photothermal techniques applied to the determination of the water vapor diffusion coefficient and thermal diffusivity of edible films.

Water vapor diffusion coefficient (WVDC) and thermal diffusivity (alpha) were determined in gelatin-starch films through photothermal techniques. The effect of different variables in the elaboration of these films, such as starch and glycerol concentrations and pH, were evaluated through the response surface methodology. The results indicated that an increase in the glycerol concentration and pH favored the WVDC of the films. On the other hand, alpha was influenced principally by the starch content and pH of the film-forming solution. The minimum alpha value was 4.5 x 10(-4) cm2/s, which is compared with alpha values reported for commercial synthetic polymers.