有机氧化还原液流电池的研究进展

氧化还原液流电池（简称液流电池）是一种正在积极研制开发的新型大容量电化学储能装置,其活性物质是流动的电解质溶液,最显著的特点是规模化蓄电. 在广泛利用可再生能源的呼声高涨形势下,可以预见液流电池将迎来一个快速发展的时期. 氧化还原活性物质是液流电池能源转化的载体,也是液流电池中最核心的部分.传统液流电池利用无机材料作为活性物质,然而,无机材料成本高、毒性、资源有限、形成枝晶和电化学活性低等缺点限制了液流电池的大规模应用. 有机活性物质由于具有成本低、“绿色”、资源丰富、分子能级易于调节和电化学反应快等优点,引起了国内外的广泛关注. 近年来,有机液流电池的性能得到快速提升,一系列有机活性物质相继被开发出来. 本文梳理了近年来有机液流电池的研究进展. 首先简要介绍了液流电池的应用领域和技术特点;然后根据电解液种类的不同,详细讨论了有机活性物质在水系和非水系液流电池的应用情况;最后展望了有机液流电池走向实际应用所面临的挑战和潜在研究方向.     

液流储能电池技术研究进展

液流储能电池技术是一种高效、大规模电化学储能技术,在风能、太阳能等可再生能源发电、智能电网建设等方面有着广阔的应用前景。本文重点对全钒、多硫化钠-溴和锌-溴液流储能电池的工作原理、特点、国内外研究现状及发展趋势进行了综述,并对其他探索性液流储能电池体系进行了介绍。提出了制约液流储能电池技术发展瓶颈问题,展望了液流储能电池未来发展趋势。     

全钒液流电池储能技术开发与应用进展

大规模储能技术是实现大规模可再生能源普及应用和支撑智能电网建设的核心技术. 全钒液流电池（Vanadium Flow Battery, VFB）因其寿命长、安全性好、配置灵活、响应速度快、建设周期短、对环境影响低等突出优势,成为大规模电化学储能技术的首选. 美、日、欧等发达国家都在积极推动大型全钒液流电池技术和装备的研发. 本文重点介绍了由大连融科储能技术发展有限公司和中科院大连化学物理研究所开发的集装箱式全钒液流电池系统的测试结果,对迄今全球最大规模的5 MW/10 MWh全钒液流电池系统的运行情况进行了总结,最后指出通过进一步技术开发与规模化生产,降低其成本、提高其可靠性和电化学性能,是全钒液流电池技术和产业发展的主要方向.     

TEMPO及其衍生物在有机液流电池体系中的应用

氧化还原液流电池是一类循环效率高、性质可调控的拥有广阔前景的储能体系。相比无机液流电池体系,以TEMPO及其衍生物作为氧化还原活性材料的有机液流电池,具有成本较低、电压较高、可逆性好、结构可调等优势。本文综述了以TEMPO及其衍生物作为氧化还原活性材料的有机液流电池的研究进展,介绍了相关的实验方法、提出了未来的研究方向。     

面向规模储能的聚合物微粒“泥浆”电池

<正>随着人类对能源需求的持续提高,太阳能、风能等可再生能源的开发和利用备受关注。可再生能源发电的规模化发展需要与之相匹配的大规模、高效能量存储技术。液流电池是有潜力的大型电化学储能技术之一,具有储能规模大、循环寿命长、安全性高等优势1,2。发展更高储能密度、更低成本、可商业化应用的液流电池技术是实现国家能源安全和可持续发展的重大需求。液流电池的     

提升液流电池能量密度的策略

液流电池因为具有高储能效率,低成本,以及可解耦的能源储存和功率输出设计,被广泛认为是适用于大型储能的首选技术。但是长期以来,液流电池在电网中的大规模部署一直受限于现有的金属基活性材料的高成本和较低的储能密度。因其潜在的低成本,丰富的原材料来源,高度可调的分子结构,具有氧化还原活性的有机分子作为潜在的液流电池活性材料,受到越来越多的关注。本文首先介绍了液流电池的工作机制,以提升非水系有机液流电池的储能密度的策略为重点,总结了非水系液流电池中有机活性材料的研究进展。并讨论了这些策略存在的问题和未来的发展方向。     

基于3D固态负极的铁铅单液流电池研究

低成本的大规模电化学储能技术对于清洁可再生能源的高效利用具有重要意义.设计了一种3D结构的铅负极,并在此基础上构建了铁铅单液流电池.其中采用硫酸亚铁/硫酸铁和铅/硫酸铅分别作为电池的正、负极活性物质,硫酸水溶液为电解液.负极采用高导电的乙炔黑构建了具有多孔结构的导电网络,并通过加入硫酸钡或腐殖酸等添加剂显著提升了电池性...     

全钒液流电池离子导电膜

随着可再生能源技术的不断发展,全钒液流电池作为具有较大发展前景的大规模储能装置,受到了国内外的广泛关注.离子导电膜作为全钒液流电池重要的组成部件之一,对于电池的性能、使用寿命和成本有着关键性的影响.根据国内外的研究报道,本综述详细介绍了全钒液流电池离子导电膜的科研与应用进展以及所面临的技术难题,为高性能、低成本、长寿命...     

石墨基液流电池复合双极板

液流电池是一种安全性高、使用寿命长、可扩展的大规模储能系统,可以协助电网调峰储能,提高能源利用率,发展前景广阔。双极板是液流电池的重要组成部分。功能上起到了分隔、串联电池、传导电流、为电堆提供结构支撑等作用。从成本构成角度看,双极板的价格占电堆成本的比重也较大。开发高性能、低成本的双极板对加快液流电池的商业化应用具有重要意义,也是目前业界的迫切需求。虽然文献上报道了许多针对液流电池双极板开发的工作,但是目前高性能、低成本的液流电池双极板产品仍无法充分满足市场需求。本文着重介绍了石墨基复合双极板的研究现状,介绍了材料选择、工艺流程对关键性能的影响,对相关工作进行了评述,并为液流电池双极板的开发提出了建议。     

全钒液流电池碳电极材料的研究进展

近年来,全钒液流电池作为一种大规模储能装置,其电极材料得到了广泛的研究,并且获得了一定的进展.本文简述了全钒液流电池对电极材料的要求,综述了其电极材料的研究进展,重点介绍了碳电极及其改性方面的工作,并对其电极材料的发展趋势进行了展望.     

An Aqueous Symmetric Sodium‐Ion Battery with NASICON‐Structured Na3MnTi(PO4)3

A symmetric sodium‐ion battery with an aqueous electrolyte is demonstrated; it utilizes the NASICON‐structured Na₃MnTi(PO₄)₃ as both the anode and the cathode. The NASICON‐structured Na₃MnTi(PO₄)₃ possesses two electrochemically active transition metals with the redox couples of Ti⁴⁺/Ti³⁺ and Mn³⁺/Mn²⁺ working on the anode and cathode sides, respectively. The symmetric cell based on this bipolar electrode material exhibits a well‐defined voltage plateau centered at about 1.4 V in an aqueous electrolyte with a stable cycle performance and superior rate capability. The advent of aqueous symmetric sodium‐ion battery with high safety and low cost may provide a solution for large‐scale stationary energy storage.     

Next-generation aqueous flow battery chemistries

The battery industry is seeking solutions for large-scale energy storage that are affordable, durable, and safe. Aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) have the inherent properties to meet these requirements. While much has been learned over the past decade on the properties of redox materials, the focus of next-generation systems must be primarily on lowering redox material cost and increasing durability. In this context, in addition to inexpensive materials such as iron salts, redox couples based on small organic molecules have shown significant promise. A considerable level of understanding has been gained on the factors affecting the durability of aqueous RFB systems, specifically relating to molecular stability and crossover. New molecular classes, substituent strategies, and cell configurations have been identified to enhance the durability of systems in the future. Next-generation systems will also need to focus on designing molecules for achieving high energy efficiency and power density as well. Furthermore, the application of computational methods for screening of chemical stability could accelerate discovery of new molecular architectures.     

Evaluation of Electrochemical Stability of Sulfonated Anthraquinone-Based Acidic Electrolyte for Redox Flow Battery Application

Despite intense research in the field of aqueous organic redox flow batteries, low molecular stability of electroactive compounds limits further commercialization. Additionally, currently used methods typically cannot differentiate between individual capacity fade mechanisms, such as degradation of electroactive compound and its cross-over through the membrane. We present a more complex method for in situ evaluation of (electro)chemical stability of electrolytes using a flow electrolyser and a double half-cell including permeation measurements of electrolyte cross-over through a membrane by a UV–VIS spectrometer. The method is employed to study (electro)chemical stability of acidic negolyte based on an anthraquinone sulfonation mixture containing mainly 2,6- and 2,7-anthraquinone disulfonic acid isomers, which can be directly used as an RFB negolyte. The effect of electrolyte state of charge (SoC), current load and operating temperature on electrolyte stability is tested. The results show enhanced capacity decay for fully charged electrolyte (0.9 and 2.45% per day at 20 °C and 40 °C, respectively) while very good stability is observed at 50% SoC and lower, even at 40 °C and under current load (0.02% per day). HPLC analysis conformed deep degradation of AQ derivatives connected with the loss of aromaticity. The developed method can be adopted for stability evaluation of electrolytes of various organic and inorganic RFB chemistries.     

Proton Intercalation/De‐Intercalation Dynamics in Vanadium Oxides for Aqueous Aluminum Electrochemical Cells

Understanding cation (H⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, Al³⁺, etc.) intercalation/de‐intercalation chemistry in transition metal compounds is crucial for the design of cathode materials in aqueous electrochemical cells. Here we report that orthorhombic vanadium oxides (V₂O₅) supports highly reversible proton intercalation/de‐intercalation reactions in aqueous media, enabling aluminum electrochemical cells with extended cycle life. Empirical analyses using vibrational and x‐ray spectroscopy are complemented with theoretical analysis of the electrostatic potential to establish how and why protons intercalate in V₂O₅ in aqueous media. We show further that cathode coatings composed of cation selective membranes provide a straightforward method for enhancing cathode reversibility by preventing anion cross‐over in aqueous electrolytes. Our work sheds light on the design of cation transport requirements for high‐energy reversible cathodes in aqueous electrochemical cells.     

Aqueous organic and redox-mediated redox flow batteries: a review

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are among the most investigated technologies for large-scale energy storage applications. Since the first commercialization of all-vanadium RFB (in the early 90s), the technology has evolved towards the development of new systems. This review focuses on three innovative concepts including aqueous organic RFB (AO-RFB), dual-circuit RFB and redox solid booster–based RFB. We will highlight the recent advances in the last five years and discuss the main challenges encountered. Particularly, we focused on the use of redox-mediated process to reach higher energy density than conventional RFB.     

Reexamination of the heat capacities obtained by flow microcalorimetry. Recommendation for the use of a chemical standard

A series of measurements with aqueous electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutions indicates that there is a small systematic difference between the heat capacities per unit volume determined with a Picker flow microcalorimeter and the original prototype. Through various tests and comparisons, it is, concluded that the commercial instrument gives results closer to the true values. Most of the previous data obtained in our laboratory have been corrected and expressed relative to aqueous NaCl at 25°C taken as a standard.On leave of absence from the Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands     

Progress of Organic Electrodes in Aqueous Electrolyte for Energy Storage and Conversion

Aqueous batteries using inorganic compounds as electrode materials are considered a promising solution for grid-scale energy storage, while wide application is limited by the short life and/or high cost of electrodes. Organics with carbonyl groups are being investigated as the alternative to inorganic electrode materials because they offer the advantages of tunable structures, renewability, and they are environmentally benign. Furthermore, the wide internal space of such organic materials enables flexible storage of various charged ions (for example, H⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺, and so on). We offer a comprehensive overview of the progress of organics containing carbonyls for energy storage and conversion in aqueous electrolytes, including applications in aqueous batteries as solid-state electrodes, in flow batteries as soluble redox species, and in water electrolysis as redox buffer electrodes. The advantages of organic electrodes are summarized, with a discussion of the challenges remaining for their practical application.     

全钒氧化还原液流电池中电极材料的研究评述

全钒氧化还原液流电池是一种新型的蓄电池 ,较之传统蓄电池有许多的优点 ,本文介绍了钒电池中的两类电极材料 (金属类和复合类 )的发展情况     

单液流锌镍电池锌负极性能及电池性能初步研究

对单液流锌镍电池锌电极在电解液流动状态下,电沉积锌形貌随电流密度的变化进行表征,结果表明,随充电电流密度的增大电沉积锌层逐渐致密化,没有枝晶生成.组装了容量为2Ah的电池,并进行长时间充放电性能研究.测试结果该电池的平均充电电压为1.84 V,平均放电电压1.65 V,平均库仑效率达到96%,能量效率达到了86%.