光催化还原CO2的研究现状和发展前景

综述了光催化还原CO2的研究进展,并重点介绍了本课题组在光催化还原CO2为碳氢燃料方面的研究工作,通过该途径可降低CO2在大气中的排放浓度,还可将CO2转化为烷烃、醇或其它有机物质,从而实现碳材料的再循环使用.最后展望了该研究领域的前景.     

TiO2光催化还原CO2

光催化还原CO₂技术在CO₂的治理与利用方面有着潜在的应用价值和良好的开发前景。该文简要综述了近年来用于光催化还原CO₂反应的TiO₂光催化剂材料,包括纯TiO₂催化剂、负载型TiO₂催化剂、金属改性TiO₂催化剂、半导体复合TiO₂催化剂和有机光敏化TiO₂催化剂等,并介绍了各类催化剂光催化还原CO₂的反应性能。     

金属纳米簇在CO2光催化还原中的研究进展

化石燃料的大量燃烧不仅造成能源危机,而且排放的二氧化碳（CO2）会使气候变暖。以清洁、储量丰富的太阳光作为能量来源,将CO2光催化还原为高附加值的化学产品是缓解当前环境问题和能源问题的主要方法之一。然而,CO2在常温常压下非常的稳定,因此需要设计并构筑高效光催化剂来捕捉和转化CO2,以达到高效光催化CO2还原的目的。在众多研究的光催化剂中,金属纳米簇因其具有独特的结构特点、优异的物理和化学性质,所以在光催化CO2还原领域得到了广泛的应用。基于此,我们首先对金属纳米簇进行了分类,将其分为贵金属纳米簇和非贵金属纳米簇;然后分别对贵金属和非贵金属纳米簇在光催化CO2还原中的研究进展进行了归纳与总结。本文通过及时全面概述近几年该领域的研究进展,从而为未来研究方向提供新思路。     

负载金属助催化剂MgAl-LDO/TiO2的光催化还原CO2性能

通过原位光沉积将不同贵金属Cu、Ag、Au、Pt、Rh、Pd和Cu-Pt、Cu-Pd、Pt-Pd、Au-Ag作为助催化剂负载在MgAl层状双金属氧化物(MgAl-LDO)/TiO_2催化剂表面,研究了助催化剂种类对MgAl-LDO/TiO_2的光催化还原CO_2性能的影响.结果表明:沉积Cu、Ag、Au、Rh和Ag-Au时,还原反应倾向于生成CO,而沉积Pt、Pd、Cu-Pt、Cu-Pd和Pt-Pd时,反应倾向于生成CH_4.在所选择的助催化剂体系中,Au是最佳的单一金属助催化剂,Cu-Pt则是最佳的双金属助催化剂体系.     

钙钛矿材料光催化还原CO2综述

利用半导体材料光催化还原CO2合成可燃物是目前解决能源危机和缓解温室效应的理想途径.本文对几种钙钛矿型材料,包括纯无机卤化物钙钛矿材料、金属有机钙钛矿材料、氧化物型钙钛矿材料和复合型钙钛矿材料在光催化还原CO2领域的应用进行了简单的归纳与总结.     

通过金属离子刺激调节金属有机骨架结构用于光催化CO2还原

通过自组装得到一种具有适中配位键强度和适度骨架柔性的二维Cd基金属有机骨架(MOF){[Cd (HL)(BPY)_0.5(H₂O)]·2H₂O}_n(1),其中H₃L=4,4′,4″-(亚硝基三(亚甲基))三苯甲酸,BPY=4,4′-联吡啶)。由于其独特的结构特征,在金属离子(Zn²⁺/Ni²⁺/Co²⁺)刺激下,1逐渐转变成相应金属离子主导的MOF结构2、3和4。在此过程中,随着金属离子Cd²⁺→Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺→Ni²⁺和Cd²⁺→Co²⁺的交换,1通道中自由的Cd²⁺和L3-与MOF的骨架进行融合,导致通道空间的扩大,发生次级构筑单元(SBU)的转变,进而形成可调节的骨架。光催化二氧化碳还原结果表明,由离子交换所得到的新结构在催化效率上并没有很大改观,但在产物选择性上却有极大地提升(其中配合物3展示出100%的CO选择性)。     

通过金属离子刺激调节金属有机骨架结构用于光催化CO2还原

通过自组装得到一种具有适中配位键强度和适度骨架柔性的二维Cd基金属有机骨架(MOF){[Cd (HL)(BPY)_0.5(H₂O)]·2H₂O}_n (1),其中H₃L=4,4'',4″-(亚硝基三(亚甲基))三苯甲酸,BPY=4,4''-联吡啶)。由于其独特的结构特征,在金属离子(Zn²⁺/Ni²⁺/Co²⁺)刺激下,1逐渐转变成相应金属离子主导的MOF结构2、3和4。在此过程中,随着金属离子Cd²⁺→Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺→Ni²⁺和Cd²⁺→Co²⁺的交换,1通道中自由的Cd²⁺和L^3-与MOF的骨架进行融合,导致通道空间的扩大,发生次级构筑单元(SBU)的转变,进而形成可调节的骨架。光催化二氧化碳还原结果表明,由离子交换所得到的新结构在催化效率上并没有很大改观,但在产物选择性上却有极大地提升(其中配合物3展示出100%的CO选择性)。     

MOFs基材料在光催化CO2还原中的应用

系统总结了金属有机框架(MOFs)基材料在光催化还原CO₂中的最新研究进展, 其中包括MOFs直接作为光催化剂和作为复合光催化2个主要部分, 讨论了MOFs基光催化剂在催化还原CO₂方面展现出的独特优势, 并对MOFs基光催化剂的结构稳定性与CO₂转化效率等问题进行讨论与分析, 对未来发展趋势进行了展望.     

光催化CO2还原的超薄层状催化剂

The acceleration of industrialization and the continuous upgradation of consumption structure has increased the atmospheric content of CO₂ far beyond the past levels, leading to a serious global environmental problem. Photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ is one of the most promising methods to solve the problem of rising atmospheric CO₂ content. The core of this technology is to develop efficient, environment-friendly, and affordable photocatalysts. A photocatalyst is a semiconductor that can absorb photons from sunlight and produce electron-hole pairs to initiate a redox reaction. Owing to their low specific surface areas, significant electron-hole recombination, and less surface-active sites, bulk photocatalysts are not satisfactory. Ultrathin layered materials have shown great potential for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction owing to their characteristics of large specific surface area, a large number of low-coordination surface atoms, short transfer distance from the inside to the catalyst surface, along with other advantages. Photoexcited electrons only need to cover a short distance to transfer to the nanowafer surface, and the speed of migrating electrons on the nanowafer surface is much higher than that in the layers or in the bulk catalyst. The ultrathin structure leads to significant coordinative unsaturation and even vacancy defects in the lattice structure of the atoms; while the former can be used as active sites for CO₂ adsorption and reaction, the latter can improve the separation of the electron-hole pair. This review summarizes the latest developments in ultrathin layered photocatalysts for CO₂ reduction. First, the photocatalytic reduction mechanism of CO₂ is introduced briefly, and the factors governing product selectivity are explained. Second, the existing catalysts, such as g-C₃N₄, black phosphorus (BP), graphene oxide (GO), metal oxide, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), perovskite, BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I), layered double hydroxide (LDH), 2D-MOF, MXene, and two-dimensional honeycomb-like Ge―Si alloy compounds (gersiloxenes), are classified. In addition, the prevalent preparation methods are summarized, including mechanical stripping, gas stripping, liquid stripping, chemical etching, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), template method, self-assembly of surfactant, and the intermediate precursor method of lamellar Bi-oleate complex. Finally, we introduced the strategy of improving photocatalyst performance on the premise of maintaining its layered structure, including the factors of thickness adjustment, doping, structural defects, composite, etc. The future opportunities and challenges of ultrathin layered photocatalysts for the reduction of carbon dioxide have also been proposed.     

Metal-Free Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to CH4 and H2O2 under Non-sacrificial Ambient Conditions

Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction to CH₄ requires photosensitizers and sacrificial agents to provide sufficient electrons and protons through metal-based photocatalysts, and the separation of CH₄ from by-product O₂ has poor applications. Herein, we successfully synthesize a metal-free photocatalyst of a novel electron-acceptor 4,5,9,10-pyrenetetrone (PT), to our best knowledge, this is the first time that metal-free catalyst achieves non-sacrificial photocatalytic CO₂ to CH₄ and easily separable H₂O₂. This photocatalyst offers CH₄ product of 10.6 μmol ⋅ g⁻¹ ⋅ h⁻¹ under non-sacrificial ambient conditions (room temperature, and only water), which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the reported metal-free photocatalysts. Comprehensive in situ characterizations and calculations reveal a multi-step reaction mechanism, in which the long-lived oxygen-centered radical in the excited PT provides as a site for CO₂ activation, resulting in a stabilized cyclic carbonate intermediate with a lower formation energy. This key intermediate is thermodynamically crucial for the subsequent reduction to CH₄ product with the electronic selectivity of up to 90 %. The work provides fresh insights on the economic viability of photocatalytic CO₂ reduction to easily separable CH₄ in non-sacrificial and metal-free conditions.     

CuOx/TiO2光催化水蒸气还原CO2

以商品TiO2-P25为原料,通过浸渍法负载一定量过渡金属Cu,得到一系列不同含量的CuOx/TiO2光催化剂。利用X射线衍射（XRD）,X－射线光电子能谱（XPS）,BET,高分辨率透射镜（HRTEM）,X射线荧光光谱（XRF）和光致发光光谱（PL）等方法对催化剂进行了详细表征,在自建的光催化反应器中评价了气态水光催化还原CO2反应的活性和CH4收率。结果表明负载CuOx后的TiO2纳米材料光催化性能显著提高,其中1%CuOx/TiO2样品紫外光照72 h后,CH4生成量达到了24.86 µmol•gTi-1。同时,CuOx负载量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对CH4收率均有显著影响。     

Synergistic Porosity and Charge Effects in a Supramolecular Porphyrin Cage Promote Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction**

We present a supramolecular approach to catalyzing photochemical CO₂ reduction through second-sphere porosity and charge effects. An iron porphyrin box ( PB ) bearing 24 cationic groups, FePB-2(P) , was made via post-synthetic modification of an alkyne-functionalized supramolecular synthon. FePB-2(P) promotes the photochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) with 97 % selectivity for CO product, achieving turnover numbers (TON) exceeding 7000 and initial turnover frequencies (TOF_max) reaching 1400 min⁻¹. The cooperativity between porosity and charge results in a 41-fold increase in activity relative to the parent Fe tetraphenylporphyrin ( FeTPP ) catalyst, which is far greater than analogs that augment catalysis through porosity ( FePB-3(N ), 4-fold increase) or charge (Fe p-tetramethylanilinium porphyrin ( Fe-p-TMA ), 6-fold increase) alone. This work establishes that synergistic pendants in the secondary coordination sphere can be leveraged as a design element to augment catalysis at primary active sites within confined spaces.     

Enhancement of Formation of Polar Microenvironment in Polymer by Compressed CO_2

To date, polar microenvironments in apolar solvents have been successfully used in different ways, such as separation of proteins1, enzymatic or catalytic reactions in reverse micelles2. It is obvious that investigation of new method to create polar microenvironments is of great importance to both pure and applied sciences, and it is desirable that forming and breaking the microenvironments can be easily controlled. Compressed CO2 can dissolve in many organic solvents and the solubility can …     

负载型TiO2/SBA-15的制备及其光催化还原CO2性能

以羧基改性的SBA-15(COOH/SBA-15)和钛酸四丁酯(TB)为原料,利用COOH/SBA-15表面上高分散的大量羧基将TB锚定,通过溶剂热处理得到高分散负载型TiO2/SBA-15催化剂.产物经XRD,Raman,FT-IR,TEM,N2吸脱附和UV-Vis表征,结果显示:所制备的TiO2/SBA-15催化剂为比表面大、结晶度较高的锐钛矿TiO2,TiO2均匀分散于SBA-15表面,此外,COOH/SBA-15有效抑制了TiO2晶粒的长大.以光催化还原CO2为探针反应,考察了TiO2/SBA-15催化剂在紫外光照射下的光催化性能.结果表明:相比于后处理浸渍法制备的光催化剂,本文制备的TiO2/SBA-15催化剂表现出了高的光催化还原CO2活性,主要产物为甲醇,且TiO2最佳负载量为16.5%,并对相关反应机理做了探讨.     

活性炭负载Cu离子掺杂纳米TiO2颗粒的制备及光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法在活性炭(AC)表面负载掺杂Cu离子的TiO2纳米颗粒, 制备负载型掺杂Cu2+-TiO2/AC复合光催化剂, 采用XRD, ESR, FS, UV-Vis和BET等手段对其进行了表征, 通过罗丹明B的光催化降解试验, 分析活性炭载体的比表面积和Cu离子掺杂量对负载型掺杂催化剂光催化活性的影响. 结果表明, Cu以+2价存在, Ti以少量的+3价存在; TiO2纳米颗粒具有量子尺寸效应, 吸光阈值显著蓝移, 并使光谱相应范围向可见光区拓展; 另外, 适量Cu离子的掺杂降低了负载型TiO2/AC的荧光强度. 负载和高温处理没有改变活性炭载体的微观结构. 以AC3为载体和质量分数为3%的Cu离子掺杂所制备的3%Cu2+-TiO2/AC3催化剂的活性最高, 并且该催化剂便于回收, 在重复使用中也表现出很高的光催化活性.     

负载型TiO2催化剂的制备及光催化丙酮蒸汽的降解性能研究

研究了负载型ＴｉＯ２催化剂对丙酮的光催化降解作用。结果表明,载体和催化剂的灼烧温度,ＴｉＣｌ４－ＨＣｌ溶液的对催化剂性能有较大的影响。ＸＲＤ,ＩＣＰ和ＳＥＭ等结果表明,通过改变制备条件,增加催化剂中活性组分含量,改善锐钛矿型ＴｉＯ２晶形,减小粒径,均能使催化剂活性加强。     

空心玻璃微球负载TiO2光催化回收银

以钛酸四丁酯的溶胶为前驱体，通过浸渍法制备漂浮型光催化剂．它的光催化活性比P25高，且易于分离回收．沉积在催化剂上的金属银可通过超声震荡有效回收，该操作简单，具有实际应用前景．循环使用3次的光催化剂的催化活性未显著降低；但第4次由于催化剂负载TiO2损失量大，活性明显降低．讨论了反应机理．