六核环状钴配合物用于光催化CO2到CO转化(英文)

自然界中的光合作用被认为是非常重要的生化反应,它不仅为植物生长提供能量,为动物提供食物来源,而且它还维持了大气中CO₂和O₂含量相对稳定.每年自然界通过光合作用利用的太阳能约是人类生产生活所需能量的10倍.目前,人工光合作用越来越引起人们关注.光合作用主要包括光反应放O₂和暗反应CO₂固定(Calvin循环),涉及水氧化(6H₂O-12e-→12 H⁺+3 O₂)和CO₂还原反应(6CO₂+12H⁺+6H₂O+12e^-→C6_H12O₆+3O₂+6H₂O).目前,为了满足能源需求和减少温室效应, CO₂还原反应(CO₂RR)制备碳氢燃料成为前沿与热点研究方向.在自然界光合作用中...     

TiO2/TiN纳米管异质结用于光电催化CO2还原:氮辅助活性氢机制(英文)

利用太阳能将CO₂转换为高附加值的化学品是解决化石燃料消耗过快与CO₂排放过度问题的可行性方案.光电催化CO₂还原可以模拟自然光合作用将CO₂还原为多碳产物(C₂₊).然而,光电催化剂的带隙与太阳辐射光谱不匹配以及载流子的快速复合是限制人工光合作用效率的关键因素.前期研究表明,缺陷工程可有效地增加催化剂活性位点,减小半导体的带隙并增强对光子的捕获能力;而异质结的构筑则可有效提升载流子的分离效率.因此,构建具有较好可见光响应的高效半导体异质结催化剂有望实现催化材料对CO₂还原能力和产物选择性的提升.本文通过对金属钛板进行电化学阳极氧化,氨气气氛煅烧得到Ti N,然后原位进行部分氧化构筑出结构新颖的Ti O₂/Ti N纳米管异质结材料,再进行配体和钯量子点修饰,得到更加高效的催化电极材料Pd/R-Ti O₂/TiN,并在三电极系统中研究了其光电催化CO₂还原的性能.通过扫描隧道电子显微镜、透射电...     

光系统Ⅱ光驱动CO2同化的光合作用(英文)

光合作用作为地球上最重要的化学反应,是一切生命活动赖以生存的基础.光合作用分为光反应和暗反应两个阶段.通常认为,光反应阶段产生O₂,暗反应阶段CO₂被还原(也称“CO₂同化”).尽管这一观点已被公众所熟知,但也存在诸多疑点,一些科学家(包括1931年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主OttoWarburg)认为, CO₂也可能在光反应阶段作为反应底物参与了产氧并被还原.然而,该观点至今没有在实验上获得充足的证据支持.那么,在光反应阶段是否能够进行CO₂同化？如果能够发生,产物和机理是什么？毫无疑问,这些科学问题具有十分重要的研究价值,对这些问题的探索能帮助我们更加充分认识光合作用机制.然而,自上世纪十年代以来,相关研究已陷入停滞状态.为了解开光合作用领域的这个重要科学谜团,即在光合作用中CO₂是否能通过光反应被还原,本文选取三类不同层次的光合作用体系(小球藻、叶绿体、PSII中心复合体)为研究对象,结合原位质谱、气相色谱和同位素标记等手段,设计了一系列实验,排除了...     

磷掺杂碳负载ZnxPyOz常温常压下高效电催化合成氨

合成氨(NH₃)的发展是现代工业进程和人类生存的基石。受氮气(N₂)化学惰性的限制,当前的合成氨工业能源消耗高并且排放大量的二氧化碳。电化学氮气还原反应(NRR),是有望取代高能耗的Haber-Bosch (HB)合成法的一种绿色可持续的合成氨工艺。然而,因氮气以及析氢竞争富反应(HER)导致电催化氮气还原极低的NH₃产率和能量转换效率一直是目前人工固氮领域面临的挑战。在本文中,我们报道了一种具有丰富孔结构的磷掺杂碳(PC)负载Zn₃(PO₄)₂/Zn₂P₂O₇纳米复合材料(h-PC/Zn₃(PO₄)₂/Zn₂P₂O₇),在酸性和中性介质中将N₂高效催化转化为NH₃。其独特的分级多孔结构提高了表面粗糙度并加快了氮气在催...     

光照下自然水体生物膜产生H2O2及其对十二烷基苯磺酸钠降解的影响

通过模拟实验研究了不同活性的自然水体生物膜在光照条件下生成过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的反应. 并研究了光照对自然水体生物膜体系中十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)降解的影响, 结合无生物膜H₂O₂溶液中SDBS的降解实验, 验证了H₂O₂对SDBS降解的作用. 结果表明, 具有生物活性的生物膜可以生成H₂O₂, 而无活性和光合作用受到抑制的生物膜则不能生成H₂O₂; 光照条件下, 生物膜体系中SDBS的降解量明显高于无光照条件下的; 光照和Fe²⁺对H₂O₂降解SDBS有促进作用.     

金属-二氧化碳电池的发展:机理及关键材料

金属-二氧化碳(Me-CO₂)电池结合了先进储能和有效固定CO₂的双重特性,被视为下一代能源转换和储存以及CO₂捕获和利用器件的潜在候选者。然而,目前Me-CO₂电池面临如倍率性能差、高极化率、CO₂转换效率低、循环寿命短等一系列的挑战。为了便于了解Me-CO₂电池的最新研究并促进其发展,本文系统地总结、比较和讨论了基于金属(锂、钠、铝、锌、钾)阳极的Me-CO₂电池的发展,包括电池放电/充电机制、阴极材料/电催化剂、电解质、金属电极等,着重阐明了电极和电解质等功能材料对电极反应稳定性和速率的影响,展望了合理构建电池材料的前景和方向,为Me-CO₂电池的发展提供指导。     

太阳能驱动H2O2的原位生产与利用:自循环光催化芬顿系统(英文)

人工光合成通过模拟自然界的光合作用合成人类必须的化学品,并在光解水制氢、水和氧气反应制备双氧水等领域得到了广泛的关注.然而,双氧水不稳定导致产物的分离和提纯成本高,阻碍了其进一步发展.为解决上述问题,最近,南京理工大学张侃教授团队联合韩国延世大学Jong Hyeok Park教授,河海大学敖燕辉教授开发出了基于人工树叶的自循环光芬顿系统,在碳酸氢盐溶液和微量Mn²⁺/Mn⁴⁺的协同作用下,成功地将原位生产的双氧水进一步生成活性含氧物种(ROSs)并用于污水处理,实现了高效太阳能驱动H₂O₂的原位生产与利用(见Nat.Commun.,2022,13,4982).该工作首先利用人工树叶阴极部分对Mn⁴⁺离子还原,实现了Mn²⁺/Mn⁴⁺氧化还原物种在催化体系中的循环使用,确保了芬顿体系的可持续性.其次,通过对耦合的光阳极以及阴极的表面动力学过程进行优化,构建了太阳能到双氧水转换效率超过1.46%的人工树叶.实验发现,70 cm^2...     

光催化还原二氧化碳全反应的研究进展

通过光催化将二氧化碳(CO₂)还原为可持续的绿色太阳能燃料是同时解决环境问题和能源危机的极具前景的方案.尽管迄今为止已经进行了广泛的研究,但实现高转化率、高选择性和高稳定性的光催化二氧化碳还原仍有许多障碍.如将水作为电子供体而非牺牲试剂,能够使反应的吉布斯自由能变ΔG>0,这对于真正实现理想化的人工光合作用至关重要,但同时也会为光催化还原CO₂体系带来更多的挑战.我们首先简要介绍了光催化还原CO₂的机理与挑战,而后根据目前光催化还原CO₂在无牺牲剂体系中出现的问题总结了对应的策略以及最新的研究进展,包括能带结构的调整、助催化剂的负载、异质结的构建、 MOFs与COFs材料的设计等方面,最后对目前仍未解决的问题以及未来实现工业化应用的阻碍进行了总结.     

“一体化”共价有机框架光催化二氧化碳还原研究（英文）

自工业革命以来,温室气体CO₂大量排放使得环境问题日益突出,严重制约了人类的生存和发展.人工光合作用可利用取之不尽的阳光作为驱动力,将CO₂还原为可实际应用的化学燃料(CO、HCOOH等).人工光合作用体系通常包括两部分:光敏剂和催化剂.光敏剂吸收入射光的能量,电子由基态(价带)跃迁至激发态(导带);处于激发态的光敏剂将电子转移到催化剂上;最终由催化剂实现CO₂还原.对光敏剂和催化剂进行合理的调变可以构建更加高效、稳定的人工光合作用体系.共价有机框架(COFs)材料是由轻元素(C, H, O, N, B等)组成的有机小分子构筑单元通过动态共价键组装,所形成的具有预先设计的拓扑结构的一维、二维或三维的晶态有机多孔骨架材料.自从2005年首次报道COFs材料的成功合成以来,COFs逐渐地发展成为了一种具有高潜力和广泛的功能化应用前景的多孔骨架聚合物.特别是二维共价有机框架(2D-COFs).2D-COFs独特的平面扩展共轭π-π结构,使其具有较好的光吸收性能,轴向的π堆叠结构,有利于光生电荷的分离和转移, 2D-COFs材料...     

贵金属对TiO2悬浮液光照过程中H2O2形成的促进作用

众所周知,TiO₂是一种能进行光能-化学能转换的半导体材料.70年代初期,日本的Fujishima等人[1]发现TiO₂电极能利用光能将水分解为氢气和氧气.从此,TiO₂作为光能转换材料,在太阳能利用,环境保护,卫生医疗等许多领域逐渐引起研究人员的注目并相继在许多基础和应用方面得到了大量的研究^[2～5].     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.