新型力学性能增强二氧化硅气凝胶块体隔热材料

作为一种轻质和超高孔隙率的三维纳米多孔材料,二氧化硅气凝胶具有极低的常温导热系数,成为理想的纳米多孔超级隔热材料。然而,二氧化硅气凝胶的力学性能很差,且常压干燥制备的气凝胶整体性较差,这些都极大地限制了二氧化硅气凝胶的实际应用。近年来,通过复合或交联的方法制备得到的新型二氧化硅气凝胶,在一定程度上提高了其整体性、强度和柔韧性,使得二氧化硅气凝胶作为单独的块体材料应用成为可能。本文简要介绍二氧化硅气凝胶的多孔结构、基本性质和隔热原理,并对纤维增强、聚合物交联和其他复合二氧化硅气凝胶作为块体隔热材料的研究现状进行重点综述。最后,总结了该领域存在的关键问题,并提出未来的研究方向。     

超低密度气凝胶的制备及应用

超低密度气凝胶是一类具有超轻质特性的多孔固体材料,较常规气凝胶具有更高的孔隙率与更为多样化的表面特性,其独特的物理与化学性质使其作为新型纳米多孔材料在诸多新兴领域得到了重要应用。在制备过程中保留超低密度气凝胶高度发达的三维孔隙结构,以及在实际应用中发挥超低密度气凝胶独特的功能特性是气凝胶领域近年来的研究重点之一。本文按照超低密度气凝胶的主要类型综述了该材料制备技术的最新研究进展,探讨了其在空间探测、阻燃隔热、储能、吸附、催化以及传感领域的应用方式;通过分析目前研究中存在的主要问题,对未来的发展方向,如突破常压干燥制备技术、开展各类复合气凝胶或结构有序可控的超低密度气凝胶的制备、系统性地研究超轻质特性对气凝胶特定功能的影响规律等进行了展望。     

常压干燥制备二氧化硅气凝胶*

二氧化硅气凝胶是典型的纳米多孔轻质材料,由于具有独特的性能并在许多领域存在潜在的应用价值而受到广泛关注。二氧化硅气凝胶的制备传统上采用超临界干燥工艺,但此工艺成本高、工艺复杂而且具有一定的危险性。为了实现二氧化硅气凝胶的大批量生产和商品化应用,研究低成本常压干燥制备技术非常必要。目前常压干燥制备工艺已取得了较大进展,本文主要介绍了二氧化硅气凝胶的常压干燥制备方法及其特点,并概述了二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料制备的最新研究进展。以纤维和聚和物为增强体的二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料改善了气凝胶的力学性能,进一步扩宽了其应用范围。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米WO_3气致变色材料

本文主要阐述了纳米WO3气致变色材料的溶胶-凝胶制备方法、气致变色机理及其应用的研究新进展,重点评述了溶胶-凝胶法中各种制备条件诸如掺杂、模板剂、溶剂、热处理温度等对这种材料的结构和性能的影响,最后展望了纳米WO3气致变色材料的研究和应用前景。我们认为,在未来的溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米WO3气致变色材料领域,如何进行最优化的掺杂设计和选择高效模板剂、如何降低气体检测温度以及气致变色机理等将是该项研究的重点。     

增强体复合SiO2气凝胶的研究进展

SiO_2气凝胶是一种具有纳米结构的多孔材料,在声学、光学、热学、电学等领域有着广阔的应用前景,但是脆弱的力学性能严重限制了其实际应用。目前,在SiO_2气凝胶中引入增强体是改善其力学性能最为有效的方法,常用的增强体根据类别可分为纤维、聚合物、纳米材料等。本文综述了增强体复合SiO_2气凝胶的最新研究进展,对复合气凝胶的制备方法、增强机理进行分析并对未来提高气凝胶力学性能的方法发展重点进行了展望。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米WO3气致变色材料

本文主要阐述了纳米WO₃气致变色材料的溶胶-凝胶制备方法、气致变色机理及其应用的研究新进展,重点评述了溶胶-凝胶法中各种制备条件诸如掺杂、模板剂、溶剂、热处理温度等对这种材料的结构和性能的影响,最后展望了纳米WO₃气致变色材料的研究和应用前景。我们认为,在未来的溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米WO₃气致变色材料领域,如何进行最优化的掺杂设计和选择高效模板剂、如何降低气体检测温度、以及气致变色机理等将是该项研究的重点。     

纤维素基智能凝胶的制备、结构及性能研究

纤维素是自然界中最丰富的生物质资源,因其具有可再生性、生物相容性、无毒、可降解等诸多特性,纤维素及其衍生物不仅广泛应用于传统的工业领域,而且在药物控释、组织工程、可穿戴设备材料等领域也有着广阔的应用前景。受到工程技术应用需求的驱动,以纤维素及其衍生物为基材的智能凝胶材料已成为目前的研究热点。作者系统研究了纤维素基智能凝胶材料的制备、结构及性能。主要内容如下： 1.制备了纤维素基气凝胶并对其进行疏水改性,研究了疏水改性后的纤维素气凝胶材料在水下吸附气体的能力,并设计了纤维素基智能捕集器,用于连续不断地吸附从海底释放的甲烷气体。 2.制备了TEMPO氧化的纳米纤维素纤维,并将其用于增强聚丙烯酰胺/明胶形状记忆水凝胶的力学性能;制备的复合水凝胶展示了较好的形状记忆行为,并且该水凝胶的形状记忆性能具有较好的可重复性。 3.利用羧甲基纤维素制备了对多种金属阳离子响应的形状记忆水凝胶;能够通过改变羧甲基纤维素与金属离子之间的交联密度,调节该水凝胶的力学性能。 4.将羧甲基纤维素钠与聚丙烯酸（PAA）复合制备出具有较优异机械性能和自修复性能的聚丙烯酸/羧甲基纤维素钠水凝胶。通过简单的浸泡法,将该复合水凝胶浸泡在氯化钠（NaCl）溶液中,可以促进CMC和PAA之间的链缠结,进一步提升其机械性能。此外,由于水凝胶的导离子性,制备的水凝胶具有良好的传导性能,有望实现在电子皮肤或可穿戴设备中的应用。     

超轻材料

超轻材料是一类密度小于10 mg/cm³的新型材料,具有良好的比强度和比刚度,是优异的物理化学性质和结构性能的统一体。随着人们对超轻材料强大性能的认识,国内外许多课题组都相继开展了对超轻材料的研究,并取得了一系列的成果。现有的超轻材料已经涵盖了硅系、金属及其氧化物、陶瓷、高分子聚合物、新型碳材料及其复合物等各类成分。超轻材料具有声吸收、能量吸收、减震缓冲、热绝缘等性能,在航空航天领域具有重要作用。超轻材料的性能主要取决于它的结构和组成材料的固体成分的性能,比如材料中孔隙的分布以及固体本身的硬度及强度都对性能有着重要的影响。本文根据材料结构的不同,将超轻材料分为气凝胶、泡沫材料、微点阵材料三类。本文对近年来超轻材料的材质及制备方法进行了简要的综述,并通过对各种材料的比较就该领域未来的发展进行了展望。     

基于纤维素的气凝胶材料

纤维素是自然界中储量最为丰富的一种天然高分子。作为继无机气凝胶和合成聚合物气凝胶之后的第三代气凝胶,纤维素基气凝胶材料兼具绿色可再生的纤维素材料和多孔气凝胶材料两者的优点,成为纤维素材料研究与应用中的一个热点。本文梳理了纤维素基气凝胶材料的发展脉络,综述了纤维素基气凝胶材料的研究进展。重点对纤维素基气凝胶的制备方法进行了总结,包括基于含水溶剂和无水溶剂的纤维素直接溶解法及源自植物纤维素和细菌纤维素的纤维素纳米纤维的水相分散法。介绍了纤维素基气凝胶力学性能的提高和功能性开发的最新研究结果。最后对纤维素基气凝胶材料的发展前景和研究方向进行了展望。     

常压干燥法制备气凝胶的研究进展

气凝胶是一类轻质、低密度的三维纳米多孔固态材料,因其独特的高孔隙率、高比表面积和低导热系数等特性,使其在吸附、催化、保温隔热和隔音等诸多领域具有广泛的用途,目前其相关研究在材料科学领域受到了广泛的关注。气凝胶的制备主要包括溶胶-凝胶过程和湿凝胶干燥两个步骤,湿凝胶的干燥是制备气凝胶过程中至关重要而又较为困难的一步。传统的气凝胶通过超临界干燥制备,工艺复杂、成本高,而且由于干燥过程在高温高压条件下进行,有一定的危险性并且不适宜大规模生产,因此如何通过常压干燥获得高比表面积、高孔隙率、低密度的性能优异的气凝胶是其研究的重要方向之一。本文简要介绍了湿凝胶的制备以及凝胶干燥理论,详细介绍了近年来常压干燥方法气凝胶制备的研究进展,并对其未来发展前景做出了展望。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.