CH4/N2、CH4/CO2二元和CH4/N2/CO2三元混合气体爆炸极限的实验与估算

为了获取甲烷与不可燃组分组成的混合物的爆炸极限,采用一种基于绝热火焰温度的混合物爆炸极限估算方法,对CH₄/N₂和CH₄/CO₂这2种二元混合气体及3种不同阻燃剂体积分数的CH₄/N₂/CO₂三元混合气体的爆炸极限进行实验研究,并将实验结果与估算值进行比较。CH₄/N₂与CH₄/CO₂二元混合物实验值与估算值在爆炸上限处的平均绝对偏差为0.34%,在爆炸下限处的平均绝对偏差为0.15%。3种不同比例的三元混合物实验值与估算值在爆炸上限处的平均绝对偏差为0.43%,在爆炸下限处的平均绝对偏差为0.20%。结果表明,估算方法对甲烷与不可燃组分的二元混合物与三元混合物爆炸极限的估算均具有较高的准确度。     

CH4/O2/CO2预混体系爆炸动力学研究

为探究甲烷在富氧条件下的火焰动力学规律,以CH₄/O₂/CO₂预混体系为研究对象,在小尺度方形透明管道中进行了一系列爆炸实验,探讨了初始环境温度波动对爆炸参数的影响,并对预混体系的燃烧机理进行分析。结果表明:在273 K的环境温度下,化学当量比φ=0.8~1.0且氧气相对比γ<0.30和φ=1.2且γ<0.35的预混体系不能被点燃,而其他预混体系均可被点燃,最终产生郁金香与非郁金香两种火焰类型,并且根据郁金香火焰独特的演变特征,又划分为T形郁金香火焰和不对称郁金香火焰;随着γ的增大,无量纲火焰传播速度v/(S_Lσ)的变化趋势由“两升两降”转变为“一升一降”。初始环境温度的升高并未对火焰传播速度和爆炸超压的变化趋势产生影响,但是会导致最大爆炸超压p_max和最大火焰传播速度降低。值得注意的是,初始环境温度对爆炸强度的影响随化学当量比的减小而增强。另外,与最大爆炸超压相比,最大火焰传播速度与层流燃烧速度之间的关系更紧密。从敏感性分析中可知:层流燃烧速度对自由基链式反应R38(即H+O₂=O+OH)表现出最大的正敏感度,对R52(即H+CH₃(+M)=CH₄(+M))表现出最大的负敏感度,并且对自由基OH的生成速率最敏感,当初始环境温度升高至303 K时,层流燃烧速度对R38(正)和R52(负)的敏感度降低;H、O和OH自由基总摩尔分数的增大会削弱热扩散的不稳定性,增强流体力学的不稳定性。     

高温高压下C3H8/C2H4在空气中的爆炸上限

为了防控高温高压工艺流程中可燃混合气体潜在的爆炸风险,利用自行搭建的20 L球形爆炸特性实验装置,测试了初始温度20~200 ℃、初始压力0.1~1.5 MPa下C₃H₈/C₂H₄混合气体在空气中的爆炸上限,分析了温度、压力和C₂H₄体积分数对混合气体爆炸上限的影响。结果表明,随着温度和压力的升高,C₃H₈/C₂H₄混合气体爆炸上限升高。当初始压力高于0.3 MPa时,随着C₂H₄体积分数的增加,爆炸上限的上升速率明显降低。随着C₂H₄体积分数的增加,高温和高压下爆炸上限的提升幅度和速率比常温常压下更高。温度和压力的协同作用对爆炸上限的影响远大于二者单独作用的影响之和,即高温和高压协同作用下,C₃H₈/C₂H₄混合气体具有更高的爆炸风险,且随着C₂H₄体积分数的增加,爆炸风险会进一步提升。分别拟合得到了爆炸上限与温度参数、爆炸上限与压力参数以及爆炸上限与温度和压力双参数下的函数关系。

     

CF3I和CO2抑制甲烷-空气爆炸实验研究

为了探究三氟碘甲烷CF₃I和二氧化碳CO₂复合使用对甲烷爆炸的抑制效果,采用容积为20 L的球形爆炸实验装置,研究了单独和复合使用三氟碘甲烷和二氧化碳对甲烷爆炸压力特性的影响。研究结果表明:添加三氟碘甲烷和二氧化碳后,甲烷爆炸极限范围逐渐缩小,且三氟碘甲烷对甲烷爆炸极限的影响更显著,当三氟碘甲烷和二氧化碳的体积分数分别达到5.5%和32.0%时,甲烷爆炸上下限重合,临界氧的体积分数分别为17.85%和12.50%。可见三氟碘甲烷对甲烷爆炸极限的影响机制与二氧化碳不同,并不是通过降氧为主而发挥抑制作用的。三氟碘甲烷对甲烷爆炸的抑制效果明显优于二氧化碳,对比体积分数为9.5%的甲烷爆炸最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率下降的比率,5.0%三氟碘甲烷的抑爆效果约是等量二氧化碳的6倍和5倍。二氧化碳掺混少量三氟碘甲烷后,抑爆效果大幅提升,掺混比例越,高效果越明显,且对抑制甲烷爆炸压力作用的提升更显著。三氟碘甲烷掺混体积分数大于等于1.0%时,二氧化碳单位增量导致甲烷最大爆炸压力下降的幅度有所增加。这说明三氟碘甲烷的加入具有改善抑爆效果和增强抑爆效率的双重作用。     

氢气/丙烷/空气预混气体爆轰性能的实验研究

通过采用压力传感器和烟灰板两种测试设备,开展了常温常压下氢气/丙烷和空气混合气体爆轰性能的实验研究。实验过程中观察到自持爆轰波,爆轰速度比值在0.99~1之间,爆轰压力比值在0.8~1.2之间。爆轰胞格尺寸在10~50 mm范围内,建立了爆轰胞格尺寸和化学诱导长度的关系式。随着丙烷不断添加,爆轰速度减小,而爆轰压力和胞格尺寸增加。这种变化趋势起初较快,而后变缓。因为起初氢气摩尔分数较大,混合气体趋向于氢气/空气的爆轰性能;而后因丙烷摩尔质量较大,丙烷逐渐起主要作用,混合气体表现出丙烷/空气的爆轰性能。     

超临界CO_2-水两相流与CO_2毛细捕获:微观孔隙模型实验与数值模拟研究

CO_2毛细捕获机制是CO_2地质封存中的关键科学问题,然而有关孔隙尺度下(微米极)超临界CO_2毛细捕获的研究较少.采用高压流体-显微镜-微观模型实验装置,开展超临界CO_2条件(8.5 MPa,45?C)下CO_2驱替水(排水)和水驱替CO_2(吸湿)实验,采用高分辨率照相机采集CO_2水两相流运动图像,并借助光学显微镜直接观测孔隙尺度下CO_2毛细捕获特征.同时,采用计算流体动力学方法对实验过程进行三维数值模拟.数值模拟不仅反映了实验过程中两相流驱替锋面的推进过程,还刻画了孔隙尺度下被捕获的CO_2液滴/团簇三维空间形态特征.最后,基于数值模拟给出了CO_2初始饱和度与残余饱和度曲线,即毛细捕获曲线,并对比分析了3种毛细捕获曲线预测模型(即Jurauld模型、Land模型和Spiteri模型)的优劣.分析表明,Jurauld模型的描述能力稍优于Land模型,Spiteri模型的描述能力较弱.由于Land模型只需单个参数,且参数具有明确的物理意义,因此在实际工程中,建议优先采用Land模型.     

页岩储层纳微米孔隙CO2/CH4吸附及驱替特性研究进展

利用CO₂开采页岩气不仅能够提高页岩气采收率, 还能够节省水资源并且对CO₂进行地质封存, 有助于实现页岩气开采过程的碳中和. 富有机质页岩储层纳微米孔隙中气体运移机制不同于常规储层, CO₂在储层中具有超临界特性, 致使开采机理复杂, 无法得到CO₂开采页岩气微观机理的准确认识, 所以研究CH₄, CO₂及其二元混合物在页岩储层纳微米孔隙中的吸附及驱替特性对准确评估和高效开采页岩气至关重要. 本文从实验、理论以及模拟方面对页岩储层纳微米孔隙中CH₄的吸附特性、CO₂/CH₄二元混合物竞争吸附特性以及驱替特性进行了综合分析, 对气体在纳微米孔隙中吸附及驱替特性的基础研究及关键问题进行讨论分析并提出了展望. 研究表明CH₄在页岩储层中表现为物理吸附, 有机质特征(丰度、成熟度、类型)、孔隙结构、无机矿物组成、温度和压力、含水率对页岩的CH₄吸附能力均有一定程度的影响. 在相同条件下, CO₂比CH₄更易被页岩储层吸附, 在页岩储层中注入CO₂可以促进CH₄的解吸, 并有利于CO₂的地质埋存. 开采方案的部署可采用井网形式的注采方式, 可以通过调整注入井的位置、数量以及CO₂注入速率对开采方案进行优化.      

云状空化非定常脱落机理的数值与实验研究

结合数值计算和实验技术研究了云状空化的非定常脱落机理. 实验采用高速录像技术观察了绕Clark-y型水翼云状空化形态随时间的变化. 数值计算采用了汽-液两相的当地均相流模型,湍流封闭采用了一种修正的RNG k-\varepsilon方程,利用商业软件的二次开发技术,引入了一种与空化区域水汽相密度相关的系数,对湍流模型进行了修正. 计算和实验结果均表明:云状空化尾部存在着准周期性的涡状空化团的脱落;局部压强的增加是引起空穴断裂进而脱落的直接原因;压强升高是由于近壁处的反向射流引起的;空穴尾部的大规模的旋涡运动引起的近壁处的逆压梯度是引起反向射流的主要原因.      

Measurement of propagation speeds in adiabatic cellular premixed flames of CH4 + O2 + CO2

Experimental measurements of the propagation speed of adiabatic flames of methane + oxygen + carbon dioxide are presented. The oxygen content O₂/(O₂ + CO₂) in the artificial air was 31.55% and 35%. Non-stretched flames were stabilized on a perforated plate burner at atmospheric pressure. A heat flux method was used to determine propagation speeds under conditions when the net heat loss of the flame is zero. Under specific experimental conditions the flames become cellular; this leads to significant modification of the flame propagation speed. The onset of cellularity was observed throughout the stoichiometric range of the mixtures studied. Measurements in cellular flames are presented and compared with those for laminar flat flames. Cellularity disappeared when the flames became only slightly sub-adiabatic. Visual and photographic observations of the flames were performed to quantify their cellular structure. Increasing the oxygen content in the artificial air and increasing the temperature of the burner plate led to increase of the number of cells observed.     

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDIES ON DYNAMIC COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF REACTIVE POWDER CONCRETES

Split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） technique is used to determine the dynamic strength of reactive powder concretes （RPCs） with different steel-fiber contents. Two types of pulse shapers with different thicknesses are considered to reduce the high-frequency-oscillation effect and achieve a nearly constant strain rate over a certain deformation range. It is known that the compressive strength of concrete-like materials is hydrostatic-stress-dependent, and the apparent dynamic strength enhancement comes from both the effects of the hydrostatic stress and strain rate. In order to differentiate them, numerical method is used to calculate the contribution of the hydrostatic stress, and then the genuine strain-rate effect on dynamic compressive strength of RPCs is determined. In addition, the effect of steel-fibers on dynamic strength and failure mode of RPCs is discussed.     

Kinetics of ultrafine coating of SiO2 nanoparticles, suspended in non-thermal CH4/C2H6 plasma

Capacitively coupled RF discharges in methane and ethane (1000–3000 Pa, 5–15 W/cm³) were used for the in-flight coating of SiO₂ nanopowders (NP) with an a-C:H layer [A. Kouprine, F. Gitzhofer, M. Boulos, A. Fridman, Polymer-like C:H thin film coating of nanopowders in capacitively coupled RF discharge, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 24 (2) (2004) 189–215]. In this present work a model of the chemical kinetics of this plasma processing has been developed, based on the GRI-Mech 3.0 mechanism [G.P. Smith, D.M. Golden, M. Frenklach, Gas Research Institute, Detailed chemical reaction mechanism. Available from: ], and calculations are performed, using the Chemkin-II code. The model includes the formation of two solid phases: an amorphous C:H coating, deposited on the suspended NP, and soot, incepted in the gas phase. Non-equilibrium plasma effects are taken into account by the rates of radical species’ production, using the reference data on the “G-value”. The CH₃ and H species appear to have key roles in surface activation and the nanofilm growth. The results demonstrate the competitive character of the formation of the two solid phases: the C:H coating is dominant under T_gas < 1400–1600 K, depending on the conditions, and soot commencing to dominate at higher temperatures. This division corresponds to the passage from non-thermal plasma conditions, with the dominance of single-valent radicals and solid phase growth on the substrate only, to the plasma thermalisation with the formation of two-valent radicals and v. inception of the solid phase. The results are validated experimentally by the observation of soot formation as a function of the gas temperature, by the mass spectrograph data on the gas composition after plasma reforming, and by the reference data on coating growth rates and induction times for soot formation.     

Measurement of the concentration diffusion coefficient for Ne-Ar, Ne-Xe, Ne-H2, Xe-H2, H2-N2 and H2-O2 gas systems

The concentration diffusion coefficient, D ₁₂, is measured for the equimolar mixtures of Ne-Ar, Ne-Xe, Ne-H₂, Xe-H₂, H₂-N₂ and H₂-O₂ binary gas systems in a two-bulb metal apparatus in the temperature range 0 C to 100 C. These values are compared with the existing data on these systems and with the predictions of the kinetic theory in conjunction with the modified Buckingham exp-six potential. Unlike the thermal diffusion coefficient, with the simple theory it is possible to predict D ₁₂ within a few percent even for systems involving polyatomic gases. The smoothed experimental D ₁₂ values are also used to obtain data for the coefficients of viscosity and thermal conductivity at round temperatures and compositions for these systems.Nomenclature C ₂ ^t relative amount of a gas in the mixture in the bulb 2 at an instant t - C ₂ relative amount of the same gas in the mixture in the bulb 2 at equilibrium - D ₁₂ diffusion coefficient - X ₁ mole-fraction of the heavier component in the mixture - _mix viscosity coefficient - _mix thermal conductivity coefficient     

金川露天矿F1、F2断层深力学特性的实验研究

本文以室内力学实验结果为依据, 探讨了断层泥常规力学特性及与时间有关的蠕变特性, 并从瞬时变形、蠕变变形、强度、破坏等方面探讨了水岩相互作用结果。     

Structure cellulaire de la détonation des mélanges H2–NO2/N2O4Cellular structure of the detonation of gaseous mixtures H2–NO2/N2O4

Calculations of the detonation reaction zone of gaseous reactive mixtures of NO₂/N₂O₄ as oxidizer and H₂, CH₄ or C₂H₆ as fuel, in the range of equivalence ratio Φ between 0.5 and 2, show that, for Φ?1, the chemical energy is released in two distinct and successive exothermic steps with different chemical induction times. The first exothermic stage is mainly due to the reaction NO₂+H→NO+OH, NO being the main oxidizer of the second one.The experimental study conducted on the same range of equivalence ratio (0.5?Φ?2) shows that, for Φ?1, the detonation wave of these mixtures contains a double set of cellular structures. A similar result had already been obtained with the detonation of gaseous Nitromethane, the NO₂ group being here included in the molecule. Consequently, the oxidizer NO₂ being either initially separated from the fuel or included inside the molecule of a monopropellant (Nitromethane) is responsible, because of its specific chemical kinetics, of a chemical energy release in two main steps and of the existence of a double cellular structure in the detonation wave for the same range of equivalence ratio. These results reinforce the assumption that the cellular structure of the detonation finds its origin in the strong rates of chemical energy release inside the reaction zone. To cite this article: F. Joubert et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDIES OF THE ANTI-PENETRATION PERFORMANCE OF SANDWICH PANELS WITH ALUMINUM FOAM CORES

Effects of face-sheet thickness and core thickness of sandwich panels, and shape of projectiles on the penetration resistance of sandwich panels were discussed, while typical penetration failure modes were presented. It was shown that the anti-penetration performance of sandwich panels was enhanced with the increase of face-sheet or core thickness; The penetration resistance of sandwich panels was shown to be strongest to blunt-shaped projectile impacts,weaker to hemispherical-nose-shaped projectile impacts, and weakest to conical-shaped projectile impacts. The corresponding numerical simulation was carried out using the finite element code LS-DYNA V970. Numerical results showed that the penetration time decreased with the increase of projectile impact velocity.     

Etude de la détonation de mélanges pauvres H2NO2/N2O4

Calculations of the detonation reaction zone of gaseous H₂NO₂/N₂O₄ mixtures in the range of equivalence ratio Φ between 0.25 and 0.7 show that for 0.25Φ0.4 the chemical energy is released in two distinct and successive exothermic steps characterised by different chemical characteristic times. As for rich mixtures, the first exothermic step is mainly due to the reaction NO₂ + H → NO + OH, but the second one is different since it results from the exothermic decomposition of NO into N₂ and O₂. For Φ=0.3 the measured detonation velocity in a tube of 52 mm internal diameter is very much smaller than the calculated value and the mean size of the cellular structure is very much larger than the value extrapolated from data obtained with mixtures of higher but close equivalence ratio. All these results show that the detonation, though self-sustained and steady, is ‘non-ideal’, i.e. it is supported only by a part of the available chemical energy, that provided mainly by the first exothermic step. To cite this article: D. Desbordes et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).