锡气体扩散电极上电化学还原二氧化碳制甲酸性能的稳定性

研究了Sn气体扩散电极(SGDE)上电化学还原CO₂制甲酸(ERCF)性能的稳定性。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能量色散谱(EDX)和活性表面积测试等技术手段 分别表征SGDE在电化学还原CO₂制甲酸过程前后的物相结构、表面形貌、元素组成和活性表面积。 采用生成甲酸的法拉第效率(f_HCOOH)评价SGDE上电化学还原CO₂制甲酸的性能。 结果显示,f_HCOOH随电解时间的延长急剧地降低,电解时间12 h的f_HCOOH((36.6±1.6)%)比电解时间0.5 h时的f_HCOOH((78.5±0.1)%)降低了53%。 SGDE在12 h电还原反应后,表面沉积了微量Fe,而且Sn含量(质量分数)减少了66%,活性表面积降低了41%。 进一步的研究发现,沉积的微量Fe对电化学还原CO₂制甲酸过程基本没有影响,Sn含量和活性表面积的降低可能是SGDE上电化学还原CO₂制甲酸性能降低的主要原因。     

泡沫铜负载硫化亚铜电极高效电催化还原二氧化碳制备甲酸

电催化还原二氧化碳制备甲酸是备受关注的热点问题。而电极材料是决定还原效率的重要因素。本文通过电沉积方法在泡沫铜上直接制备纳米结构硫化亚铜薄膜,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)对其结构性能进行了系统研究。以硫化亚铜作为阴极电催化材料、0.5 mol·L^-1 1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐的乙腈溶液为电解液,在该体系中可高效催化转化二氧化碳为甲酸。结果表明,这一电解体系可有效实现电化学反应,甲酸的法拉第效率(FE_HCOOH)可以达到85%,同时甲酸还原电流密度可达到5.3 mA·cm^-2。     

电催化氮还原催化剂的研究进展

氨气作为一种工业原料,具有良好的储氢性能,在工业,农业,药品生产等很多领域得到了广泛的应用.电化学氮还原以清洁能源氢作为原料,反应条件温和,近些年来受到了科学家们的广泛关注.对近些年来电化学氮还原(NRR)催化剂的发展与研究进行了综述,并对它们的合成方法,性能及稳定性进行了深入探讨.     

单原子催化剂在光催化二氧化碳还原中的研究进展

通过光催化技术将二氧化碳转化成增值的含碳化学品或燃料是解决能源危机和温室效应的一种可持续性方法. 开发高效、 廉价及高稳定性的光催化剂是提高光催化二氧化碳还原(CO₂RR)效率所面临的一大挑战. 单原子催化剂由于具有原子利用率高及电子环境可调等特性而在催化领域被广泛研究. 在光催化二氧化碳还原中, 金属单原子的加入不仅可调节光催化剂的能带结构及吸光性能等物理性质, 还可以有效提高其光生电荷转移效率, 并为研究光催化反应机理提供理想的平台. 近年来, 单原子光催化剂在二氧化碳还原领域的研究发展迅速. 本文综合评述了单原子催化剂在光还原二氧化碳反应中的研究进展, 介绍了不同载体的单原子催化剂的典型研究成果, 并展望了未来的研究趋势.     

三相界面电催化二氧化碳还原研究进展

电催化二氧化碳还原是能源化学及催化科学的研究重点与难点.气-固-液三相界面模型作为物理化学中的基本概念,近年来被越来越多地应用于电催化二氧化碳还原反应的研究,其相比于传统固-液两相体系表现出了诸多优点.本综述阐述了三相界面电催化二氧化碳还原研究进展,对三相界面电催化体系进行分类及原理探究.再具体到二氧化碳还原反应,讨论...     

基于金属氧化物材料的二氧化碳电催化还原

The CO₂ level in the atmosphere has been increasing since the industrial revolution owing to anthropogenic activities. The increased CO₂ level has led to global warming and also has detrimental effects on human beings. Reducing the CO₂ level in the atmosphere is urgent for balancing the carbon cycle. In this regard, reduction in CO₂ emission and CO₂ storage and usage are the main strategies. Among these, CO₂ usage has been extensively explored, because it can reduce the CO₂ level and simultaneously provide opportunities for the development in catalysts and industries to convert CO₂ as a carbon source for preparing valuable products. However, transformation of CO₂ to other chemicals is challenging owing to its thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities. Among the CO₂ utilization techniques, electrochemical CO₂ reduction (ECR) is a promising alternative because it is generally conducted under ambient conditions, and water is used as the economical hydrogen source. Moreover, ECR offers a potential route to store electrical energy from renewable sources in the form of chemical energy, through generation of CO₂ reduction products. To improve the energy efficiency and viability of ECR, it is important to decrease the operational overpotential and maintain large current densities and high product selectivities; the development of efficient electrocatalysts is a critical aspect in this regard. To date, many kinds of materials have been designed and studied for application in ECR. Among these materials, metal oxide-based materials exhibit excellent performance as electrocatalysts for ECR and are attracting increasing attention in recent years. Investigation of the mechanism of reactions that involve metallic electrocatalysts has revealed the function of trace amount of oxidized metal species—it has been suggested that the presence of metal oxides and metal-oxygen bonds facilitates the activation of CO₂ and the subsequent formation and stabilization of the reaction intermediates, thereby resulting in high efficiency and selectivity of the ECR. Although the stability of metal oxides is a concern as they are prone to reduction under a cathodic potential, the catalytic performance of metal oxide-based catalysts can be maintained through careful designing of the morphology and structure of the materials. In addition, introducing other metal species to metal oxides and fabricating composites of metal oxides and other materials are effective strategies to achieve enhanced performance in ECR. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the use of metal oxide-based materials as electrocatalysts and their application in ECR. The critical role, stability, and structure-performance relationship of the metal oxide-based materials for ECR are highlighted in the discussion. In the final part, we propose the future prospects for the development of metal oxide-based electrocatalysts for ECR.     

二氧化碳电还原制草酸研究进展

近年来, 二氧化碳过量排放所引发的全球变暖等气候问题引起了全世界的广泛关注, 碳减排已成为人类社会可持续发展面临的共同挑战. 利用电化学方法将二氧化碳转化为高附加值化学品是实现碳减排和二氧化碳高附加值利用的理想途径之一, 但仍面临能耗高、 二氧化碳转化率低、 产物选择性差和难分离等问题. 本文以电还原二氧化碳制草酸为例, 从反应机理、 催化剂、 电解液、 催化电极及反应器等方面介绍该反应的研究进展, 对当前二氧化碳电还原制草酸存在的关键问题进行了分析, 并对其未来研究方向进行了展望.     

光热催化还原二氧化碳反应器研究进展

光热催化还原技术是二氧化碳资源化的研究热点之一。设计高效的新型催化剂材料,是构建有效的光热催化反应体系的重要内容,而开发与催化材料适配的反应器,则可以最大化地发挥催化剂的性能,是光热催化放大反应的关键。本文综述了光热催化反应器的不同形式,讨论了光热催化关键变量温度、光照、给料类型和运行方式对反应器设计的影响。总结了反应器设计的局限性和挑战性,为光热催化还原二氧化碳的技术发展提出了展望。     

铋基二氧化碳还原电催化材料研究进展

二氧化碳（CO₂）作为一种经济、安全、可再生的碳资源化合物,其高效回收利用一直是全社会关注的焦点. 利用电化学方法,将CO₂还原转化生成一系列高附加值的化学品或燃料,对于缓解能源与环境双重压力具有重要的现实意义. 本论文介绍了电化学CO₂还原反应的基本原理与过程,综述了近年来铋基催化材料的发展现状,重点对这类催化材料的制备合成、结构调控、催化反应机理研究等方面进行了总结,最后对其未来发展方向进行了探讨与展望.     

电催化二氧化碳还原的铜基催化剂设计与反应机理研究进展

利用电催化技术和阴极区的还原反应将CO₂转化为高能化学品是解决温室效应和实现人工碳循环的有效途径。与其它金属催化剂相比,Cu基催化剂因其能生成多碳产物而备受关注,但其缺点是对产物的选择性差。因此,近年来,研究者致力于探究Cu基催化剂在反应过程中的C-C偶联机制及影响因素,并对Cu基催化剂进行针对性的结构设计和实验合成。本文总结了Cu基电极上电催化CO₂还原反应(CO₂RR)的基本原理,分析了影响电催化CO₂RR的关键因素(电催化反应器、pH值、压力和温度、CO₂的流速与浓度),综述了针对Cu基催化剂改性的相关策略(合金化、纳米结构改性、杂原子掺杂、亲/疏水性、单原子催化剂)的研究进展,最后,展望了电催化CO₂RR的Cu基催化剂领域的机遇与挑战,以期为今后开展相关研究提供有益参考。     

Catalytic Potential of Post-Transition Metal Doped Graphene-Based Single-Atom Catalysts for the CO2 Electroreduction Reaction

Catalysts are required to ensure electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to fuels proceeds at industrially acceptable rates and yields. As such, highly active and selective catalysts must be developed. Herein, a density functional theory study of p-block element and noble metal doped graphene-based single-atom catalysts in two defect sites for the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to CO and HCOOH is systematically undertaken. It is found that on all of the systems considered, the thermodynamic product is HCOOH. Pb/C₃, Pb/N₄ and Sn/C₃ are identified as having the lowest overpotential for HCOOH production while Al/C₃, Al/N₄, Au/C₃ and Ga/C₃ are identified as having the potential to form higher order products due to the strength of binding of adsorbed HCOOH.     

铜基电催化剂还原CO2

温室气体CO₂的大量排放给全球气候造成潜在威胁,电化学还原CO₂为有用的化工产品作为一种人为的碳循环的方式,拓展了新的利用CO₂的可能性,并且是一种很有前景的显著改善环境、促进可持续发展的方法。然而,在转化CO₂为有价值的产品过程中,最大的挑战是抑制析氢副反应的同时达不到高效率、高选择性。铜因其在电催化还原CO₂过程中优异的催化性能而得到广泛关注。本文重点介绍了近年来电催化还原CO₂的发展以及电化学转化CO₂的优缺点,介绍了CO₂RR的热力学与动力学研究并概述了Cu电极、Cu MOFs材料电极以及通过氧化、合金化、纳米化和表面修饰等方法修饰的铜电极的进展,但是电催化还原CO₂的反应机理尚不太确定。最后,讨论了未来铜基电极催化剂高效率地选择性转化CO₂会面临的挑战和可能研究的方向。     

等离子体催化二氧化碳转化的研究进展*

本文综述了近年来利用等离子体活化及等离子与催化剂协同活化二氧化碳转化的研究进展,同时对其活化机理也进行了讨论,分析了当前等离子体二氧化碳活化法存在的问题,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

基于纳米金属的增强效应在CO2电还原反应中的应用进展

将二氧化碳通过电化学方法转化为化工原料再利用,不仅可以有效缓减温室效应,而且可以实现自然界的碳循环,对绿色化学与可持续发展意义重大. 本文简要地介绍了二氧化碳电还原的优势及其基本反应原理并综述了近年来基于纳米金属催化剂的一系列活性增强策略的研究进展. 重点探究了合金效应、界面工程、协同效应、缺陷工程以及载体效应等对纳米金属电催化还原二氧化碳性能的影响及相关反应机理. 基于以上策略,提出未来开发面向工业化应用的二氧化碳电还原催化剂面临的挑战与前景.     

用于二氧化碳电化学还原反应的铜基催化剂研究进展

二氧化碳（CO₂）电催化还原对于解决目前日益严重的能源危机和环境污染等问题具有重要的意义,并且能产生一定经济效益. 本文简要概述了水溶液体系中电化学还原CO₂的发展现状,从铜基催化剂的结构/形貌两方面着手,介绍了近年来的最新研究进展. 最后,结合当前发展状况,从能源和经济等角度出发,对未来铜基电极材料研究进行了展望.     

基于单原子催化剂的二氧化碳选择性转化

Industrial revolution has led to increased combustion of fossil fuels. Consequently, large amounts of CO₂ are emitted to the atmosphere, throwing the carbon cycle out of balance. Currently, the most effective method to reduce the CO₂ concentration is direct CO₂ capture from the atmosphere and pumping of the captured CO₂ deep underground or into the mid-ocean. The transformation of CO₂ into high-value chemicals is an attractive yet challenging task. In recent years, there has been much interest in the development of CO₂ utilization technologies based on electrochemical CO₂ reduction, photochemical CO₂ reduction, and thermal CO₂ reduction, and CO₂ valorization has emerged as a hot research topic. In electrochemical CO₂ reduction, the cathodic reaction is the reduction of CO₂ to value-added chemicals. The anodic reaction should be the oxygen evolution reaction, and water is the only renewable and scalable source of electrons and protons in this reaction. There is a plethora of research on the use of various metals to catalyze this reaction. Among these, Cu-based materials have been demonstrated to show unique catalytic activity and stability for the electrochemical conversion of CO₂ to valuable fuels and chemicals. Moreover, the solar-driven conversion of CO₂ into value-added chemical fuels has attracted great attention, and much effort is being devoted to develop novel catalysts for the photoreduction of CO₂, especially by mimicking the natural photosynthetic process. The key step in the photocatalytic process is the efficient generation of electron-hole pairs and separation of these charge carriers. The efficient separation of photoinduced charge carriers plays a crucial role in the final catalytic activity. Compared with CO₂ reduction via electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, thermal reduction is more attractive because of its potential large-scale application in the industry. Heterogeneous nanomaterials show excellent activity in the electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and thermal catalytic conversion of CO₂. However, nanostructured materials have drawbacks on the investigation of the intrinsic activity of the active sites. In recent years, single-site catalysts have become popular because they allow for maximum utilization of the metal centers, show specific catalytic performance, and facilitate easy elucidation of the catalytic mechanism at the molecular level. Accordingly, numerous single-site catalysts were developed for CO₂ reduction to produce value-added chemicals such as CO, CH₄, CH₃OH, formate, and C₂₊ products. Value-added chemicals have also been synthesized with the aid of amines and epoxides. This review summarizes recent state-of-the-art single-site catalysts and their application as heterogeneous catalysts for the electroreduction, photoreduction, and thermal reduction of CO₂. In the discussion, we will highlight the structure-activity relationships for the catalytic conversion of CO₂ with single-site catalysts.     

TiO2光催化还原CO2

光催化还原CO₂技术在CO₂的治理与利用方面有着潜在的应用价值和良好的开发前景。该文简要综述了近年来用于光催化还原CO₂反应的TiO₂光催化剂材料,包括纯TiO₂催化剂、负载型TiO₂催化剂、金属改性TiO₂催化剂、半导体复合TiO₂催化剂和有机光敏化TiO₂催化剂等,并介绍了各类催化剂光催化还原CO₂的反应性能。     

Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide catalysed by benzil

It has been shown it is possible to reduce carbon dioxide electrochemically using benzil as a homogeneous electron transfer agent. It was found that oxalic acid is the basic product formed during the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 29–32, January–February, 2006.