A new simple model for EDFA incorporated in the irradiated environment for inter-satellite optical communication

A new simple model for the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) incorporated in the irradiated environment for inter-satellite optical communication is proposed. In the model, all factors caused by irradiation are assumed to be equivalent to a unique factor, which is the reduction number of active Er³⁺. In this case, one can directly predict the output power of the 1550 nm EDFA and avoid its computing by using only the evolution of 1310 nm absorption similar to the models previously elaborated. Two equivalent EDFAs are irradiated with ⁶⁰Co rays at different doses. The experimental and simulation results show that the model can predict the output-power degradation with an accuracy better than 13% under irradiation of 20 krad. Such an accuracy is good enough for inter-satellite optical communication systems on low Earth orbit (LEO).     

Space radiation effect on EDFA for inter-satellite optical communication

The erbium-doped fiber (EDF) has been irradiated by electron with a dose of 1000 krad to analyse the space radiation effect on EDF amplifier (EDFA) in inter-satellite optical communication. This is the first work to analyse the effect on actually applied systems. Three critical parameters of EDFA, most important for external module subsystems, have been tested. The output power comes down to −57.21 dBm and the noise figure (NF) climbs up to 18.14 dB at dose 1000 krad, when the input power is −2.00 dBm. Although there is a strong ability to recover after the radiation experiment, EDFA deterioration is really huge. Apart from that, the central wavelength of EDFA never changes. To guarantee the accuracy of analysis of the radiation effect on EDFA, WDM coupler and isolator are also irradiated with the EDF at the same time. According to the results of all the tests, the EDFA could be directly used in the low-radiation dose orbits if doses are less than 20 krad. And the radiation experiment data will also be a good reference for the design of the actual systems in inter-satellite optical communication with different dose orbits.     

Experimental study of the temperature and electron-irradiation effect on erbium-doped fiber amplifiers

We study the influence of temperature on the gain of 980 nm pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) before and after the electron irradiation. Our experimental results indicate that in the irradiation process the EDFA gain at low temperatures is less than that at high temperatures, but after 7 days recovery, the EDFA gain at low temperatures is significantly higher than that at high temperatures. After 200 krad electron irradiation, the EDFA gain is more sensitive to temperature as compared to non-irradiated one.     

Investigation of the irradiation effect on erbium-doped fiber amplifiers composed by different density erbium-doped fibers

Two erbium-doped fibers (EDFs) with different densities, which can make the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) achieve the same output power, have been irradiated by ⁶⁰Co at the same rate and same total dose. In addition, the irradiation effect on EDFA composed by different density EDFs is firstly analyzed in this paper. The experimental results indicate that, considering the length of EDF, the high density EDF can make the EDFA deteriorate less than the low that in the irradiation environment. Furthermore, the small change of the central wavelength and the half-wave width also confirm that the irradiation effect on EDFA chiefly introduces the transmission loss, but the physical mechanics of EDFA is not changed by the irradiation. The experimental results and conclusions will be a good reference for EDFA designers who are trying to apply the EDFA in an irradiation environment.     

有源循环式光脉冲复制系统的输出特性研究

改进并验证了一种基于有源循环光纤延迟线的模拟光脉冲信号复制技术.实验系统采用低增益掺铒光纤放大器补偿循环损耗.进行了光脉冲信号复制的仿真和实验,在掺铒光纤放大器增益为6.774 dB,光滤波器－3 dB,带宽为0.8 nm时,测得第500个复制光脉冲的信噪比为31 dB.仿真和实验结果表明,选用小增益掺铒光纤放大器可以实现低于3 dB的噪音系数,降低掺铒光纤放大器的放大自发辐射噪音并提高输出脉冲序列的信噪比,有望成为提高光脉冲复制器性能的一种新方法.在系统中插入窄带光滤波器等手段也是改善信噪比的有效措施.     

Remotely Pumped Hybrid Amplifiers for Extended Bidirectional Passive Optical Networks

In this contribution, we optimize design parameters of hybrid optical amplifiers utilizing distributed Raman amplification in transmission fiber and gain of discrete, remotely pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) for wideband, bidirectional operation in metropolitan area networks (MAN). The design is based on an application of a numerical model, which takes into account pump-to-pump and signal-to-signal interactions and generation of amplified spontaneous emission in the Raman amplifier and solves the standard rate-propagation equations in an erbium-doped fiber (EDF). We predict 12 dB gain across 72 nm of optical bandwidth with gain ripple better than 10%. The recently proposed serial topology of EDFA is considered; this enables the wideband, bidirectional operation of a hybrid amplifier with only two pump laser diodes emitting in the 1430 and 1480 nm bands.     

Optical bistability in fiber ring resonator containing an EDFA

In this paper, we study on optical bistability behaviors in a double-coupler ring resonator, in which an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is inserted into the ring for counteracting the loss by the gain of EDFA. The two groups of transmitted and reflected optical bistability loops under different parameters are investigated symmetrically. According to our optimum design of this new optical bistable device, the switching power can be less than 60 mW.     

Optimization of gain flattened C-band EDFA using macro-bending

Optimization of gain flattened C-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) using a macrobending method with an improved gain flatness and bandwidth is demonstrated. The optimization for gain flatness and bandwidth was achieved by varying the bending radius and the length of the doped fiber. In the optimized condition, the gain saturation effect as well as the energy transfer from shorter wavelengths to longer wavelengths resulted in a flattened and broadened gain profile in the C-band region. The amplifier was optimized to a 9 m long erbium-doped fiber (EDF) with erbium ion concentration of 1100 ppm and bending radius of 6.5 mm. The gain variation of the EDFA is obtained within ±1 dB over 25 nm bandwidth of C-band region.     

A global design of an erbium-doped fiber and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier

A global design of an erbium-doped fiber and an open-loop erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) in a steady-state operation is discussed by applying genetic algorithms. Taking a signal gain and a bandwidth as objective functions, 7 parameters of the EDFA (erbium concentration, core radius, erbium-doped radius, refractive index difference, fiber length, pumping wavelength and signal power) are optimized by solving optical propagation equations, assuming a homogenous two-level active medium and a single-mode propagation. There is evidence to show that the 1480 nm pump utilized in usual EDFAs is not an optimal choice, which should be chosen around 1460 nm. The optimal core radius ranges 0.465–0.548 μm on pumping power 50–200 mW. Under different design objects and with different pumping powers, however, there are different optimal Er-doped concentrations, reflective index differences and fiber lengths. As a single fiber EDFA, 35 dB signal gain or 35 nm bandwidth is obtained with the 7 optimal parameters, 100 mW pumping power and 0.001 mW input signal power.     

Study on EDFA Gain Tilt and Nonlinear Distortion in an AM-VSB CATV Optical Fiber Transmission System

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Study on EDFA Gain Tilt and Nonlinear Distortion in an AM-VSB CATV Optical Fiber Transmission System

The gain tilt of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and the nonlinear distortion in an AM-VSB CATV optical fiber transmission system with a cascade of EDFAs are analyzed. It demonstrates that the nonlinear distortion induced by the light source and the EDFA would be counteracted each other to a certain degree as long as the EDFA has a negative gain tilt. As a result,an optimal EDFA negative gain tilt is suggested as a solution to self-compensation of the nonlinear distortion.     

Gain characteristics of a 210 km hybrid Raman/erbium-doped fiber amplified loop

As an alternative to using gain flattening filters or other optical devices that add attenuation to balance the gain in the optical spectrum, we have studied the effects of combining gain from Raman amplifiers and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in a fiber recirculating loop. We have shown a parameter range for which the gain profile is flat, and have analyzed the variation of the gain tilt as a function of the individual contributions of the Raman and EDFA amplifiers.     

Eleven-wavelength switchable fiber ring laser with a dispersion compensation fiber and a delayed interferometer

We demonstrate a fiber ring laser with a dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) and a delayed interferometer (DI) with temperature control, which is able to switch eleven wavelengths one by one. In ring cavity, DCF supplies different effective cavity lengths for different wavelengths, DI generates a wavelength comb corresponding to the ITU grid, a flat-gain erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) provides uniform gain for each lasting wavelength, and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) not only acts as active modulator, but also alleviates homogeneous broadening effect of EDFA. Stable pulse trains with a pulsewidth about 40 ps at 10 GHz have been obtained by injecting external optical control signals into the laser. Wavelength switching process among eleven wavelengths is achieved by merely tuning an intracavity optical delay line.     

Optimizing the EDFA gain for WDM lightwave system with temperature dependency

The gain-flattened erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is a key device for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) modern optical network systems. A flat spectral gain EDFA has been achieved by controlling the doped fiber length and the pump power. The purpose of this paper is to study the variation of gain flattening over the temperature range from ?20 to +60 °C. The results obtained here indicate that gain flatness increases as temperature increases.     

包含两个半导体光放大器的锁模光纤环形激光器数值研究

采用自再现理论,对一种包含两个半导体光放大器的锁模光纤环形激光器进行了数值研究.研究结果表明：为了提高谐波锁模输出脉冲的质量,调制半导体光放大器应当保持高直流偏置,对自发辐射信号进行调制并提供锁模脉冲克服腔损耗所需的增益,而此时的增益半导体光放大器则被低直流偏置充当增益补偿器维持较窄的净增益窗口;与之相反,为了获得振幅均衡的有理数谐波锁模输出脉冲,调制半导体光放大器则应当偏置在较低的电流上,而增益半导体光放大器应当保持较高的偏置电流以提供足够的常量增益克服腔损耗.此外,还必须提高注入光信号的峰值功率.     

Long-distance fiber Bragg grating sensor system with a high optical signal-to-noise ratio based on a tunable fiber ring laser configuration

A novel tunable fiber ring laser configuration with a combination of bidirectional Raman amplification and dual erbium-doped fiber (EDF) amplification is proposed for realizing high optical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), long-distance, quasi-distributed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing systems with large capacities and low cost. The hybrid Raman-EDF amplification configuration arranged in the ring laser can enhance the optical SNR of FBG sensor signals significantly owing to the good combination of the high gain of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and the low noise of the Raman amplification. Such a sensing system can support a large number of FBG sensors because of the use of a tunable fiber Fabry-Perot filter located within the ring laser and spatial division multiplexing for expansion of sensor channels. Experimental results show that an excellent optical SNR of approximately 60 dB has been achieved for a 50 km transmission distance with a low Raman pump power of approximately 170 mW at a wavelength of 1455 nm and a low EDFA pump power of approximately 40 mW at a wavelength of 980 nm, which is the highest optical SNR achieved so far for a 50 km long FBG sensor system, to our knowledge.     

The influence of nonfundamental pump modes in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers

This work analyzes how the characteristics of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) depends on the mode distribution of 800-nm pump light. The analysis is performed by using a large-signal model of an optimally pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifier. Special attention is given to the gain degradation, and noise figures of the amplifier for co- and counterpropagating pump light.     

Temperature independent length optimization of L-band EDFAs providing flat gain

In this study, single stage (SS), double-stage (DS), and gain flattened (GF) DS L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) configurations are designed in order to obtain a flat gain amplifier. Temperature dependence of the mentioned configurations is also analyzed. Maximum spectral dependence of EDFA gain with respect to temperature is obtained for SS EDFA design while smaller spectral dependence of gains is obtained for both DS and GF DS L-EDFA configurations. It is observed that the maximum temperature dependence is in the range of 1570-1580 nm band for all configurations. It has also been found that for all configurations, reducing the temperature has greater effect than raising the temperature on EDFA gain. The overall results show that a temperature independent L-band configuration has not been possible. However, for some signal wavelengths, the erbium-doped fiber (EDF) lengths at which the gain is temperature independent are observed.     

基于弯曲不敏感光纤的长周期光纤光栅可调谐增益均衡器

对高频CO2激光脉冲方法在弯曲不敏感光纤中写入的长周期光纤光栅的弯曲特性进行了研究，发现其谐振峰幅值对弯曲相当敏感，为普通光纤中写入的长周期光纤光栅的2．8倍，并且谐振波长和谐振峰幅值在圆周方向上呈现的对应规律与普通光纤不同．即谐振峰幅值最敏感方向所对应的谐振波长对弯曲不敏感。根据该现象，提出了一种利用调节其弯曲度来实现增益控制的可调增益均衡器方案，并进行了实验验证，该方法实用、简单。     

Amplification enhancement of L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifiers by reflection scheme

A reflection L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), which can effectively suppress and completely exploit the backward C-band amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) with a feedback reflection loop, is presented in this paper. The mechanism of the backward ASE secondary pumping effect is experimentally investigated in detail. Our experimental results have shown that, for a given input pump power, compared to the end-pumped EDFA, the gain and output power of the reflection EDFA can be improved considerably without paying much noise penalty. When the EDFA operates with flattened gain spectra, the gain is improved by about 7 dB with an extra noise penalty of about 1.2 dB, where the saturation output power is increased by 2.5–3.2 dB and which may also be made independent of the input signal power.