Influence of chemical composition on the hot tearing formation of cast steel

Hot tears initiate under stress and strain, when the solid crystals are partially separated by the liquid film. At this stage, the overall strength of the hot spot of the casting is very low. The tendency of alloys to hot tearing depends on the temperature range in which the cracks can initiate. It has been assumed, that process of the cracks formation starts at the temperature of grains interlocking. The change of the length and chemical composition of liquid film separating the grains during solidification have been studied, using the simulation model for the growth of equiaxed grains. Mechanical properties of samples of the different cast steels in the solidification range, have been tested to define the lowest temperature of the hot tearing. Thus, for each chemical composition of the tested steel the range of brittleness could be calculated. The fractured surfaces were examined using Kevex X-ray analyzer coupled with scanning microscope. It was found that the examined regions were, at least partly, covered by the liquid phase rich in sulfur.     

多功能室温液态金属在不同摩擦副条件下的润滑性能研究

室温液态金属是一类物理化学行为非常独特的新型功能物质,其诸多性能和用途尚未可知.本论文中初步探索了Ga_(75.5)In_(24.5)和Ga_(65)In_(22)Sn_(13)两种液态金属润滑特性与摩擦配副选材间的关系.结果表明:镓基液态金属在钢及陶瓷表面的润湿性能不佳,接触角大于120°.采用AISI 52100钢和陶瓷配副时,镓基液态金属表现出良好的润滑特性和极佳的承压能力;采用AISI 52100钢自配副时,镓基液态金属的减摩效应不明显,但能较大幅度降低材料的磨损率;采用陶瓷-陶瓷配副时,镓基液态金属几乎没有润滑作用.镓基液态金属润滑特性差异与其在材料表面的摩擦化学反应有关.     

Experimental tests of dropwise cooling on infrared-transparent media

The present work is aimed at analyzing the cooling of hot solid surfaces induced by liquid droplets. In particular, the study is focused on the non-intrusive measurement of the transient contact temperature between impinging droplets and hot solid surfaces.

An experimental apparatus was built and set up in order to approach the non-trivial problem of the measurement of a solid–liquid interface temperature after droplet impingement. The solid–liquid interface temperature was monitored from below through a transparent-to-infrared material. That material had been coated with a very thin layer of high-emissivity, opaque paint on its upper side, so that it could effectively respond to the infrared camera located below.

The paper reports the main results that have been collected to date, with particular regard to the approaches used to coat the transparent solid. Some considerations are also expressed about the effectiveness of the proposed method and about the improvements that are currently being implemented to get new and more accurate interface temperature measurements.     

DH36钢拉伸塑性流动特性及本构关系

对DH36钢在温度从293~800 K、应变率为0.001和0.1 s-1的拉伸塑性流动特性进行实验研究,通过端口形貌图对变形前后的试样进行了微观分析,结果表明:(1)在实验温度范围内,0.001和0.1 s-1的应变率下,第三型应变时效现象出现,随应变率的增加,时效发生的温度区域移向更高温度;(2)第三型应变时效的发生与合金原子在晶界和晶粒中大量的第二相析出强化有关联;(3)建立包含第三型应变时效现象的统一本构模型,通过比较该模型能够较好的预测DH36的塑性拉伸流动应力。     

多烷基环戊烷制备复合磺酸钙基润滑脂及其摩擦学性能研究

以多烷基环戊烷(MACs)为基础油制备了复合磺酸钙基润滑脂,研究了液态高分子量酚类抗氧剂(L135)、苯三唑衍生物(T551)和噻二唑类衍生物(T561)对复合磺酸钙基润滑脂性能的影响,采用热重分析(TGA)仪评价了润滑脂的热稳定性;利用往复摩擦磨损试验机(MFT-R4000)分析了L135、T551和T561在钢/钢摩擦副下对复合磺酸钙基润滑脂摩擦磨损性能的影响,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对磨损表面进行了分析.结果表明:以MACs为基础油制备的复合磺酸钙脂具有优良的热稳定性能;同时MACs复合磺酸钙脂与3种添加剂具有良好的相容性能,表现在MACs复合磺酸钙脂具有更好的减摩抗磨性能,其原因归结为MACs在摩擦副表面形成较为牢固的物理吸附膜和含S、N和Fe等生成的化学反应膜.     

Evaporation of thin liquid droplets on heated surfaces

We carry out combined experimental and theoretical studies of liquid droplet evaporation on heated surfaces in a closed container filled with saturated vapor. The droplets are deposited on an electrically heated thin stainless steel foil. The evolution of droplet shapes is studied by optical methods simultaneously with high-resolution foil temperature measurements using thermochromic liquid crystals. A mathematical model is developed based on the assumptions that the droplet surface has uniform mean curvature and the contact line is pinned during evaporation. Both the dynamics of liquid–vapor interface and the temperature profiles at the foil are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data.     

不同载荷和温度下碳烟对柴油机油摩擦学性能的影响

在SRV IV摩擦磨损试验机上,采用球-盘接触方式,考察了不同碳烟浓度的柴油机油在不同载荷和温度下的摩擦学特性,借助三维表面形貌仪、扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪、拉曼光谱探讨了由于载荷或温度改变引起含碳烟柴油机油摩擦学性能发生变化的原因.结果表明:当柴油机油中碳烟质量分数为5%时,当载荷或温度升高引起含碳烟柴油机油的摩擦学性能出现突变.突变表现为摩擦系数升高,磨损剧烈增加.分析认为,碳烟含量较高时,温度或载荷的升高容易引起润滑油膜破裂,出现乏油润滑,导致磨损加剧,摩擦系数升高.     

Measurements of the contact angle between R134a and both aluminum and copper surfaces

Measurements of quasi-static advancing contact angles of refrigerant R134a on copper and aluminum surfaces are reported over a temperature range from 0 °C to 80 °C. The metal surfaces tested were aluminum (alloy 3003) and copper (alloy 101) plates. Measurements were done using a direct optical observation technique where the liquid meniscus at the surface of a vertical plate was captured using a high magnification camera system. The contact angle of solid–liquid interface was deduced by enhancing and manipulating the digital image using solid modeling software by drawing a tangent line to the meniscus at the intersection location of the solid, liquid and vapor. Values of the contact angle were found to vary between 8.3° and 5.6° for aluminum and between 5.1° and 6.5° for copper when the temperature rose from 0 °C to 80 °C. Maximum standard deviation amongst the measured values of contact angles was 1.3°.     

20^#碳钢表面室温电解渗硫层的减摩性能

采用MPX-200型摩擦摩损试验机考察了碳氮共渗及室温电解硫化处理后20^#碳钢的摩擦学性能,探讨了在干摩擦条件下载荷、渗硫处理时间和滑动摩擦时间对渗硫层摩擦系数的影响。结果表明：室温电解渗硫层具有明显的减摩作用,并在一定程度上提高了材料表面的抗磨性能。表面层的X射线光电子能谱分析结果表明,其主要成分为硫化铁（FeS）。     

高温润滑脂中WS_2亚微米粒子的摩擦学性能研究

以新型润滑材料WS2亚微米粒子作为高温润滑脂添加剂,对其在高温润滑脂中于不同温度下所起的抗磨、减摩、抗极压等摩擦学性能进行了研究,并用电子探针显微镜和俄歇电子能谱仪分析了钢球磨斑表面形貌与表面典型元素的面分布和深度分布.结果表明:在不同温度尤其高温下,WS2亚微米粒子能显著提高润滑脂的摩擦学性能;在摩擦过程中,WS2亚微米粒子在摩擦副表面形成WS2吸附膜和含Fe、S的化学反应膜来有效减少摩擦磨损,增强润滑脂的抗磨、减摩和极压性能,从而更好地保护摩擦表面.     

Role of NAPL Thermal Properties in the Effectiveness of Hot Water Flooding

Hot water flooding is a thermal nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) recovery technology originally developed in the petroleum industry that has recently been proposed for enhanced recovery of NAPLs in the contaminated subsurface. This technology, however, has received relatively little laboratory or numerical modeling investigation in the contaminant hydrology community. In this study the utility of flooding NAPL contaminated source zones at elevated water temperatures was investigated. Simulations were conducted using 16 different geostatistical representations of an actual field site. Two NAPLs were selected for this study—a light NAPL with hydraulic properties that have moderate temperature dependencies and a dense NAPL with significant viscosity temperature dependency. For these two NAPLs, flooding the source zone with water at elevated temperatures resulted in enhanced NAPL recovery. However, injection of hot water also resulted in accelerated downward movement of coal tar DNAPL due to the reduced viscosity at elevated temperatures. NAPL recovery was also dependent on the source zone architecture with greater NAPL mass recovery when the NAPL was localized in a small volume at high saturations. These results suggest that hot water flooding can significantly speed up the recovery of viscous NAPLs and, as such, is a powerful technique for the remediation of viscous NAPLs.     

The Effect of a Fluid in the Contact Gap on the Stress State of Conjugate Bodies

The contact interaction of two elastic isotropic half-spaces is analyzed. One of the half-spaces has a smooth shallow depression, resulting in an imperfect contact of the surfaces. The contact gap is assumed filled with a real gas. Gas–liquid transition due to variation in the external load and temperature is considered. The plane problem formulated is solved by the method of contact-gap functions. The effect of the filler and its phase transition on the width and depth of the gap and the contact pressure is studied     

全氟聚醚羧酸铵离子液体的润滑性能及润滑机理研究

设计制备了三种全氟聚醚羧酸铵离子液体,在微动振动摩擦磨损试验机上考察了其在不同温度下对钢/铜锡合金以及钢/钢摩擦副的润滑性能,并与全氟聚醚(PFPE)和全氟聚醚羧酸(PFPEC)进行了对比. 通过测量接触角表征了所制备离子液体对金属表面的润湿性,通过测试摩擦试验过程中接触电阻的变化分析了摩擦过程中摩擦膜的变化;采用扫描电镜和X射线光电子能谱仪分别对磨斑表面形貌和元素状态进行了表征. 结果表明:作为钢/铜锡合金摩擦副的润滑剂时,全氟聚醚羧酸铵离子液体在常温下的润滑性能与PFPE和PFPEC相差不大,但在高温条件下表现出更为优异的减摩抗磨性能;而作为钢/钢摩擦副的润滑剂,其在常温、高温条件下均表现出优于PFPE以及PFPEC的减摩抗磨性能. 多种物理化学表征研究表明该类离子液体优异的减摩抗磨性能归因于其在金属表面优异的吸附性能以及稳定摩擦化学反应膜的形成.      

TiNi合金冲击相变过程中温度变化规律的实验研究

针对初始SME(shape memory effect)和PE(pseudo-elastic)状态TiNi合金试样,采用带有红外测温系统的SHPB冲击压缩装置,实时测量了冲击相变过程中两种材料试样表面瞬态温度,并根据实验结果计算了相应的温度变化。实验结果表明,冲击加载相变过程中,温度随相变应变的增大而升高,当应变最大时,温度最高;卸载过程中,对初始PE状态试样,温度降低,对初始SME状态试样,温度保持最高温度不变或降低,这同加载最高温度有关;卸载完成后,两种试样温度均高于其初始温度。计算温度结果表明,相变耗散功对加、卸载相变过程中温度变化的作用不可忽略。     

液晶润滑添加剂的减摩作用机理研究

液晶润滑添加剂具有优良的减摩性能，但在已有的文献报道中涉及其减摩机理的研究内容却还很少。因此，利用向列型液晶材料已氧基苯甲酸和正辛基苯甲酸作为ＨＵ－２０汽轮机油的添加剂，在给定的压力、速度和温度条件下于Ｆａｌｅｘ试验机上进行了液晶的减摩性能试验研究，并且用Ｘ射线衍射、俄歇电子能谱和扫描电子显微镜等技术，对溶解于矿物油中的液晶结构、磨损表层的元素组成及其表面形貌作了观察、分析与研究，在此基础上又对液     

Constitutive model of discontinuous plastic flow at cryogenic temperatures

FCC metals and alloys are frequently used in cryogenic applications, nearly down to the temperature of absolute zero, because of their excellent physical and mechanical properties including ductility. Some of these materials, often characterized by the low stacking fault energy (LSFE), undergo at low temperatures three distinct phenomena: dynamic strain ageing (DSA), plastic strain induced transformation from the parent phase (γ) to the secondary phase (α′) and evolution of micro-damage. The constitutive model presented in the paper is focused on the discontinuous plastic flow (serrated yielding) and takes into account the relevant thermodynamic background. The discontinuous plastic flow reflecting the DSA effect is described by the mechanism of local catastrophic failure of Lomer–Cottrell (LC) locks under the stress fields related to the accumulating edge dislocations (below the transition temperature from the screw dislocations to the edge dislocations mode T₁). The failure of LC locks leads to massive motion of released dislocations accompanied by the step-wise increase of the strain rate. The response of stress is defined in terms of four stages within each serration cycle. In the fourth stage, the strain rate sensitivity model with temperature playing the role of relaxation parameter is applied. Identification of parameters of the constitutive model is based on the experimental data collected during a campaign of tensile tests carried out on copper and stainless steel samples immersed in liquid helium (4.5 K), by means of a unique equipment developed at CERN.     

Measurements on the coercive force of ticonal down to liquid helium temperatures

Summary Measurements have been made on the coercive forceH _c as a function of temperature of two samples of ticonal and one sample of steel. TheH _c versusT curves for the ticonals show the same minimum without saturation down to liquid helium temperatures. The curve for the steel sample, however, shows an increase below liquid nitrogen temperatures and also a saturation in the liquid helium range.     

高速钢离子渗硫层的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用低温离子渗硫工艺在 W6 Mo5 Cr4 V2高速钢表面制备了硫化物固体润滑层 ,在 MM- 2 0 0型摩擦磨损试验机上对渗硫层的摩擦学性能进行了干摩擦试验研究 ,用原子力显微镜及扫描电子显微镜和 X射线光电子能谱分析渗层表面、截面、磨面的形貌及成分 ,用 X射线衍射仪分析了渗硫层相结构 .结果表明 ,高速钢表面渗硫层由 Fe S、WS2 和Mo S2 等具有固体润滑特性的硫化物共同组成 .微观分析发现 ,渗硫层由直径 30～ 80 nm的硫化物球状颗粒随机叠嵌而成 .纳米结构有利于磨损过程中氧化物的产生 ,对提高摩擦磨损性能有利 .干摩擦条件下 ,渗硫层具有明显的减摩与耐磨效果     

An approach to modeling induction period in crystallization fouling

In this study the fouling of calcium carbonate CaCO₃ and calcium sulfate dehydrate CaSO₄·2H₂O each from single salt solutions on stainless steel surfaces as well as modified surfaces was investigated. Based on experimental investigations a mathematical model for estimation of the induction time was developed. The model was integrated in a software code, computed and compared with experimental data. As a criterion for the induction period the corresponding ratio of Biot numbers was applied.     

Thermal diagnostics of highly heated surfaces using water-spray cooling

Spray cooling of heated surfaces is common in many industrial applications, notably steelmaking, because of its high heat dissipating ability. Control of the surface heat flux rate contributes to better products; it is shown that the heat transfer rate depends on the mass fraction of liquid. Quantitative information regarding the parameters affecting spray cooling is relatively scarce. The rate of heat transfer from a plate due to impinging of an array of water jets was investigated numerically through the solution of heat conduction equation. The simulation is carried out for eight different sprayers, in the range of ejected fluid pressure between 1 bar and 3 bars. Experimental data are used to study the influence of the function g(x, y), of dispersed water, on heat transfer variations across the surface at the temperature of 600°C. Curves were generated showing time histories of the steel temperature for the removal of high heat fluxes of the order of 300 W/cm². It was also observed that for lower temperatures, the predicted local heat transfer coefficient increased significantly. In memory of H. Mzad’s father Mebrouk.