低轨微小卫星及小碎片搜索/跟踪机动式大视场光电望远镜

有效反射面积小,运动速度快的空间低轨卫星和小碎片的日益增多对现有地基探测跟踪技术提出了挑战。本文分析了国外现有低轨小目标光电探测技术的发展现状,结合低轨小目标的探测需求,提出了一种用于低轨微小卫星及小碎片搜索/跟踪探测的机动式车载大视场光电望远镜设计方案。介绍了该望远镜的光学系统、跟踪架及载车,描述了它的工作模式和图像处理,讨论了系统的搜索和探测能力。结果表明,该望远镜对300 km轨道高度的目标搜索能力达到13.5星等（相当于直径5 cm目标）,可以满足搜索和跟踪低轨微小卫星及小碎片探测的实际需求。     

The microwave and millimeter-wave spectrum of methylchloroform

The microwave and millimeter-wave spectra of methylchloroform, CH₃C³⁵Cl₃, have been reexamined in detail, including the hyperfine structure due to the three ³⁵Cl quadrupolar nuclei. Good values are found for the rotational and centrifugal distortion constants of the ground state and the lowest E state v₁₂ = 1, and values are also given for the weaker A₂ torsional state.     

The microwave and millimeter-wave spectra of hypochlorous acid

To permit atmospheric monitoring of the molecule, the microwave spectra of two isotopic species of hypochlorous acid, HOCl, have been measured in the frequency range 8–650 GHz. Three b-type branches and an a-type Q branch have all been measured for the first time; improved measurements have been made for the a-type R branches. The analysis has included combination differences of earlier high-resolution infrared spectra to give accurate values for all rotational constants, five quartic and five higher degree centrifugal distortion constants, as well as the chlorine nuclear quadrupole and spin-rotation coupling constants. From the Stark effect, accurate values have also been obtained for both components of the molecular dipole moment. A table of transition frequencies of potential use in atmospheric monitoring is presented.     

用于空间碎片清除的高功率激光器（英文）

虽然人类的太空活动已经考虑了尽量减少空间碎片的措施,但近地轨道碎片的数量仍呈指数增长,特别是中小型碎片的现有数量已对在轨卫星构成了实质性的威胁。作为具有较高期待的消除碎片办法,用地基DF激光器和空基Nd∶YAG激光器消除碎片的方案令人关注,它们可以以低成本和非破坏性的方式清除空间轨道的危险碎片。本文介绍了使用平均功率为100 kW的高功率、高重复频率P-P Nd∶YAG激光器和平均功率约为1.5 MW的DF激光器来保护在轨飞行器和清除直径为1～10 cm空间轨道危险碎片涉及的相关工作。     

基于偏振稳定双波长保偏光纤光栅激光器的可调谐微波/毫米波产生技术

首次提出了一种基于偏振稳定双波长保偏光纤光栅激光器的可调谐微波/毫米波产生技术, 利用保偏光纤光栅选频产生两个偏振稳定的激光信号, 采用扰偏器确保激光输出的两个正交偏振态功率的一致性, 最后输入高速光电探测器产生微波/毫米波. 通过对保偏光纤光栅施加不同大小的侧向应力, 可以灵活调谐输出的毫米波频率. 实验制作了基于偏振稳定双波长保偏光纤光栅激光器的可调 谐微波/毫米波产生装置, 通过对保偏光纤光栅施加不同的轴向拉力分别产生了20.407 和22.050 GHz的微波信号. 仿真产生了60 GHz的毫米波信号, 并分析该毫米波在光纤无线通信下行链路的传输性能, 结果表明该毫米波作为副载波调制到光波上从中心站传输80 km至基站后经天线发射至用户端, 解调后仍然得到很好的眼图, 充分证明了本方案的优越传输性能.     

Trimode ladar/radar transponder systems for tracking long range cooperative targets

Detection and tracking of cooperative airborne targets are very important for military and also for civilian purposes. Previous research has shown that detection and tracking LASER offer high precision but their operation range is limited to less than 40 km even in good visibility propagation conditions. For long operation ranges, high power and bulky RADAR are required which can be significantly reduced by using active transponders on the cooperative target. A trimode LADAR/RADAR/Transponder system is investigated providing optimum performances. A L band Radar with active transponder is operated for all weather long ranges up to Low Earth Orbit satellites. The L mode is switched to a Mm wave mode RADAR for operation distances lower than 350 km and to an accurate LASER mode for the final tracking steps.     

Ladar/radar dual mode operation system for enhancing tracking range and accuracy

Previously investigated LADAR Cooperative target acquisition and tracking systems, are enhanced from 10 to 40 km in good visibility conditions. The choice of an optimal LADAR source and the ranges improvements of accurate tracking operation are described. For enhancing detection ranges, specific dual mode LADAR/RADAR systems have been proposed. The optimal solutions for all weather ranges above 400 km are L band RADAR characterized by very high power complex transmitters and bulky antennas.     

Estimation of the characteristics of a promising orbital lidar for space debris monitoring

A preliminary study aimed at estimating the potential of a promising orbital lidar for space debris monitoring has been performed. Estimates of the space debris detection range under different observation conditions with different technical characteristics of lidar have been calculated. It is shown that the detection range for space debris fragments with sizes of 1 to 10 cm in the wavelength range near 0.5 µm depends strongly on the observation conditions, which are determined by the additive-noise level. It is concluded that a promising orbital lidar should contain a laser emitter with a power of several hundreds of watts and a receiving telescope about 0.5 to 1m in diameter. The possibility of using an orbital lidar for recognizing space debris is estimated. It is shown that a recognition probability exceeding 0.8 can be attained for a space debris image containing several tens of pixels and a signal-to-noise ratio above 10.     

A photonic approach for microwave/millimeter-wave frequency measurement using stimulated brillouin scattering in single mode fiber

A photonic approach for microwave/millimeter-wave (MMW) frequency measurement is proposed and demonstrated based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) of a 20-km standard single mode fiber (SSMF). After the MMW signal is modulated to a laser source with two sidebands using optical carrier suppression (OCS) modulation, its frequency can be easily measured by monitoring the SBS-induced amplification with a power meter. Due to the 1-pm resolution of a tunable pump laser source, a frequency measurement range of 1–40 GHz is demonstrated in our experiment with a frequency resolution of 125 MHz. We believe the frequency measurement range can be further extended to satisfy photonic radar front-end processing application.     

Broadband photonic ADC for microwave photonics-based radar receiver

A broadband photonic analog-to-digital converter(ADC) for X-band radar applications is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. An X-band signal with arbitrary waveform and a bandwidth up to 2 GHz can be synchronously sampled and processed due to the optical sampling structure. In the experiment, the chirp signal centered at 9 GHz with a bandwidth of 1.6 GHz is sampled and down-converted with a signal-to-noise ratio of 7.20 d B and an improved noise figure. Adopting the photonic ADC in the radar receiver and the above signal as the transmitted radar signal, an X-band inverse synthetic aperture radar system is set up, and the range and cross-range resolutions of 9.4 and 8.3 cm are obtained, respectively.     

Spectral domain analysis of eigenmodes in a shielded multilayer coplanar waveguide for microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits

Coplanar waveguide has found increasing use in microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits, and a knowledge of its eigenmodes is very useful for circuit design. In this paper, we determine the dispersion properties of the eigenmodes in a shielded multilayer coplanar waveguide using the spectral domain approach. Numerical results of the propagation constants for different combinations of dielectric materials are presented to illustrate the behaviors of the eigenmodes.     

Photonic DPASK/QAM signal generation at microwave/millimeter-wave band based on an electro-optic phase modulator

We have proposed and experimentally demonstrated two novel photonic architectures to generate differential-phase amplitude-shift keying and circular quadrature amplitude modulation signals at microwave/millimeter-wave band based on an electro-optic phase modulator. In our proposed schemes, the electronic driven circuits were greatly simplified by employing the photonic vector modulation technique.     

激光辐照不规则空间碎片冲量矢量计算

研究了不规则空间碎片受激光辐照后的冲量变化。利用不论激光入射方向如何,烧蚀反喷方向始终沿着烧蚀平面法向方向这个实验现象,同时,根据NASA对于空间碎片形状的基本划分,分别计算了球体、柱形体和立方体受激光辐照后的冲量变化情况。计算结果表明:对于球体和立方体,无论激光辐照方向如何变化,冲量方向总是和辐照方向相同,冲量大小和垂直辐照相同材料的平板分别成固定比例关系;而对于柱形体,冲量大小和方向随着激光辐照方向变化而变化。     

激光辐照不规则空间碎片冲量矢量计算

研究了不规则空间碎片受激光辐照后的冲量变化。利用不论激光入射方向如何,烧蚀反喷方向始终沿着烧蚀平面法向方向这个实验现象,同时,根据NASA对于空间碎片形状的基本划分,分别计算了球体、柱形体和立方体受激光辐照后的冲量变化情况。计算结果表明：对于球体和立方体,无论激光辐照方向如何变化,冲量方向总是和辐照方向相同,冲量大小和垂直辐照相同材料的平板分别成固定比例关系;而对于柱形体,冲量大小和方向随着激光辐照方向变化而变化。     

Functional phantom for fMRI: a feasibility study

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reveals changes in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal after considerable processing. This paper describes the implementation and testing of an fMRI phantom where electric current applied to a thin wire within a proton-rich medium substituted BOLD distortion of the magnetic field; the scanner detects these two distortions as practically identical signal changes. The magnitude of the change depended on the current strength. The phantom has a number of possible applications. Signal changes across sessions, days, instruments and individuals could be monitored. Placing the phantom close to a subject during an fMRI experiment could allow differentiating sensitivity changes in the scanner due to instrumentation from changes in the subject's state and performance during the experiment. The spatial extent of brain activations and effects of various changes in the chain of image formation could be analyzed using current-induced "activations". Furthermore, the phantom could expedite fMRI sequence development by reducing the need to scan human subjects, who introduce uncertainty to the signal. Thus, this fMRI phantom could be useful for both cognitive fMRI studies and scanner calibration.     

微小空间碎片撞击诱发放电效应研究

微小空间碎片超高速撞击航天器表面, 能够抛射出高密度的等离子体云团, 如果撞击发生在航天器的高充电表面或带电部件等敏感区域, 撞击等离子体将会诱发放电, 该机制已经引起了广泛的关注, 但是相关研究还十分欠缺. 本文利用等离子体驱动微小碎片加速器加速200 μm的微粒, 通过模拟实验开展微小空间碎片撞击诱发放电的研究, 获得了典型的实验结果, 对撞击诱发放电信号的特征进行了分析. 关键词： 微小空间碎片 撞击诱发放电     

Experimental study for the feasibility of a crystalline undulator

We present an idea for creation of a crystalline undulator and report its first realization. One face of a silicon crystal was given periodic microscratches (grooves) by means of a diamond blade. The x-ray tests of the crystal deformation due to a given periodic pattern of surface scratches have shown that a sinusoidal-like shape is observed on both the scratched surface and the opposite (unscratched) face of the crystal; that is, a periodic sinusoidal-like deformation goes through the bulk of the crystal. This opens up the possibility for experiments with high-energy particles channeled in a crystalline undulator, a novel compact source of radiation.     

空间碎片问题的起源、现状和发展

字面意义上的空间碎片指的是解体产生的碎片,但一般也包含火箭残骸、废弃卫星等各类无功能人造物体。随着人类探索、利用太空的步伐,空间碎片逐渐开始成为影响并威胁人类空间活动不可避免的问题。文章主要介绍空间碎片问题的起源、当前的状况、人们如何应对以及未来可能遇到的问题。     

Physics of propagation in left-handed guided wave structures at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies

A microstrip configuration is loaded with a left-handed medium substrate and studied regarding its dispersion diagrams over the microwave and millimeter-wave frequency bands for a number of different modal solutions. Ab initio calculations are accomplished self-consistently with a computer code using a full-wave integral equation numerical method based upon a Green's function employing appropriate boundary conditions. Bands of both propagating and evanescent behavior are discovered in some of the modes. Electromagnetic field plots in the cross-sectional dimension are made. New electric field line and magnetic circulation patterns are discovered.