Bis(oxamato)palladate(II) complexes: synthesis,crystal structure and application to catalytic Suzuki reaction

New bis(oxamato)palladate(II) complexes, [Pd(H₂O)₄][Pd(2,6-Me₂pma)₂]·2H₂O (1), (n-Bu₄N)₂[Pd(2,6-Me₂pma)₂]·2H₂O (2a), and (n-Bu₄N)₂[Pd(2,6-Me₂pma)₂]·2CHCl₃ (2b) (2,6-Me₂pma = N-2,6-dimethylphenyoxamate and n-Bu₄N⁺ = tetra-n-butylammonium), have been synthesized and the structures of 1 and 2b characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 is a double salt constituted by tetraaquapalladium(II) cations and bis(oxamato)palladate(II) anions interlinked by hydrogen bonds. The palladium(II) ions in 1 are four-coordinate with two oxygens and two nitrogens from two fully deprotonated oxamate ligands (anion), and four water molecules (cation) building centrosymmetric square-planar surroundings. Centrosymmetric bis(oxamato)palladate(II) anions occur in 2b as in 1, the charge balance in this compound being ensured by the bulky n-Bu₄N⁺. The catalytic role of 1 and 2a for the Suzuki reaction has been investigated by using a series of aryl iodide/bromide derivatives in the conventional organic medium dimethylformamide. The tetraaquapalladium(II) unit in 1 appears to be active in the catalytic Suzuki cross-coupling reactions, but it readily decomposes to inactive palladium black.     

Bis(oxofluorenediyl)oxacyclophanes: synthesis, crystal structure and complexation with paraquat in the gas phase

The first three representatives of the new family of oxacyclophanes incorporating two 2,7-dioxyfluorenone fragments, connected by [-CH(2)CH(2)O-](m) spacers (m=2-4), have been synthesized. The yield of the smallest oxacyclophane (m=2) is considerably higher with respect to the larger ones (m=3 and m=4), which are formed in comparable yields. Molecular modeling and NMR spectra analysis of the model compounds suggest that an essential difference in oxacyclophanes yields is caused by formation of quasi-cyclic intermediates, which are preorganized for macrocyclization owing to intramolecular pi-pi stacking interactions between the fluorenone units. The solid-state structures of these oxacyclophanes exhibit intra- and intermolecular pi-pi stacking interactions that dictate their rectangular shape in the fluorenone backbone and crystal packing of the molecules with the parallel or T-shape arrangement. The crystal packing in all cases is also sustained by weak C--HO hydrogen bonds. FAB mass spectral analysis of mixtures of the larger oxacyclophanes (m=3 and m=4) and a paraquat moiety revealed peaks corresponding to the loss of one and two PF(6) (-) counterions from the 1:1 complexes formed. However, no signals were observed for complexes of the paraquat moiety with the smaller oxacyclophane (m=2). Computer molecular modeling of complexes revealed a pseudorotaxane-like incorporation of the paraquat unit, sandwiched within a macrocyclic cavity between the almost parallel-aligned fluorenone rings of the larger oxacyclophanes (m=3 and m=4). In contrast to this, only external complexes of the smallest oxacyclophane (m=2) with a paraquat unit have been found in the energy window of 10 kcal mol(-1).     

Oxalate-bridged dirhenium(I) hexacarbonyl complexes: synthesis, reactions, and crystal structures

The complex [{Re(CO)₅}₂(μ,η¹:η¹-C₂O₄)] 1 undergoes thermal decarbonylation to give [Re₂(CO)₆(C₂O₄)]_n, which reacts with triphenylphosphine and trans-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene (dppene) to give anti-[Re₂(PPh₃)₂(CO)₆(μ,η²:η²-C₂O₄)] 2 and [Re₂(μ-dppene)(CO)₆(μ,η²:η²-C₂O₄)] 4, respectively. Complex 2 is oxidized on prolonged exposure to air (1 week) to form anti-[Re₂(OPPh₃)₂(CO)₆(μ,η²:η²-C₂O₄)] 3. In the presence of excess dppene, the complex [Re₂(μ-dppene)₂(CO)₆(μ,η¹:η¹-C₂O₄)] 5 is also formed alongside 4. With the chelating diphosphine 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp), the complex [(η²-dppp)Re(CO)₃(μ,η¹:η¹-C₂O₄)Re(CO)₃(η²-dppp)] 6 is formed. The structures of 3 and 4 have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The dppene ligand in complex 4 adopts an unusual “syn” conformation wherein the two phosphorus lone pairs of electrons are eclipsed, thus forming an “A-frame” type of bridge.     

Organometallic polymers. XVI. Copolymerization of styrenetricarbonylchromium and the reaction of polystyrene with chromium hexacarbonyl

Styrenetricarbonylchromium (IV) has been synthesized. Monomer IV did not homopolymerize with free-radical initiation but copolymerized with styrene, methyl acrylate, and vinylcymantrene. The copolymerizations were carried out in benzene solutions at 70°C with azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The relative reactivity ratios were determined for the styrene and methyl acrylate copolymerizations. They were (defining M₁ as monomer IV) r₁ ? 0, r₂ ? 1.39 for styrene copolymerizations and r₁ ? 0, r₂ ? 0.75 for methyl acrylate copolymerization. Polystyrene reacted with chromium-hexacarbonyl in refluxing DME to produce a polymer in which about 32% of the benzene rings were complexed with ? Cr(CO)₃ units. The use of a polystyrene of narrow molecular weight distribution in this reaction demonstrated that no decomposition of the polystyrene chains occurred.     

Contributions to the chemistry of silicon-sulfur compounds. Part 58

The deviation from tetrahedral configuration at the silicon atom has been studied by modified EHT calculations. The geometry and energy of spiranes M(S₂C₂H₄)₂, M=C, Si were optimized with bond lengths constrained at experimental values starting from experimental or assumed geometry. Additionally Si(SR)₄, R=H, CH₃ as model compounds, have been studied with EHT. Full geometry optimizations with MM2 were also carried out for spiranes M(E₂C₂R₄)₂ and M(E₂C₂H₂)₂, M=C, Si, Ge, E = O, S, Se and R=H, CH₃. The performed MM2 calculations gave no evidence for significant deviation from the ideal spiro configuration. The EHT calculations, on the other hand, show that D₂ conformers of Si(S₂C₂H₄)₂ and Si(SR)₄ are the most stable in somewhat distorted conformation because of the operation of an anomeric effect. The anomeric interactions in S₄ conformers do not cause those spiro angle deviations. The energy differences between D₂ and S₄ conformers are small. The existence of S₄ conformers has been predicted in vapor phase by comparison of the observed and calculated splittings of lone pair ionization potentials.Presented as a poster at 10th IUPAC Conference on Physical Organic Chemistry 5–10 August 1990, Haifa, Israel. For Part 57, see ref. [1].     

Contributions to the chemistry of silicon-sulfur compounds. Part 59

The contribution of vacant orbitals of the silicon atom to the electronic structure of silanethiols and their corresponding deprotonated species have been studied by means of ab initio and EHT MO methods. The results have been compared with those of the corresponding carbon compounds to clarify the peculiar properties of the silanethiols. The deprotonation process does strengthen the Si-S bond, but this effect is not considered to be due to the SSi dative bonding as suggested by Salinger and West.Dedicated to Professor Hans Georg von Schnering on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday. For Part 58 see ref. [1].     

Cup-shaped E,E-stilbenophane: synthesis,crystal structure and supramolecular chemistry

A new E,E-stilbenophane was synthesised and characterised. The crystal structure of this cyclophane shows that this molecule has a cup-shaped structure, which hosts a phenyl ring of neighbouring molecule as guest in its cavity with a π–π distance of about 3.7 Å. Moreover, the NMR spectra and theoretical analysis (gauge-independent atomic orbitals (GIAO) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM)) suggest that the silver recognition by E,E-stilbenophane host molecules is based on cation–π interactions in which the π-electrons of the double bonds play a major role.     

Bis[(18-crown-6)potassium] tetrakis(isothiocyanato)zinc(II): synthesis and crystal structure

A new complex, bis[(18-crown-6)potassium] tetrakis(isothiocyanato)zinc(II) [[K(18-crown-6)₂] [Zn(NCS)₄]] (I), is synthesized. Its crystal structure is studied using X-ray diffraction analysis (space group Pna2₁, a = 17.604 Å, b = 14.190 Å, c = 17.625 Å, Z = 4) by a direct method and refined by the full-matrix least-squares method in the anisotropic approximation to R = 0.099 for all 3994 measured independent reflections (CAD4 automated diffractiometer, λMoK _α radiation).     

Bis(ketenyl)benzenes: preparation,observation, and reaction with tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxyl

1,2- and 1,3-Bis(ketenyl)benzenes formed by double dehydrochlorination and by double Wolff rearrangement, respectively, gave ketenyl IR absorption at 2115, and 2122, and 2116 cm^–1, respectively. Reaction of these bisketenes with the aminoxyl radical tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxyl (TEMPO) gave the corresponding tetraadducts as mixtures of meso- and d,l-isomers. The kinetics of the reaction of 1,3-bis(ketenyl)benzene with TEMPO gave a rate constant comparable to that of the monoketene PhCH=C=O. The reactions proceed by the initial attack of TEMPO on the carbonyl carbon of one ketenyl group followed by fast capture of the intermediate radical by a second TEMPO, and then reaction of the remaining ketene.     

(S, R)联萘酚磷酰胺包合物的合成及晶体结构

本文合成了主体分子(S, R)-1, 1'-联萘-2, 2'-二羟基磷酰(N-α-苯乙基)胺及8种包合物, 经熔点、结晶形状及元素分析确定了它们的组成; 并经过X-射线衍射分析确定了其乙醇包合物的单晶结构, 晶体属单斜晶系, 空间群P2~1,a=0.9365(1)nm, b=1.2825(7)nm, c=1.1640(3)nm, β=111.71°, Z=2,R=0.0469。其中主体分子形成层状结构, 客体分子处于相邻的层间。     

Bis(oxazolinyl)phenyl transition metal complexes: synthesis, asymmetric catalysis, and coordination chemistry

Molecular catalysts for organic synthesis should be constructed to be tailored to target reactions and their desirable conditions. In our search for them, we have studied new types of transition metal molecular catalysts dressed with a tridentate N,C,N modular ligand, which consists of a C2-symmetric side-by-side phenyl group with chiral bis(oxazolinyl) substituents. The ligand, 2,6-bis(oxazolinyl)phenyl abbreviated as Phebox, can connect covalently to transition metals by the central carbon atom. Here, we review our recent work on the chemistry of Phebox and its metal complexes, including preparation, structural analysis, asymmetric Lewis acid catalysis, asymmetric hydrosilylation, asymmetric conjugate reduction, asymmetric reductive aldol reaction, and organometallic reactions.     

Bis(phosphinimino)methanides as ligands in divalent lanthanide and alkaline earth chemistry - synthesis, structure, and catalysis

Divalent bis(phosphinimino)methanide lanthanide complexes of composition [{(Me₃SiNPPh₂)₂CH}EuI(THF)]₂ and [{(Me₃SiNPPh₂)₂CH}YbI(THF)₂] have been prepared by a salt metathesis reactions of K{CH(PPh₂NSiMe₃)₂} and LnI₂. Further reactions of these complexes with [K(THF)_nN(PPh₂)₂] led selectively to the heteroleptic amido complexes [{(Me₃SiNPPh₂)₂CH}Ln{(Ph₂P)₂N}(THF)] (Ln = Eu, Yb). The ytterbium complex can also be obtained by reduction of [{CH(PPh₂NSiMe₃)₂}Yb{(Ph₂P)₂N}Cl] with elemental potassium. The single crystals of [{(Me₃SiNPPh₂)₂CH}Ln{(Ph₂P)₂N}(THF)] contain enantiomerically pure complexes. As a result of the similar ionic radii of the divalent lanthanides and the heavier alkaline earth metals some similarities in coordination chemistry of the bis(phosphinimino)methanide ligand were anticipated. Therefore, MI₂ (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) was reacted with K{CH(PPh₂NSiMe₃)₂} to give [{(Me₃SiNPPh₂)₂CH}CaI(THF)₂], [{(Me₃SiNPPh₂)₂CH}SrI(THF)]₂, and [{(Me₃SiNPPh₂)₂CH}BaI(THF)₂]₂, respectively. As expected the Sr and Eu complexes and the Ca and Yb complexes are very similar, whereas for the Ba compound, as a result of the large ion radius, a different coordination sphere is observed. For all new complexes the solid-state structures were established by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In the solid-state the {CH(PPh₂NSiMe₃)₂}⁻ ligand acts as tridentate donor forming a long methanide carbon metal bond. Thus, all complexes presented can be considered as organometallic compounds. [{(Me₃SiNPPh₂)₂CH}YbI(THF)₂] was also used as precatalyst for the intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization reaction of different aminoalkynes and aminoolefines. Good yields but moderate activities were observed.     

Intermolecular interactions in (arene)chromium carbonyl compounds: prediction of chiral crystal packing from racemate structure

Six X-ray crystal structures are reported, all containing substituted triphenylmethanol derivative 4 either alone or as its mono or bis(chromium tricarbonyl) complexes. All four chromium complexes studied crystallize with two independent molecules in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. It is demonstrated that from the X-ray crystal structure of the acentric racemic (+/-)-(1pR,1' 'R)(1pS,1' 'S)-[Cr(CO)(3)(eta(6)-t-BuC(6)H(3)(CMeOMe)CPh(2)OH)], (+/-)-3, it is possible to deduce the 4-fold helical structure of the chiral (-)-(1pR,1' 'R) isomer, (-)-3. The bimetallic derivatives demonstrate the ability to control intermolecular interactions by the positioning of relative stereochemistry.     

Spectral studies on the reaction of chromium (VI) compounds with aminophosphonic esters

The studies on reaction of newly obtained aminophosphonic acid diethyl ester derivatives of fluorene with Cr₂O₇ ^2–, CrO₄ ^2–, CrO₃Cl^– and CrO₃ have been investigated using electronic, infrared,Raman and NMR spectral methods. It has been found that the resulting compounds are of the type (AH)₂Cr₂O₇, whereA stands for the organic part of the molecule. The organic cation and solvent effects on the electronic states of pseudotetrahedrally arranged Cr(VI) anions are discussed.

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Spektroskopische Untersuchungen über Reaktionen von Chrom(VI)-Verbindungen mit Aminophosphonsäure-Estern

Zusammenfassung Es wurden Elektronen-, Ultrarot-,Raman- und NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen beschrieben, die an neuen Verbindungen durchgeführt wurden, welche als Reaktionsprodukte von Cr₂O₇ ^2–, CrO₄ ^2–, CrO₃Cl^– und CrO₃ mit Aminophosphonsäurediethylesterderivaten von Fluorene synthetisiert worden waren. Es wurde festgestellt, daß diese Verbindungen mit einer allgemeinen Formel (AH)₂Cr₂O₇ beschrieben können werden, in derA den organischen Teil der Verbindungen bedeutet. Der Einfluß des organischen Kations wie auch der von Lösungsmitteln auf die Elektronenzustände des pseudotetraedrischen Cr(VI)-Anions wurde gleichfalls untersucht.

     

Bis(1-adamantanecarboxylato)triphenylantimony: Synthesis and structure

Bis(1-adamantanecarboxylato)triphenylantimony Ph₃Sb[OC(O)C₁₀H₁₅]₂ was synthesized in 92% yield by reacting triphenylantimony with 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide in diethyl ether. X-ray crystallography shows that the antimony atom has a distorted trigonal-pyramidal coordination with axially positioned oxygen atoms of carboxy groups. The axial angle OSbO and equatorial angles CSbC are 179.93(6)° and 99.90(5)°, 99.90(5)°, and 160.20(9)°, respectively; intramolecular contacts Sb···O(=C) are 2.613(1) Å. Structure data on structurally characterized triarylantimony dicarboxylates are systematized.     

Pentadecatungstate with dinuclear cerium(III) unit: synthesis, crystal structure and properties

A novel pentadecatungstate, [H 6Ce 2(H 2O)Cl(W 5O 18) 3] (7-) ( 1), constructed by a dinuclear cerium unit and 15-member ring WO 6 units was prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Polyanion 1 exhibits blue photoluminescence with an emission maximum at 488 nm, which is characteristic of cerium(III) transitions from 5d to (2)F 5/2 states. Furthermore, the study of the electrochemical property investigation of 1 shows two reversible redox peaks ascribing to two-electron processes.     

Interaction of hexafluorosilicic acid with sulfa drugs. Bis(sulfathiazolium) hexafluorosilicate: Spectral data and crystal structure

Interaction of hexafluorosilicic acid with sulfa drugs sulfathiazole (stz) and sulfalen (2-sulfanilamido-3-methoxypyrazine, sl) results in the crystalline salts of the compositions [stzH]₂[SiF₆] (I) and [4-H₂NO₂SPhNH₃]₂[SiF₆] (II). Complex I is characterized by IR, mass spectrometry data and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure of I is stabilized by a network of charge-assisted hydrogen bonding. The relationship between the solubility and H-bonding system in I, II and related “onium” hexafluorosilicates is discussed. The formation of complex II, previously reported as an interaction product of hexafluorosilicic acid with 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide (sulfanilamide), is the result of cleavage of the C-N bond in sulfalen in acidic medium.     

Pentacarbonyl(2,6-diaminopyridine)chromium(0): synthesis and molecular structure

Photolysis of hexacarbonylchromium(0) in the presence of 2,6-diaminopyridine in toluene solution at 10 °C yields pentacarbonyl(2,6-diaminopyridine)chromium(0), which could be isolated from solution as plate-like crystals and fully characterized by using the single crystal X-ray diffractometry and MS, IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The complex was found to have the 2,6-diaminopyridine ligand bonded to the chromium atom through one of the NH₂ groups. A single crystal X-ray structure of the complex reveals that the coordination sphere around the chromium atom is a slightly distorted octahedron, involving five carbonyls and one 2,6-diaminopyridine ligand. Because of the steric requirement of 2,6-diaminopyridine the four equatorial carbonyl groups are bended away from the N-donor ligand. The pyridine plane makes an angle of 112.9(3)° with the OC-Cr-N bond axis. The Cr-C distances have values between 1.833(7) and 1.935(7) Å. The Cr-N distance is 2.236(5) Å.     

New route to the synthesis of bis[N-(2-aminoethyl) salicylaldiminato] chromium(III) chloride monohydrate Spectroscopic characterization, crystal structure and interaction with DNA

The reaction of [Cr(urea)(6)]Cl(3).3H(2)O with H(2)salen (H(2)salen=N,N(')-ethylenebis(salicylaldimine) in water-methanol mixture (40:60v/v) under reflux yielded the complex bis[N-(2-aminoethyl)salicylaldiminato]chromium(III) chloride monohydrate, [Cr(aesaldmn)(2)]Cl.H(2)O. The complex was characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, spectroscopic (UV-vis and IR) data and X-ray diffraction studies. The new ligand, N-(2-aminoethyl)salicylaldimine, Haesaldmn, possibly resulted from the hydrolytic cleavage of one end of the H(2)salen ligand during reflux. Binding of this chromium(III) complex to CT DNA has been studied using UV-vis spectroscopy with an apparent binding constant of 2.68 x 10(3)M(-1). It shows that the binding mode is electrostatic while the emission of ethidium bromide to CT DNA in the absence and in the presence of the complex show that it binds DNA with partial intercalation.