Analytical evaluation of chromatic dispersion in photonic crystal fibers

We present a two-dimensional modal approach for the evaluation, in an analytical manner, of chromatic dispersion in any kind of optical fiber. It combines an iterative Fourier technique to compute the propagation constant at any fixed wavelength and an analytical procedure to calculate its derivatives. The proposed formulation takes into account the effective anisotropy of the interfaces and allows us to deal with microstructured fibers, in general, and specifically with realistic photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), including arbitrary spatial refractive-index distributions of dispersive and absorbing materials. This fast and accurate numerical technique is extremely useful for both analysis and design. We show some results of analysis of PCFs with high anisotropy, and we also describe PCFs with new dispersive properties.     

八边形光子晶体光纤色散补偿特性分析

利用多极法对八边形光子晶体光纤的色散补偿特性进行数值模拟,分析了结构参数变化对色散补偿特性的影响;计算了具有相同参数的六边形结构光子晶体光纤的色散系数和非线性系数;研究表明八边形光子晶体光纤比六边形结构的光子晶体光纤的大负色散特性明显提高,非色散系数低,更有利于进行色散补偿.因此,本文设计了一种新型的八边形色散补偿光纤,在λ=1.55μm时色散值为-1434.9ps·nm^-1·km^-1,色散斜率为-4.6338ps·nm^-2· 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 多极法 色散斜率 色散补偿     

Tunable photonic crystal fiber coupler based on a side-polishing technique

A tunable photonic crystal fiber (PCF) coupler, which couples part of the optical power in one PCF with that in another PCF, has been made by side polishing. We fabricated the PCF coupler by mating two side-polished PCFs. We achieved evanescent field coupling between the core modes of the two PCFs by using side polishing to bring the cores close to each other. By adjusting the mating angle between the two side-polished PCFs we obtained as much as 90% tunability in the coupling ratio. The spectrum of the coupling ratio was almost flat, with small ripples, over a 400-nm wavelength range.     

双芯光子晶体光纤中的模式干涉

应用全矢量超格子叠加模型分析了双芯光子晶体光纤(PCF)的模式特征.双芯PCF的基模和二次模分别由偏振方向不同的两个偶模和两个奇模组成，讨论了这四个模式的模式电场奇偶性.基于对双芯PCF模式电场奇偶性的认识，讨论了光纤中的矢量模式干涉问题.分析表明，不同偏振态模式的干涉不会引起芯间的功率转移，双芯PCF的芯间功率耦合是由相同偏振模式的干涉引起的.在相同偏振模式干涉过程中，光功率在两个芯子中呈余弦振荡，光纤的两个芯子一般存在约π／2的相位差.还讨论了两个不同偏振方向的耦合系数与波长的关系. 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 双芯光纤 模式 干涉 耦合     

Analytical evaluation of bending loss oscillations in photonic crystal fibers

In this paper we present an analytical formula for bending loss oscillations in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). We follow the approach originally adopted for conventional double-clad fibers and show that it can be applied to PCFs by substituting the structural parameters of the conventional fiber by their PCF counterparts. We then examine the spectral dependence of the critical bending radius and the position of the first order loss peak as a function of structural parameters of the PCF cladding such as the fill factor and the number of hole rings. Finally, we evaluate the precision of the analytical model by comparing the results to finite element calculations for a selection of PCF geometries.     

Hydrophobic photonic crystal fibers

We propose and demonstrate hydrophobic photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). A chemical surface treatment for making PCFs hydrophobic is introduced. This repels water from the holes of PCFs, so that their optical properties remain unchanged even when they are immersed in water. The combination of a hollow core and a water-repellent inner surface of the hydrophobic PCF provides an ultracompact dissolved-gas sensor element, which is demonstrated for the sensing of dissolved ammonia gas.     

Bandgap properties of Kagomé photonic crystal fibers

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) can guide light by the photonic bandgap (PBG) effect created by the periodically arranged air holes in the cladding. In this paper, the bandgap properties of Kagomé photonic crystal fibers (KPCFs) are investigated in detail. First, the bandgap properties of PCFs based on the basic Kagomé lattice are analyzed and compared with the PBGs of PCFs based on honeycomb and triangular lattices. We highlight the similarities between KPCFs and honeycomb PCFs in their PBGs, both having air-guiding regions only at very large air filling fractions (AIFs), whereas the PBGs of triangular PCFs can have large air-guiding regions at smaller AIFs due to the difference in the gap structure. In the second half of this paper, we show how the PBGs of KPCFs can be modified by introducing an extra air hole into the vacant space of the original lattice. In particular, KPCFs with medium-sized air holes can be designed to guide air by introducing extra air holes of a larger size. The air-guiding regions of KPCFs with very large air holes can also be greatly extended by the extra air holes. These air-guiding regions occur at higher normalized frequencies, resulting in larger air hole pitches favorable for fabrication. PACS 42.70.Qs; 42.25.Bs; 42.81.Qb     

On the investigation of field and power through photonic crystal fibers - A simulation approach

An investigation of different types of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), in respect of mode formation, is presented using computer simulations. In the investigative approach, we numerically solved Maxwell's equations for PCFs. In particular, we performed modal analysis for three different types of PCFs, namely Bragg fibers, index-guiding PCFs and photonic bandgap PCFs. Through simulations, we demonstrated the distribution of electric/magnetic fields as well as the propagation of power in different types of PCF structures. Simulation results reveal potentials of implementing PCFs (over conventional fibers) for the guidance of electromagnetic waves in nanophotonic waveguidance systems.     

光子晶体光纤色散补偿特性的数值研究

利用矢量有效折射率方法对光子晶体光纤（PCF）的色散补偿特性进行了数值模拟，研究发现通过调节光子晶体光纤包层的空气穴节距或空气穴大小可以灵活地设计光子晶体光纤的色散系数D、色散斜率Dslope以及κ值，可以设计在波长1.55μm附近具有较大绝对值的正常色散和负色散斜率的色散补偿光子晶体光纤，使光通信中的普通单模光纤（G.652）或非零色散位移光纤(G.655)在1.55μm低损耗窗口得到较好的色散补偿.数值模拟和分析表明色散补偿光子晶体光纤的研制具有很大的发展潜力. 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 色散 色散斜率 色散补偿     

长脉冲抽运光子晶体光纤四波混频和超连续谱的理论研究

本文数值研究了长脉冲抽运光子晶体光纤四波混频和超连续谱的产生.依据准连续波近似下的相位匹配条件和能量守恒定律,能够理论上确定在光子晶体光纤正常色散区抽运时,四波混频效应产生的信号光和空闲光波长;以及在光纤反常色散区抽运时,调制不稳现象产生的两个对称旁瓣波长.利用自适应分步傅里叶法,定量地模拟了利用波长为1064 nm的亚纳秒激光器抽运两种不同色散特性的光子晶体光纤四波混频效应和超连续谱的产生,模拟结果与实验结果符合非常好. 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 超连续谱 四波混频 自适应分步傅里叶法     

Pair correlation function and freezing transitions in a two-dimensional system of model ultrasoft colloids

Density functional theory (DFT) of freezing has been used to investigate the freezing transitions in a system of colloidal particles confined to a two-dimensional plane. The particles interact via a model Hertzian type potential of varying softness. The pair-correlation functions (PCFs) needed as input structural information in DFT are calculated by solving hypernetted chain (HNC) integral equation theory. The PCFs thus obtained have been compared with those obtained through experiment and simulations and are found to be in good qualitative agreement. We found that the PCFs are sensitive to the softness of the potential: showing splitting of pair-correlation peak in the harder case and anomalous non-monotonic density dependence in the softer case. Using the common tangent construction method, we have also proposed the fluid-triangular solid phase diagrams in the temperature-density plane. We found that the phase diagram exhibit solid-fluid coexistence region whose thickness decreases with the increasing temperature as well as with increasing softness of the potential. In the temperature and density range of our calculation, DFT fails to produce any reentrance in the phase diagram.     

Solid-core square-lattice photonic crystal fibers: comparative studies of the single-mode regime and numerical aperture for circular and square air-holes

In this paper we have studied solid-core square-lattice PCFs with circular and square shaped air-holes. We have estimated the V-parameter by using the step-index fiber approximation (SIFA) and calculated numerical apertures for the structures considered. In order to estimate the effective core radius of the structure with the square shaped air-holes we have used an approximation based on the air-filling fraction.     

基于谐振耦合现象的三芯光子晶体光纤带通滤波器

设计了一种三芯光子晶体光纤带通滤波器结构.利用纤芯间的谐振耦合,实现了滤波.当3个纤芯基模模式有效折射率在同一频率点实现匹配时,将产生谐振现象.通过合理选取光纤结构参数,可以使3个模式满足谐振条件.由于3个纤芯基模只在工作波长处实现有效折射率的匹配,因而纤芯间发生波长的选择性耦合.应用全矢量光束传播法(BPM)分析了这种光纤带通滤波器的性能.结果表明:在1.55 μm工作波长上,光纤耦合长度为22.8 mm;在损耗低于-3 dB前提下,通带带宽为8.9 nm.     

Study of femtosecond soliton dynamics in photonic crystal fiber using the moment method

We investigate the dynamics of femtosecond solitons in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) by including high-order dispersion terms until to sixth-order in the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation, in addition to the nonlinear effects of the self phase modulation, self steepening and Raman scattering. We calculate theoretically the pulse parameters using the moment method. In the case of the fundamental soliton, our computed equations are coupled and difficult to solve analytically. However, we use the finite difference method to calculate numerically pulse parameters using an initially hyperbolic secant pulse at 1550-nm with different peak powers along 10m-PCF. Our numerical results show that the nonlinear regimes allow obtaining pulse compressions and initial pulse amplitudes. Furthermore, we remark a pulse broadening, and weak shifts of the peak power positions and frequencies in the critical and dispersive regimes. The use of an initial chirp provides a better pulse compressions and especially for low input powers. Also, the initial positive chirp reduces the optimal compression position lengths, while the negative one increases them. Therefore, we conclude that our theoretical calculations and numerical simulation results show that the moment method associated with the finite differences method is effective for the study of femtosecond pulse dynamics in PCFs.     

Raman amplification characteristics of As2Se3 photonic crystal fibers

We present the dispersion and Raman amplification characteristics of As2Se3 photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). We compare the gain characteristics with conventional As2Se3 fibers and find that the Raman gain efficiency in PCFs can be improved by a factor of more than 4. This allows us to either use a small length of the fiber or to use the low pump power to attain similar gain characteristics. Numerical simulations reveal that a peak gain of 10 dB can be achieved in a 1.1 m long PCF when it is pumped at 1.5 microm in wavelength with an input power of 500 mW.     

Designing dispersion-compensating photonic-crystal fibers using a genetic algorithm

A genetic algorithm is combined with a fully vectorial finite-element solver to design photonic-crystal fibers (PCFs) for a broadband dispersion compensation in a generic stretcher-compressor system of an ytterbium fiber laser. Two types of PCFs are compared in terms of their dispersion-compensation capability, optical nonlinearity, and confinement loss. Fibers of the first type are standard PCFs where a solid core is surrounded by a triangular uniform lattice of identical air-holes. In PCFs of the second type, the solid core is surrounded by a dual-scale cladding, where the inner part comprises air-holes of different diameters, while the outer cladding consists of large-diameter air-holes. Second-type PCFs are shown to provide a much more accurate dispersion compensation. The influence of fiber-fabrication tolerances on the precision of dispersion compensation in short-pulse fiber laser systems is examined.     

Spectral compression of femtosecond pulses in photonic crystal fibers

We demonstrate efficient spectral compression of femtosecond pulses near the zero-dispersion wavelength in nonlinear photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). The highest measured compression factor is 21, in which case the spectral brightness increases by a factor of 5. We numerically model the pulse propagation and find good agreement with the experiment. We argue that the fibers studied allow for spectral narrowing of more than 2 orders of magnitude. With dispersion-shifted PCFs, efficient spectral compression can take place across the visible and near-infrared part of the spectrum.     

Recent Progress of Photonic Crystal Fibers

Photonic crystal fibers are attractive since we can realize a wide variety of unique features in the PCFs, which cannot be realized in conventional single-mode fibers. We describe recent progress in the PCF.     

光子晶体光纤的导波模式与色散特性

利用有效折射率方法基于标量近似理论对光子晶体光纤的传播模式和色散特性进行了数值模 拟，发现通过调节光纤包层的空气填充率或包层空气穴节距及其有效芯径可以在很宽的波长 范围实现单模传播，可以设计零色散波长小于1.27μm的光子晶体光纤和在较宽的波段接近 于零色散的色散平坦光纤，以及具有较大的正常色散值的色散补偿光纤. 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 有效折射率 标量近似 导波模式     

Terahertz time-domain spectrometer with module heads coupled to photonic crystal fiber

We constructed optical-fiber-based THz time-domain spectrometers (THz TDSs) with standard single-mode fibers (SSMFs) and large-mode-area photonic crystal fibers (LMA PCFs) and compared those to THz waves and spectra. The optical fibers are used for guiding optical pulses from ultra-fast lasers to a THz emitter and detector. The LMA-PCF-based THz TDS exhibits increased bandwidth from 1 to 2 THz and increased field amplitude by a factor of four compared with the SSMF-based THz TDS under the relatively higher excitation power of ultra-fast lasers. This improvement results from LMA PCFs that are suitable for high-power transmission without introducing nonlinear effects. We also fabricated compact THz emitter and detector module heads, which are connected with LMA PCFs. The LMA-PCF-based THz TDS had THz radiation power and bandwidth comparable with those obtained by a conventional THz TDS with a free-space optical arrangement. PACS 42.72.Ai; 42.65.-k; 42.81.DP