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1.
荀子的功夫论有两个方面:一是功夫实践所指向的理想人格;一是作为功夫实践具体方法的“治气养心之术”。就前者而言,荀子在继承孔、孟的“士”“君子”和“圣人”观念的基础上,提出了“士君子”和“大儒”的特有观念,同时明确界说了理想人格的不同层次与形态。后者作为身心修炼的过程,指“虚一而静”的“大清明”之“心”,经由“师法”的学习,透过“礼乐”的熏陶,对治自身的“气”“性”,以“得师”和“由礼”为根本环节。“心”由“得师”“隆礼”而“化性起伪”,呈现为一个由外而内的“锻造”过程。“气”指“血气”,包括自然欲望、生理本能以及心理情绪在内的身体方面。“心”是认知、判断和选择的能力,并没有道德之“善”的内容,即便是“虚一而静”的“大清明心”,本身也不以“善”为其固有内容。由于“师法”和“礼乐”都是心外的候选对象,“治气养心之术”需要面对“师”“礼”最初如何产生以及“得师”“由礼”能否必然的问题,成就理想人格也随之成为一种或然的选择和他律的结果。但即便如此,无论就个体还是大多数人的普遍实践而言,“得师”“由礼”的身心修炼更为切实可行,尤其对社会文明的建设来说,即便没有“仁义内在”的预设,也更具普遍的适用性和有效性。 相似文献
2.
绿色化学理念的基本内涵既有微观意义又有宏观意义与工程技术的意义。绿色化学及其绿色技术在社会生产与生活、传统化学工业改造与创新、资源合理充分利用与循环再生、绿色净化与监测、环境保护与开发等方面发挥重要作用。实施绿色化学及其绿色系统工程技术,使社会生产、生活绿色化,实现人类与环境友好对话,建设“环境友好”家园,营造“环境和谐”生活,是坚持可持续发展、科学发展核心战略的重要举措,是当今世界人类面临的重大挑战与机遇。 相似文献
3.
Prof. K. C. Nicolaou 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2014,53(35):9128-9140
The current state of affairs in the drug discovery and development process is briefly summarized and then ways to take advantage of the ever‐increasing fundamental knowledge and technical knowhow in chemistry and biology and related disciplines are discussed. The primary motivation of this Essay is to celebrate the great achievements of chemistry, biology, and medicine and to inform and inspire students and academics to enter the field of drug discovery and development while, at the same time, continue to advance the fundamentals of their disciplines. It is also meant to encourage and catalyze multidisciplinary partnerships between academia and industry as scientists attempt to merge their often complementary interests and expertise to achieve new improvements and breakthroughs in their respective fields, and the common goal of applying them to the discovery and invention of new and better medicines, especially in areas of unmet needs. 相似文献
4.
Semiconductor quantum dots and metal nanoparticles: syntheses,optical properties,and biological applications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Biju V Itoh T Anas A Sujith A Ishikawa M 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2008,391(7):2469-2495
We review the syntheses, optical properties, and biological applications of cadmium selenide (CdSe) and cadmium selenide–zinc
sulfide (CdSe–ZnS) quantum dots (QDs) and gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). Specifically, we selected the syntheses
of QDs and Au and Ag NPs in aqueous and organic phases, size- and shape-dependent photoluminescence (PL) of QDs and plasmon
of metal NPs, and their bioimaging applications. The PL properties of QDs are discussed with reference to their band gap structure
and various electronic transitions, relations of PL and photoactivated PL with surface defects, and blinking of single QDs.
Optical properties of Ag and Au NPs are discussed with reference to their size- and shape-dependent surface plasmon bands,
electron dynamics and relaxation, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The bioimaging applications are discussed
with reference to in vitro and in vivo imaging of live cells, and in vivo imaging of cancers, tumor vasculature, and lymph
nodes. Other aspects of the review are in vivo deep tissue imaging, multiphoton excitation, NIR fluorescence and SERS imaging,
and toxic effects of NPs and their clearance from the body.
Figure Semiconductor quantum dots and metal nanoparticles have extensive applications, e.g., in vitro and in vivo bioimaging
Tamitake Itoh and Abdulaziz Anas contributed equally to this article. 相似文献
5.
本研究采集了印度洋热液区贻贝生物及其栖息沉积物样品,分析了生物体及沉积物中常见微量元素及稀土元素的含量与分布特征,研究了生物体与沉积物金属元素的相关性,以及稀土元素的生态化学特征等.结果表明:印度洋热液区沉积物中常见微量金属主要为Fe(96.62 mg/kg)、Mn(1.143 mg/kg)和Zn(322.6 μg/kg),微量元素归一化计算得Fe含量比值高达98.15%,可获悉该热液区沉积物主要为铁矿类物质.深海贻贝中微量元素及稀土元素的分布趋势与深海沉积物中元素分布存在较好的相关性,相关性系数分别为0.991与0.996,近海贻贝中金属元素的含量及分布与深海贻贝存在差异性.深海沉积物与贻贝中轻重稀土元素均呈现分馏现象,且贻贝中富集轻稀土比较显著;从稀土配分模式可知,沉积物与贻贝中的Eu与Gd均呈现异常现象,深海沉积物和深海贻贝中Eu异常现象较为显著.深海沉积物、贻贝及近海贻贝中δEu分别为9.50、10.68和0.23,而δCe分别为2.21、2.71和4.38,表明近海贻贝中稀土元素富集来源与深海贻贝存在差异性,深海沉积物与深海贻贝稀土元素具有同源性. 相似文献
6.
《Trends in analytical chemistry : TRAC》1986,5(4):97-102
The scope of polarography and voltammetry in analyzing azo dyes, anthraquinone-, polycondensed aromatic and vat dyes, di- and triarylcarbonium and heterocyclic dyes, nitro-, nitroso dyes and nitro intermediates, intermediates such as sulphonation products of 2-naphthol, diazonium salts and diazonium compounds is outlined. In view of much tougher future toxicological and environmental constraints and new outlets for dyes in modern high technology industries, polarography and voltammetry may find new and wider application and recognition. 相似文献
7.
剌梨利康饮对汞中毒大鼠汞铜锌含量的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
用高汞水喂养大鼠8周,复制出慢性汞中毒模型,再分别自由饮用利康饮饮料和腹腔注射二巯基丙磺酸钠3周,探讨剌梨利康饮和二巯基丙磺酸钠对慢性汞中毒大鼠体内汞、铜、锌含量的影响。结果显示:慢性汞中毒引起血清、肝、脑和肾中汞含量升高的同时,引起血清、脑和肾中铜、锌含量及肝中锌含量降低;利康饮可降低血清和肾中汞含量,并可提高血清、脑和肾中铜、锌含量及肝含量;二巯基丙磺酸钠虽可降低血清、肝和肾中汞含量,升高血清 相似文献
8.
9.
Mutual physiological genetic mechanism of plant high water use efficiency and nutrition use efficiency 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cao HX Zhang ZB Xu P Chu LY Shao HB Lu ZH Liu JH 《Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces》2007,57(1):1-7
Water deficiency and lower fertilizer utilization efficiency are major constraints of productivity and yield stability. Improvements of crop water use efficiency (WUE) and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is becoming an important objective in crop breeding. With the introduction of new physiological and biological approaches, we can better understand the mutual genetics mechanism of high use efficiency of water and nutrient. Much work has been done in past decades mainly including the interactions between different fertilizers and water influences on root characteristics and crop growth. Fertilizer quantity and form were regulated in order to improve crop WUE. The crop WUE and NUE shared the same increment tendency during evolution process; some genes associated with WUE and NUE have been precisely located and marked on the same chromosomes, some genes related to WUE and NUE have been cloned and transferred into wheat and rice and other plants, they can enhance water and nutrient use efficiency. The proteins transporting nutrient and water were identified such as some water channel proteins. The advance on the mechanism of higher water and nutrient use efficiency in crop was reviewed in this article, and it could provide some useful information for further research on WUE and NUE in crop. 相似文献
10.
Rupak Raja Syed Dilshad Alam Vikas Srisath Arvind Kumar Jain Zeid A. ALOthman Abdallah A. A. Mohammed Mohammad Ataul Islam Tahir Bhatt Imran Ali 《Journal of separation science》2022,45(4):804-811
A comparative study of chiral separation of pantoprazole and rabeprazole is carried out using supercritical fluid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The columns used were Chiralpak IA and Chiralpak IE. The best mobile phase in supercritical fluid chromatography was carbon dioxide-0.2% triethylamine in methanol (60:40) and 0.1% triethylamine in n-hexane-ethanol (50:50) in high-performance liquid chromatography. For supercritical fluid chromatography, values of the retention factor of pantoprazole enantiomers were 3.97 and 4.88. These values for rabeprazole enantiomers were 6.10 and 7.52. The values of separation and resolution factor for pantoprazole and rabeprazole were 1.23 and 1.23 and 2.20 and 3.36, respectively. Similarly, for high-performance liquid chromatography, the values of retention factor for enantiomers of pantoprazole were 4.02 and 7.32. These values for rabeprazole enantiomers were 5.32 and 7.88, respectively. The values of separation and resolution factor for pantoprazole and rabeprazole were 1.82 and 1.48 and 9.22 and 6.58, respectively. A comparison was carried out, which confirmed supercritical fluid chromatography as the best method due to its fastness, eco-friendly, and inexpensiveness. The reported methods are effective, efficient, and reproducible and may be used to separate and identify pantoprazole and rabeprazole in any unknown samples. 相似文献
11.
蛋白质的磷酸化和糖基化作为研究最广泛的两种翻译后修饰(PTMs),在疾病的早期无创诊断、预后和治疗评估中表现出越来越大的潜力。蛋白质的异常磷酸化和糖基化经常被用于临床蛋白质组学研究和疾病相关生物标志物的发现。目前已有多种材料被开发用于磷酸化肽和糖肽的富集研究,其中,智能响应材料由于具有独特的响应特性,已被陆续报道用于磷酸化肽和糖肽的富集。智能响应材料可对外界刺激做出响应,发生结构和性质上的变化,将光、电、热、机械等信号转化为生物化学信号。响应分子是决定智能响应材料响应特性的先决条件,它们在不同刺激条件下(如温度、pH、光、机械应力、电磁场等)的可逆异构化将导致材料的宏观物理和化学性质的动态变化。与传统材料相比,智能响应材料可以可逆地“打开”和“关闭”,具有更好的可调控性。由于引起智能材料响应的刺激信号对其性能具有重要的影响,综述根据施加的刺激种类对智能响应材料进行分类,具体分为外源性响应材料和内源性响应材料,且分别总结了外源性响应材料、内源性响应材料以及内外源共同响应材料在磷酸化肽和糖肽富集方面的工作。此外,综述对智能响应材料在磷酸化肽和糖肽富集方面的发展前景进行了展望,并且提出了智能响应材料在其他蛋白质翻译后修饰方面的应用中存在的挑战。 相似文献
12.
In this paper, detailed comparisons of the driving force in thermodynamics and intrinsic force in the kinetics of 1,2-dihydropyridine and 1,4-dihydropyridine isomers of PNAH, HEH, and PYH in hydride transfer reactions are made. For 1,2-PNAH and 1,4-PNAH, the values of the thermodynamic driving forces, kinetic intrinsic barriers, and thermo-kinetic parameters are 60.50 and 61.90 kcal/mol, 27.92 and 26.34 kcal/mol, and 44.21 and 44.12 kcal/mol, respectively. For 1,2-HEH and 1,4-HEH, the values of the thermodynamic driving forces, kinetic intrinsic barriers, and thermo-kinetic parameters are 63.40 and 65.00 kcal/mol, 31.68 and 34.96 kcal/mol, and 47.54 and 49.98 kcal/mol, respectively. For 1,2-PYH and 1,4-PYH, the order of thermodynamic driving forces, kinetic intrinsic barriers, and thermo-kinetic parameters are 69.90 and 72.60 kcal/mol, 33.06 and 25.74 kcal/mol, and 51.48 and 49.17 kcal/mol, respectively. It is not difficult to find that thermodynamically favorable structures are not necessarily kinetically favorable. In addition, according to the analysis of thermo-kinetic parameters, 1,4-PNAH, 1,2-HEH, and 1,4-PYH have a strong hydride-donating ability in actual chemical reactions. 相似文献
13.
14.
甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合动力学和分子量模型及仿真 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
考虑甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合过程中体积收缩,反应物和生成物的浓度变化,以及由于凝胶、玻璃化和笼闭等效应对各速率常数和物性参数的影响,从基元反应和物料平衡出发,推导了半间歇,有链转移剂参与情况下的聚合动力学和分子量模型。用模型仿真计算了聚合温度、引发剂、溶剂和链转移剂的种类和浓度等对甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合动力学和聚合过程中分子量变化的影响规律,并与实验和文献数据进行比较。 相似文献
15.
Phase and structural relationships of the sulfur, selenium, and tellurium compounds of the 4d and 5d transition elements of groups IV to VII of the periodic system are discussed. Homologous elements behave very similarly with respect to the chalcogens, and this is particularly the case for niobium and tantalum, and for molybdenum and tungsten. However, zirconium, niobium, and molybdenum have a greater tendency towards formation of chalcogen-poor phases than their homologues hafnium, tantalum, and tungsten. Subchalcogenides are known only for zirconium and niobium. The number of phases and the tendency towards formation of solid solutions are considerably smaller among the tellurides than among the sulfides and selenides. The crystal structures of the telluride phases also differ from those of the sulfide and selenide phases of analogous composition. In addition, a review of the phase and structural relationships of the arsenic and antimony compounds of the 4d and 5d transition elements of groups V to VII is given. 相似文献
16.
Musa Kisiriko Maria Anastasiadi Leon Alexander Terry Abdelaziz Yasri Michael Henry Beale Jane Louise Ward 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2021,26(21)
Biostimulants and bioprotectants are derived from natural sources and can enhance crop growth and protect crops from pests and pathogens, respectively. They have attracted much attention in the past few decades and contribute to a more sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural system. Despite not having been explored extensively, plant extracts and their component secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds have been shown to have biostimulant effects on plants, including enhancement of growth attributes and yield, as well as bioprotectant effects, including antimicrobial, insecticidal, herbicidal and nematicidal effects. Medicinal and aromatic plants are widely distributed all over the world and are abundant sources of phenolic compounds. This paper reviews the characterisation of phenolic compounds and extracts from medicinal and aromatic plants, including a brief overview of their extraction, phytochemical screening and methods of analysis. The second part of the review highlights the potential for use of phenolic compounds and extracts as biostimulants and bioprotectants in agriculture as well as some of the challenges related to their use. 相似文献
17.
《Arabian Journal of Chemistry》2022,15(9):104093
Recently, with the development of metal nanostructure synthesis technology, Au nanostructures (AuNPs) are synthesized using seaweed extract without using an organic solvent and applied to the pharmaceutical field. In this regard, in this study, AuNPs biosynthesis was mediated through extracts of two brown algae (Sargassum siliquastrum [SS] and Sargassum horneri [SH]) without the use of stabilizers or surfactants. In addition, we investigated the effects of SS-AuNPs (SS-functionalized AuNPs) and SH-AuNPs (SH-functionalized AuNPs) on adipogenesis in adipocytes and their underlying molecular mechanisms. A rapid and simplified synthesis of SS-AuNP and SH-AuP was achieved using aqueous extracts of SS and SH. The morphology, structure and composition of SS-AuNPs and SH-AuNPs were characterized by DLS, FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, HR-TEM and EDS analysis. The stable monodisperse SS-AuNPs and SH-AuPs were synthesized with mean sizes of 17.47 ± 0.13 nm and 21.0 ± 2.74 and zeta potentials of ?31.9 ± 0.75 and ?34.57 ± 4.43, the biosynthetic AuNPs with the face-centered structure of SS-AuNPs and SH-AuPs had crystalline characteristics, and many functional groups that play an important role in the biological reduction present in the SS and SH extracts were adsorbed on the surfaces of the SS-AuNPs and SH-AuPs. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of SS-AuNPs and SH-AuPs on adipogenesis in adipocytes. SS-AuNPs and SH-AuPs reduced morphological changes and increased lipid accumulation by approximately 80% compared with that in mature adipocytes (MDI-induced). This result was accompanied by a reduction in the triglyceride content. SS-AuNPs and SH-AuPs suppressed lipid accumulation by downregulating C/EBPα, PPARγ, SREBP 1, FAS, and aP2 mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, SS-AuNPs and SH-AuPs induced the mRNA and protein expression of UCP1, PRDM16, and PGC1α to increase mitochondrial biogenesis in mature adipocytes and effectively induced brown adipogenesis. SS-AuNPs and SH-AuPs have potent anti-adipogenic effects and can be used as potential therapeutic agents for obesity. 相似文献
18.
近红外光谱快速分析青贮饲料pH值和发酵产物 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用近红外光谱技术,结合偏最小二乘回归法,研究了142个不同种类的秸秆青贮饲料样品的pH值和发酵产物(乳酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和氨态氮),建立了干燥粉碎和新鲜样品的近红外漫反射光谱定量分析模型以及浸提液样品的近红外透射光谱定量分析模型。研究发现,pH值的近红外漫反射光谱和透射光谱的分析效果均较好,校正模型决定系数R2和验证集样品预测值与化学值的相关关系决定系数r2都大于0.80,并且干燥粉碎、新鲜和浸提液样品的RPD值分别为3.44、2.50和2.27;3种状态样品的乳酸、乙酸、丁酸和氨态氮的定量分析模型精度需进一步提高;R2在0.64~0.85之间;RPD值在1.38~1.93之间;丙酸含量的测定结果较差。方差分析显示,3种状态样品的测定结果之间均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。 相似文献
19.
M Mori T Kawajiri M Sayama T Miyahara H Kozuka 《Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin》1989,37(7):1904-1908
The metabolism of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2,4-dinitrobenzyl alcohol (2,4-DNB), 2,4-dinitrobenzaldehyde (2,4-DNBAl), 2,6-DNT, 2,6-DNB and 2,6-DNBAl in the microsomal and cytosol fractions prepared from unfortified male Wistar and male Sprague-Dawley (S.D.) rat livers was investigated. Data obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that the products of dinitrotoluenes (2,4-DNT and 2,6-DNT), dinitrobenzyl alcohols (2,4-DNB and 2,6-DNB), and dinitrobenzaldehydes (2,4-DNBAl and 2,6-DNBAl) in the microsomal and cytosol preparations containing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P] and reduced NAD(P)(NAD(P)H) were dinitrobenzyl alcohols (2,4-DNB and 2,6-DNB), dinitrobenzaldehydes (2,4-DNBAl and 2,6-DNBAl), and dinitrobenzoic acids (2,4-DNBA and 2,6-DNBA), and dinitrobenzyl alcohols (2,4-DNB and 2,6-DNB), respectively. From these results, it was concluded that the dinitrobenzaldehydes (2,4-DNBAl and 2,6-DNBAl) were intermediates in the oxidations of dinitrobenzyl alchols (2,4-DNB and 2,6-DNB) to dinitrobenzoic acids (2,4-DNBA and 2,6-DNBA), and that the oxidations of dinitrobenzyl alcohols (2,4-DNB and 2,6-DNB) to dinitrobenzaldehydes (2,4-DNBAl and 2,6-DNBAl) and the reductions of dinitrobenzaldehydes to dinitrobenzyl alcohols (2,4-DNB and 2,6-DNB) were reversible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
20.
为探讨氧自由基和锌、铜在视网膜脱离后增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变 (PVR)中的作用 ,收集了 48例视网膜脱离患者视网膜下液 (SRF) ,利用紫外分光光度计测定了SRF中LPO的含量和SOD的活性 ,用原子吸收光谱法测定了Zn、Cu的含量。结果表明 ,随着PVR程度及玻璃体浑浊的加重、病程的延长 ,LPO含量增加 ,SOD活性明显下降 ,P <0 0 5 ,差异有统计学意义。提示SRF中LPO、Zn、Cu含量及SOD活性的改变与视网膜脱离后PVR的发生、发展有密切关系。 相似文献