14N nuclear quadrupole coupling in solid cinnolin-4-ones. A study by nuclear quadrupole resonance,x-ray crystallography and ab initio calculations

The ¹⁴N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants (NQCCs) for 1H-cinnolin-4-one and its 1- and 2-methyl derivatives have been obtained by nuclear quadrupole double resonance. The X-ray crystal structures of the 1H and 1Me compounds have been solved, and show lengths and angles consistent with related heterocycles; attempts to obtain an X-ray structure for the 2Me compound have so far been unsuccessful owing to disorder. Computed equilibrium structures by ab initio SCF methods for the Me derivatives and also the experimental 1H structures yielded electric field gradients, which were converted into NQCCs in reasonable agreement with experiment. The 2Me compound has unusual NQCC, both experimentally and in the theoretical study.     

Calculation of nuclear quadrupole coupling constants in pyrazole and imidazole from ab initio wavefunctions

The nuclear quadrupole coupling constants and asymmetry parameters of ¹⁴N and ²H of pyrazole and imidazole have been computed from ab initio SCF wavefunctions of double-zeta quality. The results agree with the recent experimental values obtained from microwave studies and are much better than those of previous theoretical studies.     

Coupled cluster and DFT calculations of 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants

The dependence of ¹⁴N quadrupole coupling constants calculated using coupled cluster theory on the level of approximation is examined for a series of small molecules. For HCN, HNC, CH₃CN, and CH₃NC, we use the coupled cluster singles‐and‐doubles with a noniterative perturbative triples correction—CCSD(T)—approach, and we analyze the basis set dependence of the results. For aziridine, diazirine, and cyclopropyl cyanide, we use the CCSD(T) approach, but smaller basis sets, and for the largest studied molecules—quinuclidine and hexamine—we present CCSD results. The differences between computed and experimental values for the best basis sets used are ≈ 5% at the CCSD level and decrease noticeably at the CCSD(T) level. The ‐ N≡C bonds are an exception—in this case the quadrupole coupling constants are very small, hence the differences between theory and experiment become larger (up to 9%). We also consider the performance of density functional theory, comparing the results for different density functionals with the coupled cluster values of the same constants. Most of the functionals provide results systematically improved with respect to the Hartree–Fock values, with ¹⁴N coupling constants in ‐ N≡C bonds being again an exception. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

Systematic ab initio study of 15N-15N and 15N-1H spin-spin coupling constants across N-H+-N hydrogen bonds: predicting N-N and N-H coupling constants and relating them to hydrogen bond type

A systematic ab initio EOM-CCSD study of 15N-15N and 15N-1H spin-spin coupling constants has been carried out for a series of complexes formed from 11 nitrogen bases with experimentally measured proton affinities. When these complexes are arranged in order of increasing proton affinity of the proton-acceptor base and, for each proton acceptor, increasing order of proton affinity of the protonated N-H donor, trends in distances and signs of coupling constants are evident that are indicative of the nature of the hydrogen bond. All two-bond spin-spin coupling constants (2hJ(N-N)) are positive and decrease as the N-N distance increases. All one-bond N-H coupling constants (1J(N-H)) are negative (1K(N-H) are positive). 1J(N-H) is related to the N-H distance and the hybridization of the donor N atom. One-bond H...N coupling constants (1hJ(H-N)) are positive (1hK(H-N) are negative) for traditional hydrogen bonds, but 1hJ(H-N) becomes negative when the hydrogen bond acquires sufficient proton-shared character. The N-N and H...N distances at which 1hJ(H-N) changes sign are approximately 2.71 and 1.62 A, respectively. Predictions are made of the values of 2hJ(N-N) and 1J(N-H), and the signs of 1hJ(H-N), for those complexes that are too large for EOM-CCSD calculations.     

An ab initio study of the nuclear spin-spin coupling constants in the second-row hydrides

Ab initio SCF perturbation theory calculations have been performed for the contact, orbital and dipolar contributions to the nuclear spin—spin coupling constants in A1H₃, SiH₄ PH₃, H₂S and HCl, using large, stable gaussian basis sets. The results for J(XH) are in reasonably good agreement with experiment, those for. J(HH) are rather less good.     

An ab initio study on boundaries for characterizing cooperative effect of hydrogen bonds by intermolecular compression

The cooperative effect plays a significant role in understanding the intermolecular donor-acceptor interactions of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds, D-H···A). Here, using the coupled-cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triple excitations (CCSD(T)) method of high-precision ab initio calculations, we show that the intermolecular H-bonded systems with different D and A atoms reproduce the structural changes predicted by the well-known cooperative effect upon intermolecular compression. That is, with decreasing intermolecular distance, the D-H bond length first increases and then decreases, while the H···A distance decreases. On the contrary, when D and A are the same, as the intermolecular distance decreases, the D-H bond length decreases without increasing. This obvious difference means that the cooperative effect may not be generally characterized by intermolecular compression. Interestingly, further analyses of many intermolecular systems confirm that this failure has boundaries, i.e., cooperative systems at their respective equilibrium positions have a smaller core-valence bifurcation (CVB) index (<0.022) and stronger binding energies (>0.25 eV), showing a clear linear inverse relationship related to H-bond strength. These findings provide an important reference for the comprehensive understanding of H-bonds and its calculation methods.     

Nitrogen-14 quadrupole coupling constants in N2O3 by isotopic labelling

Several microwave transitions of O¹⁵N…NO₂ and ON…¹⁵NO₂ have been measured under high resolution using a pulsed-nozzle Fourier transform spectrometer. The ¹⁴N quadrupole coupling constants in the inertial axis system have been determined for both nitrogen atoms. The quadrupole coupling constants for ON …¹⁵NO₂ are eQq_aa = −0.5203(20) and eQq_bb = −4.1981(19) MHz, and for O¹⁵N…NO₂ are eQq_aa= −1.7999(13) and eQq_bb = 0.0808(17) MHz. The ¹⁴N quadrpole coupling constants determined by Kukolich for the main species ON…NO₂ should be reversed with respect to the NO and NO₂ groups. Combining the present data with the main species constants allows the complete quadrupole coupling tensor to be estimated for the NO₂ group; the tensor in N₂O₃ lies within 2° of the N…N bond direction and within 0.4° of the bisector of the ONO angle. Spin-rotation effects are significant for nitrogen in the NO group; C_aa is determined to be 8 ± 2 kHz for ¹⁴N in ON…¹⁵NO₂ and −15 ± 3 kHz for ¹⁵N obtained directly from splittings in the spectrum of O¹⁵N… ¹⁵NO₂.     

A 14N nuclear quadrupole resonance study of phase transitions and molecular dynamics in hydrogen bonded organic antiferroelectrics 55DMBP-H2ca and 1,5-NPD-H2ca

The temperature dependence of the (14)N NQR frequencies has been measured in antiferroelectric and paraelectric 55DMBP-H(2)ca and 1,5-NPD-H(2)ca. In both compounds we observe two non-equivalent nitrogen positions (N(+)-H···O(-) and N···H-O) in the antiferroelectric phase. The two nitrogen positions become equivalent (N···H···O) in the paraelectric phase. The critical exponent of the local antiferroelectric order parameter has been determined from the NQR data. The principal values of the quadrupole coupling tensor correlate in both compounds. The correlation diagrams clearly show how a proton migrates from the antiferroelectric position towards the paraelectric position in the bifurcated hydrogen bond on increasing the temperature. A slow motion has been observed in 55DMBP-H(2)ca by the (1)H and (14)N spin-lattice relaxation. An analysis of the spin-lattice relaxation data suggests a slow exchange between two non-planar conformations of the bipyridine molecule.     

INDO Investigation of the halogen N.Q.R. frequencies and 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of halothiophenes and halopyridines

The ³⁵Cl, ⁷⁹Br, and ¹²⁷I N.Q.R. frequencies of a number of halothiophenes and halopyridines and the ¹⁴N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of halopyridines have been determined in terms of the Kaplansky-Whitehead theory with the INDO MO approximations using a consistent set of atomic parameters derived from SCF Hartree-Fock calculations. The theoretical spectral properties are in satisfactory overall agreement with experiment. This result supports the validity of using the above method to provide reliable predictions of N.Q.R. parameters for heteroaromatic systems.This work was carried out with the support of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.) of Italy.     

烷基锂分子中化学键的 ab initio 研究

本文用6-13G基函对3-12G基优化构型进行单点ab initio (从头计算法) 计算, 并根据轨道的组合系数、电荷密度图和键强参数等详尽地分析了烷基锂分子的成键情况。烷基锂的易挥发、易聚合、聚合物易溶于烃类溶剂中等物理、化学性质主要是其C－Li键具有显著的共价性缘故。由于烷基锂的C-Li键比C－H和C－C键的强度要小,故C-Li键易于断裂,使烷基锂表现有高的化学反应活性。     

Ab initio SCF MO study of hydrogen bonds between H2S and H2O molecules

The hydrogen bonds between H₂S and H₂O molecules are calculated through anab initio, LCAO MO SCF method using a Gaussian type orbital double-zeta basis set. The capacity of the H₂S molecule to act as an electron acceptor is confirmed. Consultant of the Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo.     

Modeling of hydrogen bonds in monohydrated 2,4-dithiothymine: an ab initio and AIM study

Twelve tautomers of 2,4-dithiothymine are calculated at the MP2/6-31+G(d) level, and the most stable one is referred to the di-keto form (P12). Then four H-bonded complexes between P12 and water are optimized at the MP2/6-31+G(d) level of theory. The calculation of vibrational frequencies and natural bond orbital analysis are also carried out at the same level to investigate the hydrogen bonds involved in all the systems. Within all the four complexes, three types of hydrogen bonds are formed, in which the O-H...S and N-H...O bonds are the normal bonds with the X-H bond elongation and red shift of the corresponding stretch frequencies, while the C-H...O interaction is an improper, blue-shifting hydrogen bond accompanied with the contraction of the C-H bond and a blue shift of the C-H stretch frequency. The topological properties are investigated with the atoms-in-molecules (AIM) theory. The NMR chemical shielding for the isolated and the four monohydrated 2,4-dithiothymine are calculated using the "gauge-including atomic orbital" (GIAO) method. The 1H chemical shifts are influenced by the formation of hydrogen bonds.     

An ab initio investigation of the geometry,bonding and coupling constants of BF2

Comparative calculations, using five different basis sets of contracted Gaussian functions, of the geometry, bonding and hyperfine coupling constants of BF₂ are reported. The best calculation, using a near Hartree-Fock atomic basis, predicts a bond angle of 120° and a bond length of 2.50 a.u. (=1.32 Å) for the X ² A ₁ ground state. The geometries of three low-lying excited states are also presented.     

Study of hydrogen bonds in crystalline 5-nitrouracil. Density functional theory calculations of the O-17, N-14, and H-2 nuclear quadrupole resonance parameters

Hydrogen bond interaction properties of backbone uracil was studied in crystalline structure of 5-nitrouracil. To this aim the electric field gradient tensors were calculated at the level of density functional theory in two single (non-hydrogen bonded) and cluster (hydrogen-bonded four-molecule) models of 5-nitrouracil. The electric field gradient tensors at the sites of O-17, N-14, and H-2 nuclei were converted to the experimentally measurable nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy parameters, quadrupole coupling constant and asymmetry parameter. The results indicated different hydrogen bond interaction properties at the sites of various nuclei and also the protective role of ?NO₂ group for contribution of O1 to hydrogen bond interactions in comparison with uracil. The density functional theory calculations were performed using GAUSSIAN 98 package employing B3LYP method and 6-311G** and 6-311++G** basis sets.     

Calculation of the long-range coupling between electrons in lone pairs and double bonds using semiempirical and ab initio methods

The electronic coupling between symmetrically placed lone pairs or π electrons are calculated using semiempirical and ab initio methods and the results compared to experimental numbers. The agreement is satisfactory in cases when there is a small tendency for cancellation between contributions of different signs. We have found nonexponential behavior when the number of intervening cyclohexane units is increased in the case of phenyl endgroups. In this case as well as in the cases with exponential decrease, the CNDO /S method shows a similar behavior as that of the ab initio Hartree–Fock method, which suggests that the former method may be used to calculate the electronic factor in electron transfer systems. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Intermolecular potentials and force constants from ab initio energies – Application to the N-H…O=C hydrogen bonds in formamide dimers

The ab initio energies and force constants of 38 geometrically optimized formamide dimers which differ in the lengths of the hydrogen bonds, are evaluated using the program GAUSSIAN 90 with the 6–31G** basis set. A potential energy function was fitted simultaneously to the dimerization energies (including vibrational energy contributions to association energies) and the force constants of the N-H…O=C bridge. As an application, the broadening of the signals in vibrational spectra of liquid formamide was simulated by a superposition of spectra of different formamide oligomers. Received: 12 November 1996 / Revised: 27 May 1997 / Accepted: 27 May 1997     

Probing the low-barrier hydrogen bond in hydrogen maleate in the gas phase: a photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio study

The strength of the low-barrier hydrogen bond in hydrogen maleate in the gas phase was investigated by low-temperature photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Photoelectron spectra of maleic and fumaric acid monoanions (cis-/trans-HO(2)CCH=CHCO(2)(-)) were obtained at low temperatures and at 193 nm photon energy. Vibrational structure was observed for trans-HO(2)CCH=CHCO(2)(-) due to the OCO bending modes; however, cis-HO(2)CCH=CHCO(2)(-) yielded a broad and featureless spectrum. The electron binding energy of cis-HO(2)CCH=CHCO(2)(-) is about 1 eV blue-shifted relative to trans-HO(2)CCH=CHCO(2)(-) due to the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bond in the cis-isomer. Theoretical calculations (CCSD(T)/ aug-cc-pVTZ and B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ) were carried out to estimate the strength of the intramolecular hydrogen bond in cis-HO(2)CCH=CHCO(2)(-). Combining experimental and theoretical calculations yields an estimate of 21.5 +/- 2.0 kcal/mol for the intramolecular hydrogen bond strength in hydrogen maleate.