荧光素酶nanoKAZ与发光底物的分子对接及对接复合体的全原子动力学模拟

nanoKAZ是一种体量小且底物专一性低的新型荧光素酶,具有高潜在应用价值,然而nanoKAZ与底物的作用方式未见报道。这里使用分子对接技术构建了nanoKAZ与底物coelenterazine结合后形成的复合体构象,使用软件GROMACS对该复合体进行常温水溶液态的全原子动力学模拟并综合模拟过程中的酶主链运动特性,酶与底物间结合自由能变化与形成氢键情况分析nanoKAZ与底物作用方式。结果显示coelenterazine进入nanoKAZ空腔后借由与β桶区域内7个氨基酸残基产生强结合能并与其中Q12形成氢键以稳定分子朝向,同时coelentazine还促使催化腔口区域片段V27-V38（V27与coelenterazine形成氢键）和片段P61-H87在空间上彼此靠近从而关闭催化腔,稳定疏水的底物分子以促进催化反应发生。以上结果阐明了底物与nanoKAZ活性腔的结合方式,提出了nanoKAZ-底物反应中间体的构象,为nanoKAZ的理性改造提供了理论基础。     

枯草芽孢杆菌双精氨酸转运系统TatA_y蛋白的溶液结构（英文）

存在于细菌和植物叶绿体中的双精氨酸(Tat)蛋白质转运系统能将底物蛋白以折叠的状态进行跨膜转运.该系统中的单次跨膜膜蛋白Tat A通过自身寡聚形成转运底物蛋白的通道.该文应用液体核磁共振方法解析了枯草芽孢杆菌Tat Ay蛋白在十二烷基胆碱磷酸胶束中的结构,它是由一个跨膜螺旋(TMH)和一个两亲性螺旋(APH)构成的L型结构.通过与已经报道的枯草芽孢杆菌Tat Ad蛋白的结构比较,该文能够鉴定出参与维持L型构象的重要氨基酸残基,并指出了Tat A蛋白家族中若干较为保守的结构特征.在此基础上,该文讨论了保守残基在Tat A通道形成过程中可能发挥的作用.     

杀鼠剂溴鼠灵与牛血清白蛋白相互作用的光谱法研究

利用紫外吸收光谱,荧光光谱和同步荧光技术研究了牛血清白蛋白和杀鼠剂溴鼠灵的相互作用.结果表明溴鼠灵对牛血清白蛋白的内源荧光有较强的猝灭作用,两者形成了新的复合物,属于静态荧光猝灭,并且伴随着分子内的非辐射能量转移.通过双倒数及双对数曲线计算了不同温度下的猝灭速率常数Ksv,结合位点数n,结合常数KA,并根据相对应的热力学参数判断二者之间主要为疏水作用力.依据F(o)rster非辐射能量转移理论求出了溴鼠灵和蛋白质问的结合距离r,确定了溴鼠灵在蛋白质上的结合位置.在20和30℃时r分别为2.84和2.87 nm.同步荧光光谱显示,与溴鼠灵作用后BSA分子的二级结构发生了改变.初步探讨了二者的结合模式与作用机制:溴鼠灵分子通过静电引力靠近蛋白质的疏水腔,并以疏水作用力与疏水腔中的氨基酸残基发生相互作用,导致色氨酸残基微环境极性变化.其结果不但阻止了酪氨酸残基与色氨酸残基间的能量转移,而且使色氨酸残基与溴鼠灵分子间产生非辐射能最转移,从而猝灭BSA的内源荧光.     

枯草芽孢杆菌双精氨酸转运系统TatAy 蛋白的溶液结构

存在于细菌和植物叶绿体中的双精氨酸(Tat)蛋白质转运系统能将底物蛋白以折叠的状态进行跨膜转运．该系统中的单次跨膜膜蛋白TatA 通过自身寡聚形成转运
底物蛋白的通道．该文应用液体核磁共振方法解析了枯草芽孢杆菌TatAy 蛋白在十二烷基胆碱磷酸胶束中的结构,它是由一个跨膜螺旋(TMH)和一个两亲性螺旋(APH)构成的L 型结构．通过与已经报道的枯草芽孢杆菌TatAd 蛋白的结构比较,该文能够鉴定出参与维持L 型构象的重要氨基酸残基,并指出了TatA 蛋白家族中若干较为保守的结构特征．在此基础上,该文讨论了保守残基在TatA 通道形成过程中可能发挥的作用．     

同步荧光光谱探究头孢西丁钠与溶菌酶的结合机制

在模拟生理学条件下(pH=7.40),采用同步荧光法研究了头孢西丁钠(CFXS)和溶菌酶(LYSO)中的荧光基团酪氨酸(Tyr)残基、色氨酸(Trp)残基之间的相互作用。结果表明:CFXS以静态猝灭的方式猝灭LYSO中的Tyr、Trp残基的荧光,结合位点数n≈1。310 K时,Tyr与Trp残基反应的荧光猝灭比率分数N_(SFQR(Trp))(60.25%)N_(SFQR(Tyr))(39.75%),结合位置更靠近Trp残基。Hill系数n_H约为1,表明CFXS与LYSO中Tyr与Trp残基的结合不会影响后继配体与蛋白质的结合。CFXS与LYSO中Tyr残基的药物结合率W(Q)为0.19%～0.13%,Trp残基的药物结合率W(Q)为0.23%～0.14%,游离的药物含量几乎不变,这表明CFXS与LYSO中Tyr与Trp残基的结合基本不影响药物的疗效。Tyr残基的蛋白结合率W(B)为52.69%～54.67%,Trp残基的蛋白结合率W(B)为67.67%～69.39%,因此,蛋白中游离的氨基酸残基数目会明显降低。CFXS-LYSO结合体系的主要作用力类型是疏水作用,分子对接结果表明CFXS与LYSO之间还存在氢键作用,且两者的最佳结合位置在LYSO的活性中心附近,两者的结合改变了活性中心处氨基酸残基的微环境。     

内禀无序蛋白构象与带电氨基酸残基排布关系——以精氨酸和天冬氨酸组成的随机多肽为例

内禀无序蛋白的结构特征与其氨基酸序列有着密切的联系.其中一个核心问题是正负带电氨基酸残基的排列如何影响无序蛋白或者多肽的构象?为了回答这一问题,本研究以天冬氨酸和精氨酸两种带电残基组成的随机多肽为研究对象,利用全原子蒙特卡罗模拟和温度副本交换采样方法,研究了随机多肽的电荷排布与结构之间的定性关系.结果表明:正负带电残基在序列上混合均匀时,由于肽链内部的静电吸引和排斥相互抵消,肽链倾向于形成无规卷曲的构象;正负带电残基分离时,由于长程静电相互吸引,多肽倾向于形成类β-发卡的形状.     

茶刺蛾颗粒体病毒包涵体的表面增强拉曼散射光谱研究

得到了茶刺蛾颗粒体病毒(DtGY)包涵体在银胶溶液中的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)谱,并与其在水溶液中的一般拉曼散射(RS)谱作了比较分析。DtGV颗粒体外膜蛋白通过COO~-和NH_2基团吸附到银表面上。Tyr和Phe残基侧链远离金属表面,而Trp残基侧链接近银表面。多肽链被蛋白质中氨基酸残基侧链所屏蔽而妨碍有关振动的有效增强。     

荧光光谱法结合分子对接研究人血清白蛋白 对齐墩果酸与熊果酸的异构体识别作用

五环三萜化合物齐墩果酸(OA)与熊果酸(UA)为同分异构体,具有相似的理化性质和稍有差异的药理活性。目前人们主要采用各种色谱、质谱类方法实现对OA与UA的异构体识别,未见使用荧光光谱法的报道。提出了一种使用荧光猝灭法实现对OA与UA异构体识别的方法。首先考察了两种常见的血清蛋白-牛血清白蛋白(BSA)与人血清白蛋白(HSA)同OA与UA的作用情况,结果表明OA与UA均可有效地猝灭BSA与HSA的荧光发射。对所得荧光猝灭数据计算可知OA,UA与BSA,HSA作用的双分子猝灭速率常数(K_q)均远大于生物大分子荧光猝灭所观察到的最大散射碰撞速率常数2.0×1010 L·(mol·s)-1,说明猝灭类型均为静态猝灭,即OA与UA均是通过与BSA及HSA形成稳定复合物方式实现荧光猝灭的。应用双对数方程对所得荧光猝灭数据计算可知OA,UA与BSA,HSA所形成的复合物中结合位点数在0.90～1.26之间,说明所形成的复合物为1∶1型。BSA与OA,UA所形成复合物的表观结合常数(K_A)为同一数量级,相差不大,但是HSA与OA,UA所形成复合物的K_A差别很大,HSA-UA复合物的KA比HSA-OA复合物高124.91倍,表明HSA-UA复合物的稳定性更强。同步荧光实验结果显示,OA与UA的加入对于HSA波长差(Δλ)为60 nm同步荧光光谱的影响大于Δλ为15 nm的同步荧光光谱,由此可以说明OA与UA在HSA上的结合位点可能位于Trp残基附近。分子对接模拟计算结果表明OA与UA均对接在HSA结构中一个疏水性空腔中,主客体之间存在强烈的氢键与疏水作用。OA同Arg218,His242,Pro447等残基间存在氢键作用,键长分别为2.95,2.97与3.17 Å,此外还与Lys195,Lys199,Trp214,Arg222,Leu238,Asp451和Tyr452等七个氨基酸残基间存在疏水作用。UA同Trp214,Arg218和Lys444等残基存在氢键作用,键长分别为3.01,2.88与2.65 Å,此外还与Leu198,Gln221,Arg222,Asn295,Val343,Pro447,Cys448,Asp451和Val455等9个氨基酸残基间存在疏水作用。由于UA同HSA作用位点数目多于OA,说明UA与HSA疏水性空腔的空间匹配程度更高。因此,认为HSA-UA与HSA-OA复合物间稳定性差异是HSA实现对OA与UA异构体识别的原因。     

傅里叶红外结合拉曼分析卡拉胶寡糖对南美白对虾蛋白结构影响

为深入研究卡拉胶寡糖对反复冻融南美白对虾样品品质与蛋白变化影响,采用傅里叶变换中红外（Fourier transform infrared, FTIR）互补结合激光显微拉曼（micro Raman）光谱技术,以不同预处理方式（无菌蒸馏水、三聚磷酸盐溶液与卡拉胶寡糖溶液）下反复冻融南美白对虾肌原纤维蛋白为研究对象,深入研究了卡拉胶寡糖预处理对不同冻融阶段南美白对虾肌肉品质和蛋白的影响机制。分别对三种预处理方式下经0,2,4和6次冻融循环后的南美白对虾肌原纤维蛋白进行FTIR和拉曼光谱分析。FTIR和拉曼一阶谱图中各特征峰强度变化谱图可得出,随冻融次数增加,南美白对虾肌肉的蛋白损失和结构破坏明显加剧。样品肌肉蛋白二级结构的主链构象主要由酰胺Ⅰ带（1 600~1 700 cm-1）表征,FTIR分析显示新鲜虾肉蛋白二级结构以β-转角为主,其次为β-折叠,其弥补了拉曼光谱对β-折叠和β-转角的不敏感。FTIR与拉曼光谱酰胺Ⅰ带高斯拟合后谱图可定性定量显示冻融过程中样品的蛋白二级结构变化主要是α-螺旋结构的减少与无规卷曲结构的增加,而卡拉胶寡糖预处理能明显抑制冻融过程中α-螺旋结构的损失。FTIR对蛋白表面氨基酸变化不敏感,拉曼光谱则可互补显示样品蛋白侧链的构象变化。其表征酪氨酸残基的谱带出现在850和830 cm-1,峰强比表征了样品中酪氨酸的暴露程度在冻融期间呈增长趋势;脂肪族侧链氨基酸残基的C-H弯曲与伸缩振动分别在1 440~1 465和2 800~3 100 cm-1区间,1 448和2 935 cm-1处峰强变化表征了样品侧链氨基酸的疏水相互作用在冻融过程中逐渐增强。拉曼光谱中蛋白侧链的特征谱带变化表明冻融过程使虾肉蛋白中分子内、分子间氢键断裂和侧链酪氨酸、脂肪族氨基酸残基暴露,而卡拉胶寡糖处理后明显延缓了该变化。因此,卡拉胶寡糖可延缓反复冻融虾肉蛋白中氢键断裂、侧链疏水基暴露,进一步稳定蛋白二级结构,维持其蛋白功能特性,从而起到对反复冻融南美白对虾肌肉品质的保护作用。同时,本研究将FTIR与拉曼光谱技术结合应用在卡拉胶寡糖对冻融南美白对虾肌肉品质保护机制研究上,发现FTIR在南美白对虾蛋白二级结构的表征上更敏感,拉曼光谱则能为样品蛋白侧链构象变化提供参考,二者结合可通过提供互补信息,更好表征样品经处理后蛋白的结构变化。     

新的植物毒素蒜头果蛋白的荧光光谱研究

蒜头果蛋白(Malanin)是从我国稀有植物蒜头果中分离纯化出的一种具有高细胞毒性的蛋白质。用荧光光谱法研究在温度、酸度、有机溶剂、表面活性剂、变性剂及荧光猝灭剂等不同条件对蒜头果蛋白溶液构象的变化。实验表明,Malanin在天然状态下荧光发射峰位于340 nm处,色氨酸(Trp)残基较大程度位于Malanin分子的疏水区。十二烷基硫酸钠、异硫氰酸胍、丙烯酰胺和碘化钾的加入均可使Malanin的分子构象发生变化,导致分子内Trp残基的荧光猝灭。异硫氰酸胍的加入使Trp残基的荧光发射峰位明显红移,表明位于Malanin分子较疏水环境内的Trp残基相对外露。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.