Bunch evolution study in optimization of MeV ultrafast electron diffraction

Megaelectronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) is a promising detection tool for ultrafast processes. The quality of diffraction image is determined by the transverse evolution of the probe bunch. In this paper, we study the contributing terms of the emittance and space charge effects to the bunch evolution in the MeV UED scheme, employing a mean-field model with an ellipsoidal distribution as well as particle tracking simulation. The small transverse dimension of the drive laser is found to be critical to improve the reciprocal resolution, exploiting both smaller emittance and larger transverse bunch size before the solenoid. The degradation of the reciprocal spatial resolution caused by the space charge effects should be carefully controlled.     

超快电子衍射系统的时间空间分辨能力研究及其优化

超快电子衍射技术是研究物质瞬态结构变化及超快结构动力学的有效手段.研制了国内第一套同时具有超快时间分辨及超高空间分辨能力的超快电子衍射系统,并研究了在该超快电子衍射系统上实现超快时间分辨及超高空间分辨能力的技术手段及其优化方法.实验结果表明：经过优化后该系统可以具有优于500 fs的时间分辨能力,其空间分辨能力达到0.04%的衍射峰位置变化,对应的晶面变化为0.0005?.该系统可以为实时测量超快光脉冲激发的物质瞬态结构变化,特别是为研究晶体材料的超快动力学行为提供了强有力的实验工具. 关键词： 超快电子衍射 空间分辨 时间分辨     

Design of an ultrafast electron diffractometer with multiple operation modes

Directly resolving structural changes in material on the atomic scales of time and space is desired in studies of many disciplines. Ultrafast electron diffraction(UED), which combines the temporal resolution of femtosecond-pulse laser and the spatial sensitivity of electron diffraction, is an advancing methodology serving such a goal. Here we present the design of a UED apparatus with multiple operation modes for observation of collective atomic motions in solid material of various morphologies. This multi-mode UED employs a pulsed electron beam with propagation trajectory of parallel and convergent incidences, and diffraction configurations of transmission and reflection, as well utilities of preparation and characterization of cleaned surface and adsorbates. We recorded the process of electron–phonon coupling in single crystal molybdenum ditelluride following excitation of femtosecond laser pulses, and diffraction patterns of polycrystalline graphite thin film under different settings of electron optics, to demonstrate the temporal characteristics and tunable probe spot of the built UED apparatus, respectively.     

Bunch evolution study in optimization of Me V ultrafast electron diffraction

Megaelectronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction（UED） is a promising detection tool for ultrafast processes.The quality of diffraction image is determined by the transverse evolution of the probe bunch. In this paper, we study the contributing terms of the emittance and space charge effects to the bunch evolution in the MeV UED scheme, employing a mean-field model with an ellipsoidal distribution as well as particle tracking simulation. The small transverse dimension of the drive laser is found to be critical to improve the reciprocal resolution, exploiting both smaller emittance and larger transverse bunch size before the solenoid. The degradation of the reciprocal spatial resolution caused by the space charge effects should be carefully controlled.     

用超快电子衍射技术研究Al薄膜的超快动力学行为

超快电子衍射（UED）技术因其同时具有亚皮秒的时间分辨和亚毫埃的空间分辨能力,成为研究物质瞬态结构变化,特别是研究晶格材料超快动力学的有力工具.应用国内首台自行研制的UED系统,我们实时测量了超快激光脉冲激发下,20 nm金属Al多晶薄膜产生的相干声子和晶格热运动.实验结果显示,在晶格热运动加剧的同时,热应力的作用使晶格产生了相干振荡,并最终膨胀达到新的平衡位置.实验中测得的振荡周期以及晶格上升的温度与理论计算的结果符合较好,展示了UED技术在超快晶格动力学研究方面的广阔应用前景 关键词： 超快电子衍射 相干声子 晶格热运动     

超快电子衍射仪理论及实验研究

研制一套同时具有时间分辨及空间分辨能力的超快电子衍射(UED)系统,理论时间分辨能力达到300 fs,空间分辨能力160 lp/mm,并对该系统进行了静态性能分析。实验表明,优化后系统电子束直径约为300 m,电子打靶角度约为0.09,同时对x和y偏转板的灵敏度、电子束斑尺寸及位置稳定性进行定量分析,利用该系统进行多晶铝膜电子衍射实验,分析衍射图样表明系统最小可以分辨单个晶格间距的0.36%。     

超快电子衍射装置的束流能量反馈控制

上海交通大学的超快电子衍射（UED）装置由一台电子直线加速器作为驱动,电子枪为一台光阴极微波电子枪。加速器在运行中电子枪会偶尔打火,腔体失谐,造成束流损失,束流能量产生变化,束流需要很长时间才能恢复到初始状态,影响了用户的使用。为此,对低电平控制器（LLRF）的幅度相位控制环路进行了改进,增加了能量反馈,代替了幅度反馈,通过对束流的中心位置进行实时的反馈以控制低电平控制器输出信号的幅度,保证了电子束流的能量稳定和电子枪加速场强的稳定。长时间的稳定性测试表明,电子枪在打火产生时,束流能量可以很快恢复,能量抖动由4.293 3×10⁻⁴（RMS）提高到2.855 7×10⁻⁴（RMS）,实现了束流能量的长期稳定。     

超快电子衍射技术及其应用

时间和空间上实时观测原子运动对于自然科学研究有着非常重大的意义, 而超快电子衍射(UED)技术同时具备飞秒激光脉冲的高时间分辨特性和电子衍射技术的高空间特性, 可以为实时观测原子级分辨尺度物质的结构变化提供一种有效工具. 本文综述了超快电子衍射技术的发展历史、实验方法以及相关应用, 并且展望了超快电子衍射技术未来的发展.     

超快电子衍射仪理论及实验研究

研制一套同时具有时间分辨及空间分辨能力的超快电子衍射(UED)系统,理论时间分辨能力达到300 fs,空间分辨能力160 lp/mm,并对该系统进行了静态性能分析。实验表明,优化后系统电子束直径约为300 m,电子打靶角度约为0.09,同时对x和y偏转板的灵敏度、电子束斑尺寸及位置稳定性进行定量分析,利用该系统进行多晶铝膜电子衍射实验,分析衍射图样表明系统最小可以分辨单个晶格间距的0.36%。     

Design of an MeV ultra-fast electron diffraction experiment at Tsinghua university

Time-resolved MeV ultra-fast electron diffraction (UED) is a powerful tool for structure dynamics studies. In this paper, we present a design of a MeV UED facility based on a photocathode RF gun at Tsinghua University. Electron beam qualities are optimized with numerical simulations, indicating that resolutions of 250 fs and 0.01 , and bunch charge exceeding 105 electrons are expected with technically achievable machine parameters. Status of experiment preparation is also presented.     

Improved method for studying the propagation dynamics of ultrafast electron pulses based on mean-field models

We have studied the propagation dynamics of ultrafast electron pulses by using an improved mean-field model, in which the propagation of the electron pulses across the boundary of the acceleration region is explicitly considered. A large decrease in the speed spread of the electron pulses(we called "boundary kick") is observed and properly treated leading to a significant improvement in the simulation accuracy, particularly when the density of electrons is very large. We show that our method is consistent with the simulation by the N-particle method, while others can introduce factorial error.     

Mapping an on-chip terahertz antenna by a scanning near-field probe and a fixed field-effect transistor

In the terahertz(THz) regime,the active region for a solid-state detector usually needs to be implemented accurately in the near-field region of an on-chip antenna.Mapping of the near-field strength could allow for rapid verification and optimization of new antenna/detector designs.Here,we report a proof-of-concept experiment in which the field mapping is realized by a scanning metallic probe and a fixed AlGaN/GaN field-effect transistor.Experiment results agree well with the electromagnetic-wave simulations.The results also suggest a field-effect THz detector combined with a probe tip could serve as a high sensitivity THz near-field sensor.     

Implementation of ultrafast X‐ray diffraction at the 1W2B wiggler beamline of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility

The implementation of a laser pump/X‐ray probe scheme for performing picosecond‐resolution X‐ray diffraction at the 1W2B wiggler beamline at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility is reported. With the hybrid fill pattern in top‐up mode, a pixel array X‐ray detector was optimized to gate out the signal from the singlet bunch with interval 85 ns from the bunch train. The singlet pulse intensity is ～2.5 × 10⁶ photons pulse^?1 at 10 keV. The laser pulse is synchronized to this singlet bunch at a 1 kHz repetition rate. A polycapillary X‐ray lens was used for secondary focusing to obtain a 72 µm (FWHM) X‐ray spot. Transient photo‐induced strain in BiFeO₃ film was observed at a ～150 ps time resolution for demonstration.     

Modeling of terahertz radiation emission from a free‐electron laser

In this article, we report the generation of terahertz (THz) radiation using the interaction of a laser‐modulated relativistic electron beam (REB) with a surface plasma wave. Two laser beams propagating through the modulator interact with the REB, leading to velocity modulation of the beam. This results in pre‐bunching of the REB. The pre‐bunched beam travels through the drift space, where the velocity modulation translates into density modulation. The density‐modulated beam, on interacting with the surface plasma pump wave, acquires an oscillatory velocity that couples with the modulated beam density to give rise to a nonlinear current density which acts as an antenna to give THz radiation. By optimizing the parameters of the beam and the wiggler, we obtain power of the order of 10⁻⁴ using the current scheme.     

飞秒电子衍射系统的静态特性研究

超快电子衍射系统是认识超快物理、化学及生物过程的重要工具之一.介绍了自主研制的一套飞秒电子衍射系统，调试并测量了该系统的电子束斑特性、X-Y偏转板的偏转灵敏度等.在该系统上进行了金膜的静态电子衍射图像的测量. 关键词： 飞秒电子衍射 偏转灵敏度 时间分辨 空间分辨     

A theoretical study of harmonic generation in a short period AlGaN/GaN superlattice induced by a terahertz field

Based on an improved energy dispersion relation, the terahertz field induced nonlinear transport of miniband electrons in a short period AlGaN/GaN superlattice is theoretically studied in this paper with a semiclassical theory. To a short period superlattice, it is not precise enough to calculate the energy dispersion relation by just using the nearest wells in tight binding method: the next to nearest wells should be considered. The results show that the electron drift velocity is 30% lower under a dc field but 10% higher under an ac field than the traditional simple cosine model obtained from the tight binding method. The influence of the terahertz field strength and frequency on the harmonic amplitude, phase and power efficiency is calculated. The relative power efficiency of the third harmonic reaches the peak value when the dc field strength equals about three times the critical field strength and the ac field strength equals about four times the critical field strength. These results show that the AlGaN/GaN superlattice is a promising candidate to convert radiation of frequency ω to radiation of frequency 3ω or even higher.     

Design and theoretical study of a polarization-insensitive multiband terahertz metamaterial bandpass filter

We report the design of a novel multiband metamaterial bandpass filter(BPF) in the terahertz(THz)-wave region. The designed BPF is composed of a metal–dielectric–metal sandwiched structure with three nested rings on the top surface and a cross structure on the bottom surface. Full-wave simulation results show that the designed BPF has three transmission peaks at frequencies of 0.42, 1.27, and 1.86 THz with transmission rates of-0.87,-1.85, and-1.83 d B, respectively.Multi-reflection interference theory is introduced to explain the transmission mechanism of the designed triple-band BPF.The theoretical transmission spectrum is in good agreement with the full-wave simulated results. The designed BPF can maintain a stable performance as the incident angle varies from 0?to 30?for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarizations of the incident wave. The designed BPF can be potentially used in THz devices due to its multiband transmissions, polarization insensitivity, and stable wide-angle response in the THz region.     

考虑透射概率的能量选择性电子热泵

研究了具有不同温度和不同化学势的两个热库中的电子通过一个能量透射谱进行传输的问题,得到电子通过能量透射谱传输所产生的热流.进一步考虑了两个热库之间的辐射热漏流,数值计算出电子热泵的性能参数,绘出了热泵的性能特征曲线.分析了热漏、共振中心能级位置和能级宽度等参数对热泵工作性能的影响.当共振能级宽度无限小时,热泵系数可以达到Carnot值.     

单模块直线变压器脉冲前沿

从理论上对直线变压器驱动源（LTD）输出脉冲波形的前沿进行了分析,研究了不同前沿畸变情况下对应的电路参数,并给出了计算方法,得到了相对电压和相对时间的关系曲线。根据理论分析设计了单模块LTD,并根据设计参数进行了数值模拟,模拟得到的输出脉冲前沿约30 ns、平顶约130 ns、幅值约125 kV。最后进行了单模块LTD实验,测得输出脉冲前沿约35 ns、平顶约130 ns、幅值约125 kV的输出脉冲,与模拟结果基本一致。由于负载不完全匹配等因素的影响,波形后沿较差且有振荡,但仍符合设计要求。     

Mesoscale strain measurement in deformed crystals: A comparison of X-ray microdiffraction with electron backscatter diffraction

Mapping of residual stresses at the mesoscale is increasingly practical thanks to technological developments in electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray microdiffraction using high brilliance synchrotron sources. An analysis is presented of a Cu single crystal deformed in compression to about 10% macroscopic strain. Local orientation measurements were made on sectioned and polished specimens using EBSD and X-ray microdiffraction. In broad strokes, the results are similar to each other with orientations being observed that are on the order of 5° misoriented from that of the original crystallite. At the fine scale it is apparent that the X-ray technique can distinguish features in the structure that are much finer in detail than those observed using EBSD even though the spatial resolution of EBSD is superior to that of X-ray diffraction by approximately two orders of magnitude. The results are explained by the sensitivity of the EBSD technique to the specimen surface condition. Dislocation dynamics simulations show that there is a relaxation of the dislocation structure near the free surface of the specimen that extends approximately 650 Å into the specimen. The high spatial resolution of the EBSD technique is detrimental in this respect as the information volume extends only 200 Å or so into the specimen. The X-rays probe a volume on the order of 2 µm in diameter, thus measuring the structure that is relatively unaffected by the near-surface relaxation.