Two types of highly efficient electrostatic traps for single loading or multi-loading of polar molecules

Two novel electrostatic traps named octopole-based disk electrostatic trap(ODET)and tubular-based disk electrostatic trap(TDET)are proposed for trapping cold polar molecules in low-field-seeking states.Using MgF as the target molecule,single loading and multi-loading methods are numerically simulated with varied incident velocities of slow molecular beams in the two types of traps,respectively.In ODET,with an incident velocity of 10 m/s,a highest loading efficiency of 78.4% or 99.9% has been achieved under the single loading or multi-loading operation mode.In TDET,with an incident velocity of 11 m/s,a highest loading efficiency of 81.6% or 106.5% has been achieved using the two loading methods,respectively.With such high loading efficiencies,the trapped cold molecules can be applied in the researches of cold collisions,high precision spectroscopy,and precision measurements.Especially,together with a blue-detuned hollow beam,the new electrostatic traps proposed here offer a new platform for the following gradient-intensity cooling of MgF molecules,which may provide a new way to produce high density ultracold molecules.     

Simulation of EOM-based frequency-chirped laser slowing of MgF radicals

Here we propose a scheme to slow MgF molecules by using EOM-based frequency-chirped radiation pressure slowing. The scheme well addresses the need for a rapid chirp rate while light molecules are being laser slowed, whose scattering rate and recoil velocity are large. Two EOMs are used to compensate the rapidly changing Doppler shifts arised from the movement of molecules, and to cover the hyperfine energy structure of MgF, respectively. Based the scattering rate maps calculated from an optical Bloch equation model, individual molecule trajectories are simulated by using a semi-classical three-dimensional Monte Carlo approach. We show how the modulation configuration of EOM and the magnetic field influence the slowing results. The study shows that a cryogenic buffer gas-cooled MgF beam source is possible to be slowed down with a number of ～ 1.4 × 10⁶–10⁷, and the final forward speed peaks at ～ 10 m/s near the capture velocity of a molecular MOT.     

MgF2:Mn2+合成及发光

本文首次报导了采用碱式碳酸盐和氟化铵一步合成MeF2:Mn2+长余辉材料新方法。研究了各种条件和Mn2+浓度对荧光粉的影响,所得到的MgF2:Mn2+发射为橙红色,主峰在590nm,色度值为x=0.559,y=0.438,余辉大约200ms。荧光粉呈现均匀圆球状的颗粒,属于四方晶系。     

NiFe/Pt薄膜中角度相关的逆自旋霍尔效应

NiFe/Pt双层薄膜样品在铁磁共振时, NiFe磁矩进动所产生的自旋流注入到Pt层中, 由于逆自旋霍尔效应产生直流电压V_ISHE, 此电压会叠加到NiFe薄膜由于自旋整流效应而产生的电压V_SRE 上, 实验测量所得电压为V_ISHE和V_SRE的叠加. 为了区分这两种不同机理对电压的贡献, 本文采取旋转外加静磁场的方法, 通过分析所测电压随磁场角度的变化从而分离出V_ISHE 的大小. 研究结果表明, 相比于单层NiFe(20 nm)薄膜样品, NiFe(20 nm)/Pt(10 nm)双层膜样品中由于NiFe自旋注入到Pt 中导致铁磁共振线宽增加. 与逆自旋霍尔效应产生的电压相比, 自旋整流效应的贡献较小, 但不可忽略. 本文工作有助于认清铁磁/非磁性金属材料中的自旋相关效应, 并提供了一种准确的分析逆自旋霍尔效应的方法.     

IR Beam Deflection Spectroscopy with a Cold Source

In a photoacoustic¹ measurement, radiation is normally passed onto an absorbing sample, and one observes changes in the sample's properties or the effects they induce elsewhere. The sample itself is the prime sensor, and basically what is measured is the net energy transfer between sample and source. In practice, the source is made “hot,” i. e., a much stronger emitter than the sample. In principle, the source and detector are interchangeable, in terms of emittance or location, and also sometimes in practice. For example, infrared emission spectra of minerals were measured with hot (40°C) samples and a cold (30°C) detector² and also with cold (20°C) samples and a hot (24°C) detector³.     

磁场中的拓扑绝缘体边缘态性质

用数值方法研究了拓扑绝缘体薄膜体系在外加垂直磁场 作用下其边缘态的性质. 磁场的加入通过耦合k+eA, 即Peierls势替换关系和 该作用导致的Zeeman交换场体现在哈密顿量中. 考虑窄条圆环状结构的二维InAs/GaSb/AlSb薄膜量子阱材料, 当其处于拓扑非平庸状态, 即量子自旋霍尔态时, 会出现受时间反演对称性保护的两支简并边缘态, 而在垂直磁场的作用下, 时间反演对称性被破坏, 这时能带将形成一条条的朗道能级, 原来简并的两支边缘态也会分开到朗道能级谱线的两侧, 从电子态密度的空间分布情况则可以看到边缘态分别局域在材料的两个边界. 随着磁场的增大, 位于同一边界上的不同 自旋极化的边缘态将出现分离: 一支仍然局域在边缘, 另一支则随外加磁场的增加而有逐渐演化到材料内部的趋势. 文中还计算了同一边界上的两支边缘态之间的散射, 结果表明由于两个边缘态在空间发生分离, 相互之间的散射被很大的压制, 得到了其散射随磁场增加没有明显变化的结论, 所以磁场并不会增强散射过程, 也没有破坏体拓扑材料的性质, 说明了量子自旋霍尔态在没有时间反演对称的情况下也可以有较强的稳定性.     

Effect of thermal annealing on the magnetic anisotropy of GaMnAs ferromagnetic semiconductor

We have systematically investigated the influence of annealing on the magnetic anisotropy properties of GaMnAs film using an epilayer with a Mn concentration of 6.2%. The GaMnAs epilayer was grown by molecular beam epitaxy and the planar Hall effect measurement was used to monitor the magnetic anisotropy of the film. We found significant annealing-induced changes in the magnetic anisotropy properties of the GaMnAs film that depended on the annealing conditions. For example, the cubic anisotropy that gave a four-fold symmetry of magnetic easy axes decreased while the uniaxial anisotropy that gave a two-fold symmetry of magnetic easy axes increases in the samples annealed temperature below 300 °C. In particular, the uniaxial anisotropy along the [010] direction in as-grown GaMnAs film changed to the [100] direction by rotating by 90° after the sample was annealed at 300 °C for 3 h. This investigation thus indicates that the magnitude and the direction of the magnetic anisotropy in the GaMnAs film can be effectively controlled by choosing an appropriate annealing time and temperature.     

Electrostatic surface guiding of cold polar molecules with a single charged wire

This paper proposes a scheme to guide cold polar molecules by using a single charged wire half embanked in an insulating substrate and a homogeneous bias electric field, which is generated by a plate capacitor composed of two infinite parallel metal plates. The spatial distributions of the electrostatic field produced by the combination of the charged wire and the plate capacitor and the corresponding Stark potentials (including dipole forces) for metastable CO molecules are calculated, the relationships between the electric field and the parameters of our charged-wire layout are analysed. It also studies the influences of the insulator on the electric field distribution and the discharge effect. This study shows that the proposed scheme can be used to guide cold polar molecules in the weak-field -- seeking states, and to form various molecule-optical elements, such as molecular funnel, molecular beam-splitters and molecule interferometer, even to construct a variety of integrated molecule-optical elements and their molecule chips.     

Estimation of molecular orientations in disordered samples by a proton-NMR-based method

We introduce a procedure on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for investigation of the orientation state of disordered samples like amorphous or nematic polymers. Advantageous features of this method are the following: (i) disorder of the sample is not a problem (other than in the case of X-ray); (ii) the method works faster than multidimensional NMR techniques; (iii) this procedure can be implemented also at more simple and inexpensive NMR spectrometers; and (iv) for the data evaluation it will be not necessary to know the molecular geometry. The latter is possible by introducing the expressions “relative orientation distribution” and “relative orientation degree” which characterize the difference of the orientation of the current sample in comparison to a reference sample. Contrary to the absolute orientation degrees the relative ones are easily available from wide-line proton NMR spectra. The method is demonstrated by applying it to monitor the qualitatively different behavior of the director fields of two liquid-crystalline polymer samples with different molecular weights which are exposed to a suddenly switched magnetic field. A temporary asymmetry of the orientation distribution could be detected and quantified.     

BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+的MgF2表面包覆

采用溶胶-凝胶法对蓝色荧光粉BaMgAl10O17:Eu2 (BAM)进行表面包膜处理,获得了表面均匀包覆MgF2膜层的BAM荧光粉.并用SEM、XRD和IR手段对其表面形貌、晶格结构性能进行了表征;用EDS对BAM粉体的表面元素进行了定性分析;用荧光光谱测试对荧光粉的发光性能进行了研究.结果表明,在BAM粉体表面均匀包覆MgF2层后,BAM的晶格结构,发光性能没有改变,初始亮度较未包覆的荧光粉有所降低,经过相同条件的热处理后,包覆MgF2荧光粉的亮度热衰减程度明显低于未包覆的荧光粉,且色坐标偏移现象不明显.     

Comparison of two absorption imaging methods to detect cold atoms in magnetic trap

Two methods of absorption imaging to detect cold atoms in a magnetic trap are implemented for a high-precision cold atom interferometer.In the first method,a probe laser which is in resonance with a cycle transition frequency is used to evaluate the quantity and distribution of the atom sample.In the second method,the probe laser is tuned to an open transition frequency,which stimulates a few and constant number of photons per atom.This method has a shorter interaction time and results in absorption images which are not affected by the magnetic field and the light field.We make a comparison of performance between these two imaging methods in the sense of parameters such as pulse duration,light intensity,and magnetic field strength.The experimental results show that the second method is more reliable when detecting the quantity and density profiles of the atoms.These results fit well to the theoretical analysis.     

Verification by finite element modeling for the origin of the apparent image effect in closed-circuit magnetic measurements

Closed-circuit magnetic measurements using a hysteresisgraph have generally been considered free from errors associated with the demagnetizing factor, as well as from the image effect, both of which can occur in open-circuit measurements. However, measurements on magnetic samples clamped between the pole pieces of an electromagnet may show an apparent drop in magnetization with increasing applied field, similar to the image effect found in open-circuit measurements. We have shown that as the saturation magnetization of the sample increases, the drop in apparent magnetization becomes greater and appears at lower fields; the effect also increases as the length-to-diameter ratio L/D of the sample decreases. This behavior has been attributed to distortion of the magnetic field distribution around the sample resulting from localized saturation of the electromagnet pole pieces. This paper presents the results of computer modeling using finite element method, FEM, which confirm this explanation and show that the field acting on the sample is highly non-uniform when the sample L/D is small. The modeling results are in good agreement with experimental data, and show that the apparent drop in magnetization is caused by measurement of the applied field that does not accurately reflect the field acting on the sample.     

Magnetotransport in core-shell Fe–Fe oxide nanostructures

Magnetic and magnetotransport measurements were performed on gas-phase synthesized Fe nanoparticles subjected to surface oxidation and cold consolidation. Two samples were investigated with α-Fe volume fraction of 0.15 and 0.60. The sample with smaller metallic fraction is below the percolation threshold for metallic conduction and the conduction mechanism is dominated by thermally activated processes across the oxide. In this case, by lowering the temperature, an increase of the negative magnetoresistance is observed up to 5% at 50 K in a magnetic field of 70 kOe. The magnetoresistance dependence on the sample magnetization, temperature and sample composition is discussed considering the magnetic correlations present in these nanostrucuterd systems.     

铁磁薄膜中圆偏振光感应的瞬态磁光Kerr峰的物理起源

使用飞秒时间分辨抽运-探测磁光Kerr光谱技术,实验研究了圆偏振光抽运面内磁化FePt和垂直磁化GdFeCo薄膜的磁化演化动力学,发现在时间延迟零点处均出现瞬态Kerr峰.分析了此Kerr峰的起源,指出此瞬态Kerr峰与铁磁性无关,可能起源于自由电子的顺磁磁化,而顺磁磁化的外磁场来自圆偏振抽运光的逆Faraday效应.基于顺磁磁化模型的计算结果支持此观点.基于此观点,逆Faraday效应感应的磁场脉冲宽度应该与激光脉冲宽度一致.     

中性原子的表面双磁光阱及其应用

提出了一种新的采用载流导线的表面双磁光阱(MOT)方案(即双U型导线磁光阱方案)。通过改变中间U型导线中的电流大小,即可将一个双磁阱连续地合并为一个单磁阱,反之亦然。详细计算和分析了上述双U型载流导线磁光阱方案的磁场及其梯度的空间分布,研究发现当导线中的电流为600 A,z方向均匀偏置磁感应强度为-4.0×10-3 T时,双U型导线方案产生的两个磁阱中心的磁场梯度约为1.5×10-3~2.5×10-3 T/cm,结合通常制备磁光阱时所用的三维粘胶(Molasses)光束即可在基底表面附近形成一双磁光阱。理论分析表明在弱光近似下,每个磁光阱中所能俘获的85Rb原子数约为106 量级,相应的磁光阱温度约为270μK。由于双磁光阱可以独立制备,所以双U型导线方案特别适用于制备双样品磁光阱,并用于研究双原子样品的冷碰撞性质。     

The magnetization model of multilayered composite thin films: Beyond the effective-medium theories

Multilayered composites consisting of many thin ferromagnetic films with in-plane magnetic anisotropy separated by non-magnetic dielectric layers of different sizes are experimentally and theoretically investigated. Thin samples as well samples with transverse sizes comparable with longitudinal ones are used. The measured static magnetic properties of the bulk sample are found to be different from the properties of constituent thin films. This is an evidence for strong interactions between the magnetic layers in the sample, which interact at distances exceeding greatly the distance between adjacent magnetic layers. A theoretic model is developed taking into account magneto-dipole interactions between iron films in a multi-layer system. The model explains the anomalously high demagnetization field of the sample observed in the measurements.     

Contactless measurement of the conductivity of II–VI epitaxial layers by means of the partially filled waveguide method

We report the contactless determination of the conductivity, the mobility and the carrier concentration of II–VI semiconductors by means of the technique of the partially filled waveguide at a microwave frequency of 9 GHz. The samples are CdHgTe epitaxial layers, grown on CdZnTe substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The conductivity is determined from the transmission coefficient of the sample in the partially filled waveguide. For the analysis of the experimental data, the complex transmission coefficient is calculated by a rigorous multi-mode matching procedure. By varying the conductivity of the sample, we obtain an optimum fit of the calculated data to the experimental results. Comparison with conductivity data determined by the van der Pauw method shows that our method allows to measure the conductivity with good accuracy. The behaviour of the transmission coefficient of the sample is discussed in dependence on the layer conductivity, the layer thickness and the dielectric constant of the substrate. The calculations require to consider in detail the distribution of the electromagnetic fields in the sample region. The usual assumption of a hardly disturbed TE₁₀ mode cannot be used in our case. By applying a magnetic field in extraordinary Voigt configuration, galvanomagnetic measurements have been carried out which yield the mobility and thus the carrier concentration. These results are also in good agreement with van der Pauw transport measurements.     

真空紫外铝+氟化镁膜偏振特性的研究

研究了铝＋氟化镁膜在真空紫外波段的偏振特性。理论上数值模拟计算了铝＋氟化镁膜在真空紫外波段的反射率及其与入射平面平行和垂直两方面的分量，分析了铝＋氟化镁膜反射率的两分量随入射条件和氟化镁膜厚度的变化规律，在此基础上研究了铝＋氟化镁膜的偏振特性，并与单层铝膜的相应特性作了比较，以氟化锂堆作偏振器，在Seya-Namioka真空紫外反射率计上实验研究了铝＋氟化镁膜的偏振特性。研究结果表明，铝＋氟化镁膜的偏振特性由于受到氟化镁厚度的调制，存在反射率的垂直分量小于平行分量的情形，从而使铝＋氟化镁膜的消光比在非正入射的条件下接近1。理论计算结果与实验结果一致。     

Development of a magnetic measurement device for thin ribbon samples

This paper presents a magnetic measurement device for thin ribbon samples, which are produced by rapid cooling technique. This device enables us to measure magnetic properties easily by only inserting a ribbon sample into a sample holder. The sample holder was made by bakelite to fix any width sample. A long solenoid coil was used to generate a uniform magnetic field and the sample holder was placed at the mid part of the solenoid. The magnetic field strength was measured using a shunt resistor and the magnetic flux density and magnetization in sample ribbons were evaluated by using search coils. The accuracy of measurement was verified with an amorphous metal ribbon sample. Next, we have measured magnetic properties of some magnetic shape memory alloys, which have different compositions. The measured results are compared and we clarified the effect of Sm contents on the magnetic properties.     

非线性磁光效应用于测量磁光阱四极磁场的方案

为了研究磁光阱冷原子团所在区域的磁场大小,从而得出磁场零点附近磁场的微弱变化及其分布。提出利用右旋圆偏振作为探测光场穿过冷原子,根据左右旋圆偏振光场引起的跃迁几率的不同,导致穿过冷原子团零点前后探测场跃迁几率的变化,用来计算零点附近由冷原子团引起的非线性磁光效应,通过这一效应推导出旋转角随磁场大小的变化,从而获得了磁光阱四极磁场零点附近数量级达到10^-13T的磁场值。利用这一效应,同时在理论上获得了不同于以往理论及实验的双峰色散曲线。