光子计数成像研究

从APD阵列的响应特性出发,利用随机点的统计学描述,建立了光子计数成像的一维点过程数学模型。通过对光子事件发生时间统计特性的描述,分析了光子密度、门控时间、雪崩光电二极管恢复时间等因素对光子计数成像质量的影响。并采用蒙特卡罗方法,对近红外波段不同光子密度条件下多种计数间隔的成像质量进行了仿真,给出了仿真结果。     

光子计数模式下的目标探测与成像

 当光微弱到以单个光子发射时,成像系统只有利用光子计数模式才能探测到单光子信息。采用基于碰撞电离效应的全固态雪崩光电二极管作为探测元件,构成微光环境下的光子计数成像实验系统。该系统的硬件主要由雪崩光电二极管构成的单光子计数器、计算机、微光照度计、2维电控导轨、控制器、暗箱等组成。控制器的软件在Altera公司Quartus环境下设计,主要完成导轨运动的控制;上位机软件采用VC++编程实现系统的数据采集处理、系统功能控制和光子计数图像显示等。该系统为全固态结构,工作电压小于35 V,暗计数率小于4 Hz。所建光子计数成像系统在10－5 lx微光环境下实现了目标的探测成像。     

光子计数模式下的目标探测与成像

当光微弱到以单个光子发射时,成像系统只有利用光子计数模式才能探测到单光子信息。采用基于碰撞电离效应的全固态雪崩光电二极管作为探测元件,构成微光环境下的光子计数成像实验系统。该系统的硬件主要由雪崩光电二极管构成的单光子计数器、计算机、微光照度计、2维电控导轨、控制器、暗箱等组成。控制器的软件在Altera公司Quartus环境下设计,主要完成导轨运动的控制;上位机软件采用VC++编程实现系统的数据采集处理、系统功能控制和光子计数图像显示等。该系统为全固态结构,工作电压小于35 V,暗计数率小于4 Hz。所建光子计数成像系统在10－5 lx微光环境下实现了目标的探测成像。     

外加电场调制二维六角位相阵列光分束器的研究

本文建立了外加电场调制二维六角位相阵列光分束器的倒格矢理论模型, 利用数值模拟方法开展了阵列光分束器的理论研究, 对可调位相差阵列光分束器进行了分析, 得到了不同分数泰伯距离以及外加电场条件下的光强分布图. 实验设计与制备了铌酸锂二维六角位相阵列光分束器, 并对其进行了Talbot衍射光分束实验研究, 当外加电压为0.5 kV(电场为1 kV/mm)时, 观测到了Talbot衍射光分束现象, 随着外加调制电场的增大, 其衍射光分束图像越清晰, 该实验结果和理论研究结果相符.     

基于幅度调制的非线性超声相控阵成像方法*

超声相控阵是超声检测领域常用的材料缺陷定位和成像技术,可便捷快速地对裂纹、孔洞等缺陷进行成像。但是,传统超声相控阵方法对较小缺陷如闭合裂纹不太敏感。非线性超声信号因对材料性能退化以及微小缺陷敏感而广受关注。本文针对疲劳闭合裂纹检测,提出一种基于幅度调制的非线性超声相控阵成像方法,通过测量物理聚焦和虚拟聚焦两种聚焦模式下超声扩散场中的声能差,并将其作为非线性参量,实现疲劳裂纹闭合部分的定位成像和定量表征。将该法应用于7075铝合金试样疲劳裂纹的实验测量,并研究了扩散场信号延迟时间对非线性超声相控阵成像结果的影响。结果表明：相较于传统超声相控阵全聚焦法,基于幅度调制的非线性超声相控阵成像方法能够更准确地定位和成像疲劳裂纹闭合部分;延迟时间的选择对疲劳裂纹长度的表征精度影响较大,本文研究了该延迟时间的选择方法并实现了检测结果的优化。     

一种照相机成像平面照度均匀度检测系统

在讨论了照相机成像平面照度均匀度的影响因素的基础上 ,介绍了一种可在单片机的控制下 ,通过GaAsP光电二极管线阵扫描、A/D转换、测量结果输出等环节实现的照相机整机像面照度均匀度自动检测系统 ,并给出了该系统的测试结果。     

丝阵负载Z箍缩可见光图像诊断系统

主要介绍了为“强光一号”加速器丝阵负载Z箍缩实验设计的可见光图像诊断系统,系统时间分辨约为5 ns,空间分辨约为6.5 lp/mm,光谱响应范围365~750 nm。系统能够满足从早期单丝电离到等离子体柱飞散整个Z箍缩过程的诊断要求, 给出了系统在Z箍缩实验中获得的丝阵负载内爆图像序列,并对其反映的内爆现象进行了初步的唯象分析。     

A Geiger‐mode avalanche photodiode array for X‐ray photon correlation spectroscopy

X‐ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) provides an opportunity to study the dynamics of systems by measuring the temporal fluctuations in a far‐field diffraction pattern. A two‐dimensional detector system has been developed to investigate fluctuations in the frequency range of several Hz to kHz. The X‐ray detector system consists of a thin 100 µm scintillation crystal coupled to a Geiger‐mode avalanche photodiode array. In this article the elements of the system are detailed and the detector for XPCS measurements is demonstrated.     

平面丝阵负载Z箍缩内爆动力学一维图像诊断

利用可见光条纹相机对单排和双排平面丝阵内爆动力学过程诊断中的初步实验结果,并对其进行了分析. 实验结果表明,单排平面丝阵相邻单丝等离子体之间并不是发生完全非弹性碰撞,部分等离子体会越过丝阵平面在中心形成先驱等离子体柱;双排平面丝阵中流过外部丝的电流要比内部丝大,烧蚀过程占整个内爆时间约65%,且只有部分质量参与了内爆过程. 关键词： 条纹相机 平面丝阵 Z箍缩 内爆动力学     

A novel three-dimensional imaging method by means of coded cameras array recording and computational reconstruction

In this paper, we propose a novel three-dimensional imaging method by which the object is captured by a coded cameras array (CCA) and computationally reconstructed as a series of longitudinal layered surface images of the object. The distribution of cameras in array, named code pattern, is crucial for reconstructed images fidelity when the correlation decoding is used. We use DIRECT global optimization algorithm to design the code patterns that possess proper imaging property. We have conducted primary experiments to verify and test the performance of the proposed method with a simple discontinuous object and a small-scale CCA including nine cameras. After certain procedures such as capturing, photograph integrating, computational reconstructing and filtering, etc., we obtain reconstructed longitudinal layered surface images of the object with higher signal-to-noise ratio. The results of experiments show that the proposed method is feasible. It is a promising method to be used in fields such as remote sensing, machine vision, etc.     

Fabrication and evaluation of fully-sampled, two-dimensional transducer array for "Sonic Window" imaging system

A low-cost, fully-sampled, 3600 element 2D transducer array operating at 5 MHz and designed for use in a hand-held ultrasound system is described here. Four array configurations are presented - (1) array with both matching and pedestal backing layers, (2) array with a matching layer but no backing pedestal, (3) array with a backing pedestal but no matching layer, and (4) array with neither matching layer nor backing pedestal. Each array was characterized in terms of impedance measurements, pulse-echo response, and experimental beamprofile. Comparative finite element analysis simulations are also presented. Average estimated active element yield for the four arrays was 94%. The array with pedestal layer proved the most promising, providing a 26% bandwidth and a 1.7 dB improvement in sensitivity with respect to the array with neither pedestal nor matching layer. Although this bandwidth is acceptable for our specific application (C-scan imaging), reverberations within the substrate material remain a potential challenge. We are currently working to fabricate a custom PCB material to address this concern, and may also consider using a pre-compensated transmit waveform or matched digital filter approach to further reduce the effects of such reverberations.     

用于光声层析成像的虚拟阵列探测及逆拉东变换

提出用固定孔径的换能器虚拟阵列探测器进行数据采集,该换能器只需对样品进行180扫描。实验中,使用调Q Nd: YAG激光器作为光源,激光器输出激光波长为532 nm,重复频率为10 Hz,脉宽为7 ns;使用非聚焦换能器进行光声信号探测,其接收面直径为6 mm,中心频率为2.25 MHz,接收到光声信号用逆拉东变换进行图像重建。以小白鼠的离体爪子作为成像对象,换能器由旋转电机控制并以2作为旋转步长进行180旋转扫描获取实验数据,运用逆拉东变换进行了图像重建。所重建的图像比较清晰地反映了爪子内部的骨骼分布。由此表明,逆拉东变换可以用于光声成像,并且实现了有限角度的光声成像。     

Automatic 3D scanning surface generation for microphone array acoustic imaging

This work presents a new technique for automatically generating the 3D scanning surface for acoustic imaging using microphone arrays. Acoustic images, or maps, of sound coming from spatially distributed sources, may be generated from microphone array data using algorithms such as beamforming. Traditional 2D acoustic maps can contain errors in the near-field if the object being imaged has a 3D shape. It has been shown that using the 3D surface geometry of an object as a scanning surface for beamforming can provide more accurate results. The methods used previously to generate this 3D scanning surface have either required existing CAD (Computer-Aided Design) models of the object being acoustically imaged or have required separate equipment which is generally bulky and expensive. The new method uses one or more cameras in the array, a data projector, and structured light code to automatically generate the 3D scanning surface. This has the advantage that it is inexpensive, can be incorporated as an add-onto existing microphone arrays, has short scan time, and is capable of being extended to imaging dynamic scenes. This technique is tested using beamforming and CLEAN-SC (CLEAN based on spatial Source Coherence) algorithms for a spherical array and an Underbrink multi-arm spiral array. For sound sources located about 1.2 m from the array, the mean position errors obtained are 6 mm. This is a quarter of the diameter of the mini-speakers being used as a sound sources.     

钢轨缺陷的超声相控阵波数成像算法*

该文应用超声相控阵全矩阵捕获的波数成像算法,检测带有通孔缺陷的钢轨和B型相控阵试块。以实验获取的全矩阵数据为基础,研究了自发自收模式和全矩阵模式的波数成像算法,理论上分析了全聚焦方法和波数算法的计算性能,取得波数成像的结果并与全聚焦方法的成像结果做了对比。实验结果表明:波数成像算法具有更快的计算速度和更高的横向分辨率,且能够更加精准地还原钢轨中缺陷大小和形状,而传统的全聚焦方法计算耗时长,聚焦点分布不均匀,重建较大的缺陷出现了纵向拉长的现象,不能够较好地反映钢轨中的大缺陷。波数成像算法在各向同性材料实时检测中有很大的应用潜能。     

Capacitance imaging for the discrimination of lipid region in atherosclerotic plaque ex vivo using polypyrrole-coated multi-walled carbon nanotube multi-electrode array

We have developed a capacitance imaging technique using polypyrrole (PPy)-coated multi walled carbon nanotube multi electrode array (PPy-MWCNT-MEA) for the discrimination of lipid region in atherosclerotic plaque ex vivo. The lipid region in the atherosclerotic plaque ex vivo, derived from apolipoprotein-E receptor-deficient mice, exhibits higher capacitance than does the lipid-free region. This consequently allows the capacitance imaging of the lipid region. The results from this research are consistent with an earlier study, which reported that a relatively high capacitance was measured from free fatty acid-treated adipocyte cells. Compared to the titanium nitride multi electrode array, the PPy-MWCNT-MEA yields better capacitance imaging of the lipid region, which can be ascribed to the improved contact between the PPy-MWCNTs and the atherosclerotic plaque ex vivo.