叶酸功能化介孔碳纳米球负载阿霉素的细胞靶向传递及可控释放

以粒径90 nm的介孔碳纳米球作为靶向传药载体, 采用酸化处理改进了材料表面的亲疏水性及在溶液中的分散性, 通过壳寡糖功能化, 并利用EDC-NHS将叶酸修饰到介孔碳纳米球表面. 通过共聚焦激光扫描显微镜及流式细胞仪对实验体系的系统研究, 结果表明基于叶酸功能化的介孔碳纳米球能够有效提高负载药物对于HeLa细胞的跨膜转运效率, 叶酸阳性表达的HeLa细胞对于叶酸修饰的介孔碳纳米小球的吞噬效率明显高于叶酸阴性表达的MCF-7细胞. 对HeLa细胞毒性的定量分析表明叶酸的靶向作用在提高介孔碳纳米球内吞效率的同时, 进一步提高了阿霉素对于HeLa细胞的毒性.     

介孔硅纳米储存器在智能药物释放系统的应用

开发新型细胞微环境刺激响应性智能药物控释系统是目前材料学、药理学与临床医学研究的共同热点之一,其目的在于寻求合适的药物载体,提高药物的安全性、有效性及降低药物毒副作用。本文综述了介孔硅功能复合纳米材料在生物医药领域的应用研究进展;通过对其进行特定的化学修饰、生物修饰、物理修饰,不仅能特异性细胞识别靶向,还能针对病变细胞实现药物定点、定时、定量的“生物爆破”释放;这在药物可控释放、靶向癌症治疗、靶向基因递送等领域展示了其广阔的应用前景。同时,本文还系统地分析和总结了各种智能响应性介孔硅纳米储存器的制备方法和响应机制,包括“无机纳米塞-介孔硅”纳米智能控释系统、“有机大分子控制器-介孔硅”智能功能复合型控释系统、“分子开关控制器-介孔硅”自响应性纳米控释系统等,这为设计新型响应性介孔硅纳米储存器系统提供了借鉴与思路。     

有序介孔二氧化硅纳米粒的制备及其肿瘤诊疗应用

有序介孔二氧化硅纳米粒由于具有独特的结构特征和物理化学性质,能够与磁性材料、荧光探针、抗肿瘤药物和特异性生物靶向分子等相结合,从而实现有序介孔二氧化硅纳米粒的多功能化,现已逐步应用于肿瘤的诊断和治疗等生物医学领域。本文就有序介孔二氧化硅纳米粒在制备、表面修饰及应用等几个方面的最新研究进展进行了综述。首先,重点介绍了不同pH条件下制备有序介孔二氧化硅纳米粒的方法和模板剂脱除方法,并简单归纳了各种方法的优缺点;其次,简要介绍了其表面稳定化和功能化修饰的研究现状,以及负载影像试剂和化疗药物的有序介孔二氧化硅纳米粒在肿瘤的多模成像诊断和靶向治疗中的应用进展;最后,总结了目前研究中还存在的问题并展望了其未来发展方向。     

基于透明质酸构筑的药物递送载体及其应用

传统纳米药物控释载体主要通过细胞胞吞作用实现药物递送,其主要过程为被动靶向机制,因此会影响纳米载体在肿瘤组织的富集和治疗效果。近年来生物大分子透明质酸因其优异的水溶性、生物相容性、可降解性和肿瘤靶向性备受科研工作者青睐,已被广泛用于药物控释载体的构筑中,并成为靶向肿瘤治疗纳米载体领域的研究热点。本文根据透明质酸基纳米载体治疗机制的不同,从透明质酸基纳米载体在化疗、光热治疗、光动力治疗以及联合治疗的应用方面对其性能进行了总结和评述,并在此基础上展望了未来透明质酸基纳米治疗载体的研究方向和发展趋势。     

透明质酸-量子点的制备及应用

基于量子点(QD)独特的光学成像特性, 采用化学合成法制备了透明质酸(HA)修饰的水溶性纳米量子点(HA-QD), 并将其应用于特异性受体CD44的识别研究中. 体外细胞实验结果证实, 在透明质酸受体的介导下, 该纳米复合物可使小鼠肺腺癌细胞LA795显示特异性的荧光成像. 本研究为建立针对透明质酸受体的肿瘤活体检测及研究肿瘤的发生发展提供了重要的纳米靶向荧光探针.     

基于环糊精的靶向药物传递系统

癌症等恶性增殖疾病的靶向治疗有赖于靶向药物传递系统（targeted drug delivery system,TDDS）的开发。环糊精具有低毒、易修饰等优良性质,并可通过与药物分子形成包合物而提高药物的溶解性、稳定性、安全性和生物利用度等,因而具有成为优秀药物载体的潜力。环糊精不仅可以以其本身或修饰环糊精的形式充当载体,还可通过聚轮烷、阳离子聚合物或纳米粒等形式构建有效的药物载体。肿瘤或人体某些病变部位的细胞表面存在过度表达的生物受体如叶酸受体、去唾液酸糖蛋白受体、透明质酸受体、转铁蛋白受体和整合素受体等,可以与其相应的配体产生特异性识别。用适当的化学方法将配体分子如叶酸、单糖或寡糖、透明质酸、转铁蛋白及RGD肽等键接在基于环糊精的载体上,可形成具有靶向性质的药物载体,进而与药物分子一起构筑靶向药物传递系统。这种药物传递系统不仅针对于化学治疗药物,在核酸传递中也得到了丰富的应用。本文综述了基于环糊精的靶向药物传递系统的靶向机理及最新研究进展,并对其发展前景作了展望。     

HA-AuNPs/FDF用于透明质酸酶的高灵敏检测、肿瘤靶向细胞荧光成像和光疗

本工作构建了一种新型复合纳米诊疗剂HA-AuNPs/FDF,用于透明质酸酶(HAase)的高灵敏荧光检测、肿瘤靶向荧光成像和光动力/光热协同治疗.吡咯并吡咯二酮基共轭小分子(FDF)与肿瘤靶向生物分子透明质酸(HA)功能化的金纳米粒子(HA-AuNPs)通过静电作用自组装形成HA-Au NPs/FDF. FDF在近红外光激发下产生较强的荧光, HA-AuNPs会通过荧光共振能量转移效应(FRET)猝灭FDF的荧光.然而,肿瘤细胞中过表达的透明质酸酶(HAase)能使HA逐渐降解, FDF被释放,从而荧光逐渐恢复. HA-AuNPs/FDF的荧光恢复程度与HAase的浓度有很好的线性关系,可用于快速定量检测HAase.而且, HA-AuNPs/FDF作为透明质酸酶激活的荧光探针成功地用于人宫颈癌肿瘤HeLa细胞的靶向荧光成像,细胞实验结果证实它能通过光动力/光热协同治疗有效抑制HeLa细胞的增殖.该体系为实现精准高效的肿瘤诊疗拓展了思路.     

基于枝化多肽的多功能药物递送系统用于肿瘤细胞核的精准靶向治疗

为了改善在肿瘤治疗过程中,药物载体靶向性差和药物靶点定位效率低等不足,设计了一种能精准靶向肿瘤细胞核,将药物高效递送至作用靶点的多功能纳米载药体系.利用具有细胞核定位能力的两亲性枝化多肽包载化疗药物阿霉素(DOX)形成载药纳米胶束DD,并通过静电作用将具有肿瘤靶向功能的透明质酸(HA)包覆在DD表面,得到具有靶向肿瘤细胞核能力的纳米药物HDD.HA的存在赋予了HDD对肿瘤的靶向功能和电荷屏蔽能力,可增加体系的稳定性,延长其血液循环时间,降低正常组织和细胞对HDD的非特异性摄取,实现其在肿瘤部位的特异性富集和肿瘤细胞的高效摄取.进入肿瘤细胞后,HA层的降解有利于纳米胶束DD在多肽的核定位作用下精准、快速地将DOX递送至细胞核,最终实现高效的肿瘤抑制效果.     

基于透明质酸的刺激响应纳米给药系统的研究进展

透明质酸(Hyaluronic acid, HA)是一种天然多糖,具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性,利用 HA 构建的纳米载体自身就具有肿瘤靶向功能,可以作为抗癌药物载体将药物传递到肿瘤细胞内从而实现精准到达病患处。近年来透明质酸在应用于肿瘤靶向给药系统中的关注越来越多,成为了靶向治疗肿瘤的一大研究热点。基于透明质酸的基本特性和肿瘤靶向的生理学基础,在不同的刺激响应下,透明质酸型纳米给药系统能将药物集中释放于肿瘤的微环境内,更好地杀死肿瘤细胞,同时避免其他正常的组织受到药物损害。本文主要综述了透明质酸型纳米药物输送系统在各种刺激响应下释放药物的最新研究进展。     

介孔结构增强的Fe3O4超粒子@介孔SiO2的光热性能

采用湿化学法制备了多功能Fe₃O₄超粒子@介孔SiO₂复合材料.该纳米复合材料具有超顺磁性,在商用磁铁下可实现快速富集、分离.SiO₂的包覆增强了Fe₃O₄超粒子在近红外光区的吸收,提高了其光热性能;介孔结构的构建提高了近红外光的利用率,进一步提升了纳米复合物的光热性能,且介孔SiO₂的壳层越厚,光热性能越优.细胞实验结果表明,Fe₃O₄超粒子@介孔SiO₂在近红外光照射下具有较高的癌细胞杀伤能力.     

Spindle‐Like Polypyrrole Hollow Nanocapsules as Multifunctional Platforms for Highly Effective Chemo–Photothermal Combination Therapy of Cancer Cells in Vivo

The monodispersed spindle‐like polypyrrole hollow nanocapsules (PPy HNCs) as the multifunctional platforms for combining chemotherapy with photothermal therapy for cancer cells are reported. Whereas the hollow cavity of nanocapsules can be used to load the anticancer drug (i.e., doxorubicin) for chemotherapy, the PPy shells can convert NIR light into heat for photothermal therapy. The release of the drug from the spindle‐like PPy HNCs is pH‐sensitive and near‐infrared (NIR) light‐enhanced. More importantly, the spindle‐like PPy HNCs can penetrate cells more rapidly and efficiently in comparison with the spherical PPy HNCs. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the combination of DOX‐loaded spindle‐like PPy HNCs and NIR light provide a highly effective and feasible chemo‐photothermal therapy cancer method with a synergistic effect. Owing to their high photothermal conversion efficiency, large hollow cavity, and good biocompatibility, the spindle‐like PPy HNCs could be used as a promising new cancer drug‐nanocarrier and photothermal agent for localized tumorous chemo‐photothermal therapy.     

Near‐Infrared Light and pH‐Responsive Polypyrrole@Polyacrylic acid/Fluorescent Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Imaging and Chemo‐Photothermal Cancer Therapy

We have rationally designed a new theranostic agent by coating near‐infrared (NIR) light‐absorbing polypyrrole (PPY) with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), in which PAA acts as a nanoreactor and template, followed by growing small fluorescent silica nanoparticles (fSiO₂ NPs) inside the PAA networks, resulting in the formation of polypyrrole@polyacrylic acid/fluorescent mesoporous silica (PPY@PAA/fmSiO₂) core–shell NPs. Meanwhile, DOX‐loaded PPY@PAA/fmSiO₂ NPs as pH and NIR dual‐sensitive drug delivery vehicles were employed for fluorescence imaging and chemo‐photothermal synergetic therapy in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrate that the PPY@PAA/fmSiO₂ NPs show high in vivo tumor uptake by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect after intravenous injection as revealed by in vivo fluorescence imaging, which is very helpful for visualizing the location of the tumor. Moreover, the obtained NPs inhibit tumor growth (95.6 % of tumors were eliminated) because of the combination of chemo‐photothermal therapy, which offers a synergistically improved therapeutic outcome compared with the use of either therapy alone. Therefore, the present study provides new insights into developing NIR and pH‐stimuli responsive PPY‐based multifunctional platform for cancer theranostics.     

Multiple-mRNA-controlled and heat-driven drug release from gold nanocages in targeted chemo-photothermal therapy for tumors

Multifunctional drug delivery systems enabling effective drug delivery and comprehensive treatment are critical to successful cancer treatment. Overcoming nonspecific release and off-target effects remains challenging in precise drug delivery. Here, we design triple-interlocked drug delivery systems to perform specific cancer cell recognition, controlled drug release and effective comprehensive therapy. Gold nanocages (AuNCs) comprise a novel class of nanostructures possessing hollow interiors and porous walls. AuNCs are employed as a drug carrier and photothermal transducer due to their unique structure and photothermal properties. A smart triple-interlocked I-type DNA nanostructure is modified on the surface of the AuNCs, and molecules of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) are loaded as molecular cargo and blocked. The triple-interlocked nanostructure can be unlocked by binding with three types of tumor-related mRNAs, which act as “keys” to the triple locks, sequentially, which leads to precise drug release. Additionally, fluorescence-imaging-oriented chemical–photothermal synergistic treatment is achieved under illumination with infrared light. This drug delivery system, which combines the advantages of AuNCs and interlocked I-type DNA, successfully demonstrates effective and precise imaging, drug release and photothermal therapy. This multifunctional triple-interlocked drug delivery system could be used as a potential carrier for effective cancer-targeting comprehensive chemotherapy and photothermal therapy treatments.

Schematic illustration of the multiple-mRNA-controlled and heat-driven drug release from gold nanocages.     

pH响应的介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒的制备及可控释放

选择带负电荷且溶解度和分子结构对pH值非常敏感的聚丙烯酸作为封堵分子, 采用静电吸附的修饰方法, 制备了pH响应的MCM-41型介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒. 利用高倍透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 X射线衍射(XRD)、 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及比表面积分析等手段表征了介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒的物理化学性质. 以联钌吡啶染料分子作为模式客体分子, 研究了pH调控下的模式客体分子在介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒中的包裹及释放行为. 结果表明, 该介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒对pH具有很好的响应性; 在近中性条件下, 带正电的二氧化硅纳米颗粒通过静电吸附作用吸附带负电的聚丙烯酸, 导致介孔封堵, 使包载的染料分子几乎无释放; 客体分子的释放率随着pH值的降低而升高, 当pH≤5时, 染料分子显著释放, pH=1时客体分子的释放率高达98％, 可以实现对包载客体分子的控制释放. 该pH响应的介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒载体具有制备简便、 价格低廉和包载量大等优点, 有望应用于药物的控制释放.     

Degradable Molybdenum Oxide Nanosheets with Rapid Clearance and Efficient Tumor Homing Capabilities as a Therapeutic Nanoplatform

Molybdenum oxide (MoOx) nanosheets with high near‐infrared (NIR) absorbance and pH‐dependent oxidative degradation properties were synthesized, functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG), and then used as a degradable photothermal agent and drug carrier. The nanosheets, which are relatively stable under acidic pH, could be degraded at physiological pH. Therefore, MoOx‐PEG distributed in organs upon intravenous injection would be rapidly degraded and excreted without apparent in vivo toxicity. MoOx‐PEG shows efficient accumulation in tumors, the acidic pH of which then leads to longer tumor retention of those nanosheets. Along with the capability of acting as a photothermal agent for effective tumor ablation, MoOx‐PEG can load therapeutic molecules with high efficiencies. This concept of inorganic theranostic nanoagent should be relatively stable in tumors to allow imaging and treatment, while being readily degradable in normal organs to enable rapid excretion and avoid long‐term retention/toxicity.     

A multifunctional nanocarrier based on nanogated mesoporous silica for enhanced tumor-specific uptake and intracellular delivery

A multifunctional drug delivery system based on MCM-41-type mesoporous silica nanoparticles is described that behaves as if nanogates were covalently attached to the outlets of the mesopores through a highly acid-sensitive benzoic-imine linker. Tumor-specific uptake and intracellular delivery results from the pH-dependent progressive hydrolysis of the benzoic-imine linkage that starts at tumor extracellular pH = 6.8 and increases with decreasing pH. The cleavage of the benzoic-imine bond leads to the removal of the polypseudorotaxane caps and subsequent release of the payload drugs at tumor sites. At the same time, the carrier surface becomes positively charged, which further facilitates cellular uptake of the nanocarriers, thus offering a tremendous potential for targeted tumor therapy.     

NIR-triggered drug delivery system based on phospholipid coated ordered mesoporous carbon for synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy of cancer cells

Chemo-photothermal treatment is one of the most efficient strategies for cancer therapy. However, traditional drug carriers without near-infrared absorption capacity need to be loaded with materials behaving photothermal properties, as it results in complicated synthesis process, inefficient photothermal effects and hindered NIR-mediated drug release. Herein we report a facile synthesis of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linked liposome (PEG-liposomes) coated doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) nanocomponents (PEG-LIP@OMC/DOX) by simply sonicating DOX and OMC in PEG-liposomes suspensions. The as-obtained PEG-LIP@OMC/DOX exhibits a nanoscale size (600±15 nm), a negative surface potential (-36.70 mV), high drug loading (131.590 mg/g OMC), and excellent photothermal properties. The PEG-LIP@OMC/DOX can deliver loaded DOX to human MCF-7 breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and the cell toxicity viability shows that DOX unloaded PEG-LIP@OMC has no cytotoxicity, confirming the PEG-LIP@OMC itself has excellent biocompatibility. The NIR-triggered release studies demonstrate that this NIR-responsive drug delivery system enables on-demand drug release. Furthermore, cell viability results using human MCF-7 cells demonstrated that the combination of NIR-based hyperthermal therapy and triggered chemotherapy can provide higher therapeutic efficacy than respective monotherapies. With these excellent features, we believe that this phospholipid coating based multifunctional delivery system strategy should promote the application of OMC in nanomedical applications.     

Synthesis of a Near‐Infrared BODIPY Dye for Bioimaging and Photothermal Therapy

The development of robust photothermal agents for near‐infrared (NIR) imaging is a great challenge. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a new photothermal agent, based on the aza‐boron‐dipyrromethene framework (azaBDP). This compound possessed excellent photostability and high photothermal‐conversion efficiency (50 %) under NIR laser irradiation. When the photothermal properties of this compound were utilized for tumor inhibition, stable long‐term fluorescence was observed in living animals. Photothermal treatment efficiently suppressed tumor growth, as evidenced by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Furthermore, NIR emission could be detected by using an imaging system and therapeutic self‐monitoring was achieved by using NIR imaging.     

NIR-triggered drug delivery system based on phospholipid coated ordered mesoporous carbon for synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy of cancer cells

Chemo-photothermal treatment is one of the most efficient strategies for cancer therapy. However, traditional drug carriers without near-infrared absorption capacity need to be loaded with materials behaving photothermal properties, as it results in complicated synthesis process, inefficient photothermal effects and hindered NIR-mediated drug release. Herein we report a facile synthesis of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linked liposome (PEG-liposomes) coated doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) nanocomponents (PEG-LIP@OMC/DOX) by simply sonicating DOX and OMC in PEG-liposomes suspensions. The as-obtained PEG-LIP@OMC/DOX exhibits a nanoscale size (600 ± 15 nm), a negative surface potential (−36.70 mV), high drug loading (131.590 mg/g OMC), and excellent photothermal properties. The PEG-LIP@OMC/DOX can deliver loaded DOX to human MCF-7 breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and the cell toxicity viability shows that DOX unloaded PEG-LIP@OMC has no cytotoxicity, confirming the PEG-LIP@OMC itself has excellent biocompatibility. The NIR-triggered release studies demonstrate that this NIR-responsive drug delivery system enables on-demand drug release. Furthermore, cell viability results using human MCF-7 cells demonstrated that the combination of NIR-based hyperthermal therapy and triggered chemotherapy can provide higher therapeutic efficacy than respective monotherapies. With these excellent features, we believe that this phospholipid coating based multifunctional delivery system strategy should promote the application of OMC in nanomedical applications.     

Tailored Synthesis of Octopus‐type Janus Nanoparticles for Synergistic Actively‐Targeted and Chemo‐Photothermal Therapy

A facile, reproducible, and scalable method was explored to construct uniform Au@poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) Janus nanoparticles (JNPs). The as‐prepared JNPs were used as templates to preferentially grow a mesoporous silica (mSiO₂) shell and Au branches separately modified with methoxy‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐thiol (PEG) to improve their stability, and lactobionic acid (LA) for tumor‐specific targeting. The obtained octopus‐type PEG‐Au‐PAA/mSiO₂‐LA Janus NPs (PEG‐OJNP‐LA) possess pH and NIR dual‐responsive release properties. Moreover, DOX‐loaded PEG‐OJNP‐LA, upon 808 nm NIR light irradiation, exhibit obviously higher toxicity at the cellular and animal levels compared with chemotherapy or photothermal therapy alone, indicating the PEG‐OJNP‐LA could be utilized as a multifunctional nanoplatform for in vitro and in vivo actively‐targeted and chemo‐photothermal cancer therapy.