Investigation of magnetic fluids by ultrasonic and magnetic methods

The influence of magnetic field on the acoustic and magnetic properties of magnetic liquids is discussed. By fitting the curve of Taketomi's theory to the experimental data of the anisotropy of ultrasonic attenuation, the values of quantities describing the structure of magnetic liquids have been determined. Moreover, the dependence of magnetic susceptibility on frequency has been measured. It shows that two processes of magnetization, based on the mechanisms proposed by Brown and Neel, contribute to the magnetization of the magnetic liquid.     

How to measure diffusion constant and absolute susceptibility of charge carriers at the same time

Multiple spin echos can be excited for spin-1/2 systems by two radiofrequency pulses with tipping angles unequal to 180°, if the absolute magnetization is sufficiently large. If a magnetic field gradient is applied, the attenuation of the primary echo reveals the diffusion constant of these spins, whereas the ratio of primary and secondary echo amplitudes indicates the absolute magnetic susceptibility of the resonating spins. This potentiality is examined here numerically and by application of nuclear magnetic resonance to liquid samples containing protons. We analyse the complications that have to be overcome, if this technique is used for the study of the charge and spin carriers in low-symmetry quasi-one-dimensional organic conductors. Reasonable accuracy is obtained for the parameters derived for the conduction electrons of perylene radical cation salts.     

Zr-based bulk metallic glass as a cylinder material for high pressure apparatuses

Zirconium-based bulk metallic glass (Zr-based BMG) has outstanding properties as a cylinder material for piston-cylinder high pressure apparatuses and is especially useful for neutron scattering. The piston-cylinder consisting of a Zr-based BMG cylinder with outer/inner diameters of 8.8/2.5?mm sustains pressures up to 1.81?GPa and ruptured at 2.0?GPa, with pressure values determined by the superconducting temperature of lead. The neutron attenuation of Zr-based BMG is similar to that of TiZr null-scattering alloy and more transparent than that of CuBe alloy. No contamination of sharp Bragg reflections is observed in the neutron diffraction pattern for Zr-based BMG. The magnetic susceptibility of Zr-based BMG is similar to that of CuBe alloy; this leads to a potential application for measurements of magnetic properties under pressure.     

太赫兹波斜入射到磁化等离子体的数值研究

针对“黑障”问题,借助于电磁波斜入射到磁化等离子体的传输模型,研究了太赫兹(THz)波在磁化、均匀等离子体中的传输特性,分析了太赫兹波在磁化等离子体中传播的反射、透射以及衰减。仿真结果表明,等离子体碰撞频率、电子密度、入射角度以及磁场强度,对衰减产生不同的影响。单纯的增加碰撞频率,衰减值呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势;电子密度的增加,与衰减峰值的大小有关;外加磁场加入,衰减值降低。通过调节外加恒定磁场,可以有效地解决“黑障”问题。     

A Pulsed Field Gradient Spin-Echo Method for Diffusion Measurements in the Presence of Internal Gradients

Over the past decade several pulsed field gradient stimulated-echo methods have been presented for diffusion measurements in heterogeneous media. These methods have reduced or eliminated the coupling between the applied magnetic field gradient and a constant internal magnetic field gradient caused by susceptibility changes throughout the sample. For many research purposes thez-storage delay between the second and third π/2 RF pulse has been included in order to increase the decay of the echo attenuation to an appropriate level and to increase the signal-to-noise ratio by avoidingT₂relaxation of the magnetization in parts of the pulse sequence. For these reasons a stimulated-echo method has been applied instead of a spin-echo method. When studying systems where it is necessary to keep the duration of the pulse sequence at a minimum, and one is not dependent on usingz-storage time to increase the echo attenuation or to study diffusion as a function of observation time, a spin-echo method should be chosen. Here we propose a bipolar pulsed field gradient spin-echo method which is well suited to this purpose, and preliminary diffusion measurements are presented as illustration.     

Influential Factors of Internal Magnetic Field Gradient in Reservoir Rock and Its Effects on NMR Response

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) plays a significant role in porous media analysis and petroleum exploration, but its response is significantly influenced by the internal magnetic field gradient in fluid saturated porous medium, which obviously limits the accuracy of rock core analysis and logging interpretation. The influential factors of the internal magnetic field gradient in formation and its influences on NMR response are studied in this paper, based on NMR mechanism through one- and two-dimensional core NMR experiments. The results indicate that the internal magnetic field gradient is positively correlated with the static magnetic field strength and the magnetic susceptibility difference between pore fluid and solid grains, while it presents negative correlation with pore radius. The internal magnetic field gradient produces an additional diffusion relaxation in hydrogen relaxation system and accelerates the attenuation of magnetization vector. As a result, T₂ spectrum shifts to the left and NMR porosity and diffusion coefficient of the fluid could be inaccurate. This research sets a foundation for the NMR porosity correction and fluid distribution on T₂-G maps based on the internal magnetic field gradient correction.     

Attenuation properties of EM wave by magnetized nonuniform plasma slab coated on perfect conductor plane

The total amplitude reflection coefficient of EM wave in a nonuniform plasma slab coated on perfect conductor plane is newly derived by using the scattering matrix method (SMM), and the attenuation is calculated. Three types of plasma electron density profile, that is the hyperbolic, sinusoidal, and linear profiles, are used. The external magnetic field and plasma parameters such as the maximum electron density and collision frequencies are discussed to calculate the attenuation of EM wave. The calculation results show that the plasma electron density profile and maximum electron density exert a large effect to the attenuation of EM wave and the attenuation under the uniform external magnetic field is taken place by the electron cyclotron resonance absorption, the up hybrid resonance absorption and geometric resonances absorption.     

Magnetic field effect on the ultrasonic attenuation in manganese phosphide

The effect of the external magnetic field on the critical attenuation in MnP near the Curie temperature is observed clearly. The critical attenuation is observed on the boundary of the ferro- and para-magnetic phases, and the temperature dependence of the attenuation peak displays a characteristic behavior along this boundary. Furthermore, a new anomalous peak of attenuation is observed in the paramagnetic phase, and this is the first observation of the attenuation arising separately from each of the three components of the spin correlation function by the ultrasonic technique.     

外加磁场微波等离子体喷流对平面电磁波衰减的实验研究

采用空间透射波测量方法,实验研究透波密闭石英玻璃容器内等离子体喷流对垂直和水平极化电磁波的衰减,在有和无外加磁场条件下分析实验参数对等离子吸波效应的影响,分析等离子体的吸波机理.实验结果表明在非磁和本实验条件下,平面电磁波在等离子体中的衰减机理为碰撞吸收;在有磁和本实验条件下,平面电磁波在磁等离子体中的衰减机理同样为碰撞吸收,但是外加磁场的存在有限地改善了等离子体的吸波效应.为了使磁等离子体最有效地吸收电磁波,应该提高磁场感应强度,把高频混杂频率提高到测试微波频率范围内,或降低微波测试频率至本实验中的高混 关键词： 等离子体相互作用 电磁波 电磁波在等离子体中的传输     

Zeeman effect on magnetic susceptibility in singlet ground state PrNi5

The Zeeman effect on the crystal electric field (CEF) magnetic susceptibility in 4f-electron singlet ground state (SGS) systems is studied analytically in the framework of the molecular-field model and experimentally by measuring the magnetic susceptibility of SGS compound PrNi₅. The most striking result of the analysis is the shift of the zero-field magnetic susceptibility maximum to lower temperatures in magnetic field. This thoroughly CEF effect is a direct consequence of the convergence of the SGS and the low lying Zeeman branch of the first excited state in an applied magnetic field. The observed shift of the susceptibility maximum from 14 K to 9 K in polycrystalline PrNi₅ by applying a magnetic field of 9T confirms the foregone conclusion.     

Study of low concentrated ionic ferrrofluid stability in magnetic field by ultrasound spectroscopy

Ultrasound spectroscopy has been used to investigate the effect of magnetic field on particle (cluster) size distribution in ionic ferrofluid. The method applied is non-destructive, fast and sensitive to structural changes of a suspension as it is based on measurements of ultrasonic attenuation. Changes in the ultrasound attenuation induced by an external magnetic field have been measured for different frequencies of the acoustic wave. According to the Harker-Temple theory, the aggregation process has been analysed on the basis of the cluster size distribution determined for different magnetic field intensities.     

Correlations between microstructure and a.c. magnetic response of bulk superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−x

Summary The magnetic response of granular superconducting YBCO samples with different grain sizes is reported. The analysis is carried out by measuring the low-frequency a.c. magnetic susceptibility as a function of the temperature with an applied magnetic field of amplitude ranging between 0.4 and 800 A/m. The observed magnetic behaviour is interpreted in terms of grain size and weak-links properties. The experimental results evidence the influence of the sample microstructure on the magnetic susceptibility. The intergranular and intragranular onset temperatures are compared with the critical temperature of the samples obtained by means of electrical-resistivity measurements. The temperature dependence of the intergranular critical current density is derived from the susceptibility data.     

Detection of susceptibility effects using simultaneous T(2)* and magnetic field mapping

Tracking susceptibility effects is a convenient way to detect small inclusions in a bulk tissue matrix by MRI. We propose a quantitative assessment of these susceptibility effects by simultaneously mapping T(2)* and magnetic field from the time course of magnitude and phase using a multiple GE sequence at 4.7 T. A high-pass scheme is also introduced to highlight the mesoscopic magnetic field variations due to local susceptibility differences specifically in the magnetic field map. Applying this method to muscle tissue, we demonstrate that connective tissue generates detectable susceptibility effects through concomitant local magnetic field variation and T(2)* shortening.     

The attenuation of the levitation force of HTS bulk exposed to AC magnetic field on the above NdFeB guideway

In the present High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) maglev vehicle system, the air gaps between the adjacent permanent magnets make the magnetic fields above the NdFeB guideway non-uniform. So it is required to study the characteristics of levitation force of the HTS bulk affected by the non-uniform applied magnetic fields along the moving direction. In this paper, we have studied the characteristics of the levitation force relaxation by an experiment in which AC magnetic field generated by an electromagnet is used to simulate the time-varying magnetic field caused by the inhomogeneity of the NdFeB guideway. From the experiment results, it is found that the levitation force is attenuated with the application of the AC field, and the attenuation is increased with the amplitude of the AC field, but the attenuation is almost independent of the frequency the AC magnetic field.     

Continuous spin-reorientation phase transition in the surface region of an inhomogeneous magnetic film

A continuous spin-reorientation transition from a uniform magnetic state with the in-plane orientation of the moments of all atomic layers to a nonuniform canted state in the surface region is considered. This transition was discovered in experiments on the divergence of magnetic susceptibility in a perpendicular magnetic field at a temperature of about 240 K, which is lower than the Curie point of gadolinium, equal to 292.5 K. These experiments were carried out on an ultrathin iron magnetic film deposited on the (0001) surface of a thin gadolinium film. It is shown that, in the vicinity of the spin-reorientation transition, the thermodynamic potential has a form characteristic of the Landau theory of second-order phase transitions. The orientation angle of the moment of the surface atomic layer with respect to the plane of the film, which is chosen as an order parameter, exhibits anomalous behavior and increases with temperature. Expressions are derived for the magnetic susceptibility of each atomic layer. It is shown that, in the vicinity of the transition, the irregular part of the magnetic susceptibility of each atomic layer exhibits behavior characteristic of the susceptibility in the Landau theory: it is less by a factor of two in the low-symmetry phase and diverges at the transition point. The regular part of the magnetic susceptibility of each atomic layer makes an additional contribution to the asymmetry of the total susceptibility in the vicinity of the transition point; this result follows from the fact that the inhomogeneous magnetic system considered is semi-infinite.     

Li1-xNaxCu2O2单晶磁化率的研究

本文报道了自助溶剂法制备的Li1-xNaxCu2O2（x=0,0.05,0.1,0.2）单晶沿c方向的磁化率随温度变化χ（T）的实验结果.随着Na掺杂量的增加,磁化率整体上移,高温区磁化率更加平缓;不同掺杂样品磁化率都在40K附近存在最大值,掺杂没有引起磁化率最大值对应的温度的变化,但引起了更低温下（T〈14K）磁化率...     

磁性Salisbury屏的高频响应

研究了利用磁性薄膜构造Salisbury屏的可能性及其在微波频段的反射率频率特性.结果表明，利用铁磁性材料在铁磁共振频率附近磁化率具有χ″>χ′的特性，可以构造出对电磁波有良好吸收性能的磁性Salisbury屏.通过对铁磁材料高频磁谱物理机理的分析后指出，具有弛豫型共振磁谱的铁磁材料可以构造出薄膜型Salisbury屏，其厚度为微米甚至亚微米量级.反射率的频率特性与磁性材料的特征阻抗z-r有关，它取决于铁磁共振频率和静态磁化率.反射率的频率响应显示磁性薄膜Salisbury屏具有较宽的吸收带宽. 关键词： 磁性Salisbury屏 反射率 频带响应 磁性薄膜     

Effect of diamagnetic impurities on the magnetic susceptibility of iron borate

The low-frequency magnetic susceptibility of a FeBO₃ single crystal doped with diamagnetic Mg ions was measured by a magnetooptical method. It is shown that the introduction of Mg ions into the composition of this easy-plane weak ferromagnet results in the appearance, at low temperatures, of a strong in-plane magnetocrystalline anisotropy and also causes a marked difference between the field dependences of the magnetic susceptibility measured in magnetic fields applied along different directions in the basal plane of the crystal. The revealed specific features of the field dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of the crystal studied are associated with the transformation of its magnetic structure during magnetization.     

Low-frequency complex magnetic susceptibility of magnetic composite microspheres in colloidal dispersion

A procedure is presented to determine the permanent magnetic dipole moment of composite microspheres containing magnetic nanoparticles with a blocked magnetic dipole moment. The composite particles are dispersed in a solvent, and the complex magnetic susceptibility is measured from 0.1 to 1000 Hz using a highly sensitive new setup. Composite particles with a permanent magnetic dipole moment are revealed by a characteristic frequency that corresponds to the Brownian rotation of the microspheres. From measured susceptibility spectra, we calculate the permanent magnetic dipole moment of recently developed cobalt ferrite-doped silica and latex microspheres.