Bulk,surface and thermal effects in inverse photoemission spectra from Cu(100), Cu(110) and Cu(111)

We have performed a study of empty electronic bulk and surface states on the three low indexed copper surfaces employing momentum resolved inverse photoemission. The bulk electronic features may be well understood in the frame work of the bulk direct transition model using state of the art band structure calculations. Surface states of both, the crystal derived and the image potential induced type have been identified and were found to agree with previous work. Several radiative transitions into unoccupied bands were also investigated at elevated temperatures. Characteristic temperatures of an exponential attenuation law are distinctly different between surface and bulk transitions. However, no systematic behaviour of bulk transitions at different points of the Brillouin zone could be established.     

Angle-resolved polarization-dependent photoemission from Cu(100) and Cu(111): experiment and theory

Experimental angle-resolved photoemission spectra from Cu(111) and Cu(001) excited by linearly polarized light (21.2 eV) are compared with intensity results calculated by the “one step model” theory. Good overall agreement is obtained both for s- and p-polarized light assuming a classical macroscopic radiation field inside the crystal.     

Angle-resolved photoemission studies of a surface state for Ag overlayers on Cu(111)

We have performed an angle-resolved photoemission study of a surface state on Cu(111) covered by various thicknesses of Ag. The growth mode of Ag on Cu(111) was determined to be layer-by-layer despite the large mismatch between the two lattices. The Cu(111) surface state was observed to evolve monotonically for increasing Ag overlayer thickness to eventually become the Ag(111) surface state. The measured rate of shift of the surface state binding energy can be explained qualitatively in terms of the degree of localization of the surface-state wave functions.     

Final-state effects in photoemission experiments from graphene on Ni(111)

Photon-energy dependent photoemission experiments using high harmonic radiation as a tunable photon source on epitaxially grown graphene on a Ni(111) substrate are presented. A resonance in the photoemission cross section for the σ and π states of graphene was observed and compared to a simple model for the determination of photoemission cross sections of free standing graphene, pointing out the role of the interaction of graphene with the nickel substrate.     

Vectorial volume effect in interfacial photoemission from Cu(111) and Au(111) at low photon energies

Pronounced angle-of-incidence and polarization dependences of the photoemission yields from Cu(111) and Au(111) were observed in the photon energy range of 3.4–5.0 eV with the interfacial photoemission-into-electrolyte technique. Strong evidence was obtained that these vectorial features are due to the anisotropic bulk excitation of photoelectrons and restrictive escape condition of parallel k-vector conservation. Calculations, based upon a simple model of anisotropic bulk photoemission, show good agreement with the experimental results.     

Photon polarization effects in inverse photoemission from Cu(001)

A study of the polarization of Bremsstrahlung emitted from a Cu(001) single crystal surface helps to identify surface states and allows to determine the parity of bulk final states involved in a particular radiative transition if the angle of electron incidence is varied in a mirror plane of the crystal. In case of overlapping peaks with different polarization, a polarization dependent light detection increases in addition the apparent experimental resolution considerably.     

Surface state like bulk band emission in the photoelectron energy spectra of Cu(111)

Using a relativistically calculated band structure the presence in Cu(111) UV photoemission spectra of a prominent 3d peak, previously ascribed to a Tamm type surface state, is explained in terms of bulk band transitions.     

Role of the 2D surface state continuum and projected band gap in charge transfer in front of a Cu(111) surface

Electron capture by Li+ and H projectiles in grazing scattering from Cu(111) and Cu(110) surfaces is studied experimentally and theoretically. Whereas data for Cu(110) can be described by established theoretical methods treating resonant charge transfer with a free-electron metal, data for Cu(111) show pronounced deviations from this approach. We interpret our observations by the effect of the projected L-band gap of the Cu(111) surface. In particular, the quantum states of reduced dimension (2D surface state continuum) play a dominant role in electron transfer.     

Lifshitz transition across the Ag/Cu(111) superlattice band gap tuned by interface doping

The two-dimensional, free-electron-like band structure of noble metal surfaces can be radically transformed by appropriate nanostructuration. A case example is the triangular dislocation network that characterizes the epitaxial Ag/Cu(111) system, which exhibits a highly featured band topology with a full band gap above E(F) and a hole-pocket-like Fermi surface. Here we show that controlled doping of the Ag/Cu(111) interface with Au allows one to observe a complete Lifshitz transition at 300 K; i.e., the hole pockets fill up, the band gap entirely shifts across E(F), and the Fermi surface becomes electron-pocket-like.     

Angle-resolved UV photoemission from Y(0001)

We observe a number of well defined peaks in the photoemission spectra from Y(0001) over the photon energy range 25 eV<hv<60 eV. We believe that one of the features with a binding energy of 1.7 eV is due to emission from states near the upper band edge at the point and that a second nearE _F originates from a surface state. We find a large peak at a binding energy of 9.6 eV which is sensitive to the quality of the surface.     

Inverse photoemission from Cu(001)

Bremsstrahlung ultraviolet spectra for Cu(001) are calculated for a photon energy ηω=9.7 eV within the framework of an inverse one-step model of photoemission for several angles of incidence of the electron beam. The comparison with recently reported experimental data shows that both the calculated energy dispersion of the peak in the spectra and the variation of the peak intensity are in reasonable agreement with the experiment.     

Plasma resonance absorption in interfacial photoemission from very thin silver films on Cu(111)

Very thin silver films deposited on a Cu(111) substrate were studied with the photoemission-into-electrolyte technique. The optical resonance absorption at the silver bulk plasma frequency was observed for films thicker than two monolayers. The correlation between optical absorption and photoemission intensities depends in a complicated fashion on the photon energy as well as the film thickness.     

The Tamm surface state on Cu(111) and Ag(111)

It is shown, that the well-known d-electron Tamm surface-state emission observed in photoelectron spectra from Cu(111) at the M̄ point in the surface Brillouin zone, is indeed due to such a surface state and not a bulk band transition as recently suggested L. Wallden, Solid State Commun. 59, 205 (1986). A similar surface state on Ag(111) is reported.     

Directional UV photoemission from clean and sulphur saturated (100), (110) and (111) nickel surfaces

Angle resolved photoemission energy distribution curves (EDC's) were obtained on clean and sulphur saturated (100), (110) and (111) nickel surfaces for excitation energies equal to 10.2, 13.5, 16.8 and 21.2 eV. The EDC's of clean surfaces are weakly structured at θ = 0° and become more rich in features for oblique angles. In the explored energy range, adsorption of sulphur produces two extra-structures at initial energies depending on surface orientation. One of which situated at about ?4.5 eV below the Fermi level is in good agreement with Hagstrum ion neutralization spectroscopy results, the other at around ?1.8 cV has never been observed before. A remarkable similarity of adsorption effects on the three surfaces is found. These results are compared with experimental data obtained previously on equivalent sulphur saturated surfaces by INS and discussed in relation to recent theoretical calculations on chalcogen adsorption on nickel.     

High-resolution angle-resolved photoemission from Cu(610)

Cu(610) has a mean terrace width of six atoms. Although the regular arrangement of steps was verified by SPALEED, no step-induced surface umklapp process could be identified in UPS spectra taken with HeI radiation. This fact allows an easy comparison with results from Cu(100). In particular, we demonstrate that the final state wave vector can be determined by triangulation using exclusively the Cu(610) surface, since equivalent k-space points contribute at different electron emission angles. However, spectra from equivalent points exhibit differences in the UPS linewidth and this gives additional information on the final state lifetime. Finally we discuss the modification of a Tamm state [its analogue is observed at on the (100) surface] due to confinement by the steps.     

Narrow photoemission peak at the Fermi level in Fe/Cu(111)

We have studied electronic states of Fe adatoms deposited on Cu(111) by photoemission spectroscopy and have found a narrow peak at the Fermi level in the Fe 3d spectral function. The Fe 3d spectral function would be consistent with the Anderson impurity model, which has been widely used for the interpretation of bulk Ce and Yb compounds. This result indicates a strong reduction of hybridization between the Fe 3d state and the conduction-band states and an enhancement of effective Coulomb interaction for the Fe 3d electrons in an Fe adatom on Cu(111).     

Energy band gap and electron spin polarization in photoemission

A contribution to the electron spin polarization in photoemission is investigated for the transition from occupied states in conduction bands to the states whose energies lie in a band gap. This contribution can be either positive or negative.