智能三维磁场探测仪的研制和应用

提出了智能三维磁场探测仪的设计思想，介绍了该仪器研制的主要技术措施，并给出了应用该仪器测量磁场的部分实验数据。     

亥姆霍兹线圈轴线磁场计算机测量实验研究

亥姆霍兹线圈产生的磁场具有广泛的物理应用。利用霍尔传感器件,研究制作了具有USB2．0数据通讯接口的高速磁场数据测量装置,编写了磁场数据采集处理程序,设计了中心距可调的亥姆霍兹线圈并用所研制的仪器进行了轴向磁场分布测量。结果表明：该实验装置测量精度高,实时性好,实验手段先进,可扩展为多个设计性物理实验。     

霍尔效应实验的改进和扩展

对霍尔效应仪器进行了改进,通过对磁场标定,研究霍尔电压与恒定电流的关系,可以测定霍尔片载流子的浓度. 测量霍尔片的长度和横截面积,进而可以测定霍尔片的电导率和迁移率.     

霍尔元件测螺线管磁场分布实验的改进

现用霍尔元件测螺线管磁场分布实验仪为提供1×10 2T的磁感应强度,采用增大螺线管线圈层数和电流的方法.由于管内温度高,霍尔元件易损,实验数据也不稳定.本文以集成霍尔元件代替锗霍尔元件,可在线圈安匝数较小的条件下,使测量数据稳定、准确,且教学效果很好.     

用霍尔效应测量地磁场水平分量

十分微弱的地磁场，转化为电信号的电流过于微弱，一般得不到比较准确的数据．为此，我们利用了实验室现有仪器和自制的运算放大器对地磁场的水平分量进行测量．此方法简便，实验仪器要求不高，易于普及．     

霍尔效应实验的智能化

利用单片系统控制霍尔效应实验过程，智能化地验证霍尔效应理论、测量给定元件的霍尔灵敏度，并且通过磁场的变化模拟了实际的控制系统，从而使学生对霍尔效应的理论、实验及应用有了充分的认识。     

用于托卡马克磁场测量的金属霍尔探测器的研制

金属霍尔探测器被认为是未来磁约束聚变堆磁场测量的重要工具之一。介绍了金属霍尔探测器系统的研制,包括测量原理、探测器制作工艺、电子学系统研制、标定系统建设及测试结果等。采用金属铋作为霍尔材料,有源区厚度为100nm,放大器的放大倍数为2000～200000倍。测试结果显示,当待测磁场在3mT以上时,系统的测量精度优于±1%,可以达到磁探针的标定精度,能够满足托卡马克装置的磁场测量要求。     

简单有趣的流体压强与流速实验

探究性教学需要制作大量简单、效果显著的实验仪器.本文介绍由我们自主设计制作的流体压强与流速的实验仪器(图1).该仪器可做演示实验,容易操作,教学效果良好.     

设计一种霍尔元件的保护装置

1引言 大学物理实验中，“用霍尔效应法测量磁场”实验是工科各专业必做的实验之一，笔者已给学生上这个实验许多年，深感这个实验装置必须改进；因为在实验中，虽然笔者再三强调不要把励磁电流接至霍尔元件上，仍然有部分学生因接错线路而导致霍尔元件被烧毁．由于上大学物理实验课的学生多，仪器的使用率特别高，所以一个学期下来总有六七台甚至更多台霍尔效应实验仪中的霍尔元件被烧毁而需更换．     

脉冲弦线磁场测量方法的实验研究

介绍了脉冲弦线磁场测量方法的基本原理和实验装置，研究了脉冲电流宽度对测量结果的影响，观测到双波叠加的新现象。该现象很好地解释了零信号的产生原因，并由此可以确定测量磁场二次积分时的脉冲电流宽度。     

Spin polarization of two-dimensional electron system in different Laughlin states and around filling factor

The spin configuration of the ground state of a two-dimensional electron system is investigated for different FQHE states from an analysis of circular polarization of time-resolved luminescence. The method clearly distinguishes between fully spin polarized, partially spin polarized and spin unpolarized FQHE ground states. We demonstrate that FQHE states which are spin unpolarized or partially polarized at low magnetic fields become fully spin polarized at high fields. Temperature dependence of the spin polarization reveals a nonmonotonic behavior at . At and the electron system is found to be fully spin polarized. This result does not indicate the existence of any skyrmionic excitations in high magnetic field limit. However, at the observed spin depolarization of electron system at and becomes broader for lower magnetic fields, so that full spin polarization remains only in a small vicinity of . Such a behavior could be considered as a precursor of skirmionic depolarization, which would dominate for smaller ratios between Zeeman and Coulomb energies.We demonstrate that the spin polarization of 2D-electron system at and can be strongly affected by hyperfine interaction between electrons and optically spin-oriented nuclears. This result is due to the fact that hyperfine interaction can both enhance and suppress effective Zeeman splitting in fixed external magnetic field.     

Quantum Hall effect in intentionally disordered two‐dimensional electron systems

In this work intentionally disordered two‐dimensional electron systems in modulation doped GaAs/GaAlAs heterostructures are studied by magnetotransport experiments. The disorder is provided by a δ‐doped layer of negatively charged beryllium acceptors. In low magnetic fields a strong negative magnetoresistance is observed that can be ascribed to magnetic‐field‐induced delocalization. At increased magnetic fields the quantum Hall effect exhibits broad Hall plateaus whose centers are shifted to higher magnetic fields, i.e. lower filling factors. This shift can be explained by an asymmetric density of states. Consistently, the transition into the insulating state of quantum Hall droplets in high magnetic fields occurs at critical filling factors around ν_c=0.4, i.e. well below the value 1/2 that is expected for symmetric disorder potentials. The insulator transition is characterized by the divergence of both the longitudinal resistance as well as the Hall resistance. This is contrary to other experiments which observe a finite Hall resistance in the insulating regime and has not been observed previously. According to recent theoretical studies the divergence of the Hall resistance points to quantum coherent transport via tunneling between quantum Hall droplets. The magnetotransport experiments are supplemented by simulations of potential landscapes for random and correlated distributions of repulsive scatterers, which enable the determination of percolation thresholds, densities of states, and oscillator strengths for far‐infrared excitations. These simulations reveal that the strong shift of the Hall plateaus and the observed critical filling factor for the insulator transition in high magnetic fields require an asymmetric density of states that can only be generated by a strongly correlated beryllium distribution. Cyclotron resonance on the same samples also indicates the possibility of correlations between the beryllium acceptors.     

Elektronen-Interferenzen in der Umgebung der Brennlinie einer magnetischen Quadrupollinse

It is shown that a coherent superposition of parts of an electron wave field by magnetic fields is possible. The deflecting magnetic fields are formed by a quadrupole lens. The interference space in which the coherent superposition of three partial waves takes place is limited by a caustic surface. The interference phenomena in the neighbourhood of this surface can be described by means of an integral of the Airy type. A quadrupole lens with rectangular pole piece edges forms in great distance from its axis homogeneous magnetic fields of opposite direction. If a coherent irradiation of both these homogeneous fields can be achieved, they form a magnetic biprism if the paraxial part of the beam is stopped. The distance of interference fringes in such an interferogram would in first approximation be independent of the particle energy.     

Exploring novel methods to achieve sensitivity limits for high operating temperature infrared detectors

A review of high operating temperature (HOT) infrared (IR) photon detector technology vis-a-vis material requirements, device design and state of the art achieved is presented in this article. The HOT photon detector concept offers the promise of operation at temperatures above 120 K to near room temperature. Advantages are reduction in system size, weight, cost and increase in system reliability. A theoretical study of the thermal generation–recombination (g–r) processes such as Auger and defect related Shockley Read Hall (SRH) recombination responsible for increasing dark current in HgCdTe detectors is presented. Results of theoretical analysis are used to evaluate performance of long wavelength (LW) and mid wavelength (MW) IR detectors at high operating temperatures.     

SQUID-detected microtesla MRI in the presence of metal

In magnetic resonance imaging performed at fields of 1 T and above, the presence of a metal insert can distort the image because of susceptibility differences within the sample and modification of the radiofrequency fields by screening currents. Furthermore, it is not feasible to perform nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or acquire a magnetic resonance image if the sample is enclosed in a metal container. Both problems can be overcome by substantially lowering the NMR frequency. Using a microtesla imaging system operating at 2.8 kHz, with a superconducting quantum interference device as the signal detector, we have obtained distortion-free images of a phantom containing a titanium bar and three-dimensional images of an object enclosed in an aluminum can; in both cases high-field images are inaccessible.     

Differential algebraic method for computing the high order aberrations of practical electron lenses

Differential algebraic method is of an effective technique in computer numerical analysis. It implements exactly differentiation up to arbitrary high order based on the nonstandard analysis. Some complicated nonlinear dynamics problems including high order aberrations of electron optics systems can be solved by mapping properties of differential algebraic quantities. However, the existing electron optical differential algebraic method can only be applied to those problems where the electric and/or magnetic fields are expressed in analytic forms. In this paper, the principle of differential algebraic method is applied to practical electron lenses whose electric/magnetic fields are in the forms of discrete arrays, for example, the files computed by FEM or FDM method. Thus the developed new differential algebraic method is applicable to engineering design. The programs were written for computing the high order aberrations of practical electron lenses. An example is given to show that the numerical results have good accuracy compared with the results computed by using the electric fields expressed in analytical form; the accuracy is limited only by the accuracy of the numerical computation of the fields and the arithmetic errors, and it is enough for engineering design.     

三分量磁场延拓的递推算法

提出一种三分量磁场延拓的递推算法,主要目的是解决三分量磁场的向下延拓问题.应用微分学基本原理,将具有相同水平坐标,不同垂向坐标的点上的三分量磁场,通过磁场的垂向偏导数的积分联系起来.根据磁场向量散度和旋度的性质,将磁场的垂向偏导数与水平方向的偏导数联系起来.这样,在已知一个平面上的磁场时,可以通过递推的办法逐层求取该平面以下任意平面上的三分量磁场.应用实例证明方法的快速性和准确性.     

Model for Influences of Magnetic Fields on Intracellular Calcium Oscillations

Based on the model of the two calcium stores developed by Goldbeter, the influence of external magnetic field on the calcium concentration has been discussed. We believe that the cell membrane is a major site of interaction for extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields, and the permeability of ions can be changed with the changing electromagnetic fields. It is shown that magnetic field initiatesintracellular calcium oscillation with a threshold in flux density, and that the calcium oscillations do not occur if the density of magnetic field is below the threshold. The results of theoretical calculation are consistent with that of the experiment. The intracellular free calcium concentrations of different cells exposed to the same magnetic fields are different from each other. It is indicated that the different behaviors such as oscillation, rise and invariability of calcium concentration are associated with the sort of cells.     

Two-Dimensionally Deflecting Mirror Using Electromagnetic Actuation

This paper describes the structure and characteristics of a deflecting mirror using electromagnetic actuation. We used a moving magnet structure for mirror actuation and focused on designing a mirror structure with effective magnetic force (for low-power operation) and a simple fabrication process (to achieve low manufacturing cost). In this design, the magnetic forces of attraction and repulsion are simultaneously used for mirror deflection, allowing the mirror to be operated with low current. Moreover, the structures of the yoke core and magnet bar have been designed to further reduce the operating current. Such a mirror structure is simple and can be easily fabricated with a small number of components. This structure can be used not only for a one-dimensionally deflecting mirror but also for a two-dimensionally deflecting mirror by attaching a second yoke core.