CeO2和La2O3改性Pd/γ-Al2O3甲醇低温分解催化剂的研究 Ⅰ. CeO2改性Pd/γ -Al2O3催化剂的结构和性能

 用XRD,BET,NH3－TPD,TPR及XPS等手段对CeO2改性Pd／γ－Al2O3催化剂的结构和性能进行了表征,并考察了催化剂上甲醇低温分解的性能．结果表明,CeO2在γ－Al2O3载体上容易聚集,不能完全掩蔽其表面酸性,并较大程度地降低了载体的比表面积;CeO2的加入促进了Pd在载体上的分散,并且产生一种协同还原作用．Pd的高度分散及其与CeO2在γ－Al2O3上的相互作用是催化剂具有高活性的关键．     

CeO2和La2O3改性Pd/γ-Al2O3甲醇低温分解催化剂的研究 Ⅱ. La2O3对Pd/CeO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂的结构和性能的影响

 在Pd／CeO2／γ－Al2O3中进一步添加La2O3,并考察了其催化甲醇分解性能．结果表明：La2O3的加入抑制了副产物二甲醚的生成;随着La2O3含量的增加,催化剂活性先降低后升高,w（La2O3）＝10％时甲醇转化率达到极大值（约91．4％）．XRD,BET,NH3－TPD,XPS,H2－TPR和FT－IR等表征结果表明：La2O3自身在γ－Al2O3载体上的分散性很好,并且促进了CeO2在γ－Al2O3载体上的分散及其体相氧的还原,使Pd的分散度进一步提高,并使Pd和CeO2之间的相互作用进一步增强,从而提高了催化剂催化甲醇分解的活性．     

CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3 的制备及其负载钯三效催化剂的催化性能

 采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同 Al2O3 含量的 CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3(CZA) 氧化物,并用 X 射线衍射、激光拉曼光谱和 N2 吸附-脱附等手段进行了表征. 以 CZA 为载体, 采用浸渍法制得钯基催化剂. 结果表明, 当 Al2O3 含量为 80%时, 新鲜 CZA 样品中出现γ-Al2O3 相. 经 600 ºC 焙烧后, Al2O3 在 CZA 样品中的溶域值略小于 80%. 经 1 000 ºC 老化后, CZA 样品中 Al2O3 含量为 60%时, 才开始出现微弱 γ-Al2O3 相, 而其他氧化物物相结构稳定. 添加 Al2O3 后材料比表面积和储氧量明显增大. 随着 Al2O3 含量的增加, CZA 样品的储氧量由 336.2 增至 486.2 μmol/g, 表现出良好的抗高温老化性能. 当 Al2O3 含量为 40% 时, 新鲜催化剂对 C3H8 的起燃温度和完全转化温度分别为 238 和 292 ºC, 同时具有良好的温度特性和较宽的空燃比窗口.     

Pd/Ce/γ-Al2O3和Pd/Ce/γ-Al2O3甲醇低温裂解催化剂

Methanol is an alternative fuel for automobiles in the future. Decomposition of methanol by on-board reforming into H2 and CO as the feed for the engine has received increasing attention owing to energy saving and environmentally benign aim[1,2]. To meet the requirements of the process, new catalysts with high activity at low temperatures are indispensable. Several catalytic systems have been evaluated for methanol decomposition, but high reaction temperature and side reactions were always problems[3].     

CeO2和La2O3改性Pd／γ—AI2O3甲醇低温分解催化剂的研究I.CeO2改性Pd／γ—AI2O3催化剂的结构和性能

用XRD,BET,NH3－TPD,TPR及XPS等手段对CeO2改性Pd／γ-AI2O3催化剂的结构和性能进行了表征,并考察了催化剂上甲醇低温分解的性能。结果表明,CeO2在γ-AI2O3载体上容易容易,能完成掩蔽其表面酸性,并较大程度地降低了载体的比表面积;CeO2的加入促进了Pd在载体上的分散,并且产生一种协同还原作用,Pd的高度分散及其与CeO2在γ-AI2O3上的相互作用是催化剂具有高活性的关键。     

Pd/γ-Al2O3三效催化剂中CeO2助剂的作用

 研究了以浸渍法制备的以氧化铈为助剂的Pd／CeO2－Al2O3催化剂,对丙烯和一氧化碳氧化及一氧化氮还原反应的三效催化活性．主要考察了钯及CeO2助剂含量对催化剂三效转化活性的影响,并对部分催化剂进行了X射线光电子能谱（XPS）及氧饱和吸附后NO吸附的程序升温脱附－质谱（TPD－MS）表征．结果表明,在Pd含量（不大于1．0％）较低时,增加Pd含量可明显提高催化剂的活性．适量的CeO2能使Pd催化剂具有较好的热稳定性及富氧条件下的转化活性,过量的CeO2会降低催化剂的热稳定性．CeO2助剂使Pd／CeO2－Al2O3催化剂中的Pd2＋较易被还原为Pd0,并促进Pd上NO的解离吸附．     

ZrO2在Pd／Al2O3催化剂中的助剂作用

用流动反应法考察了富氧或贫氧气氛中添加ＺｒＯ２的Ｐｄ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上ＣＯ的催化氧化反应，并用ＸＲＤ、ＴＰＲ和ＴＰＤ－ＭＳ等技术研究了助剂ＺｒＯ２与γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３间的相互作用对催化剂上氧物种的还原和脱出－恢复行为的影响，结果表明，基质γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３与ＺｒＯ２能发生相互作用，添加６％ＺｒＯ２的催化剂氧化活性最好，添加适量的ＺｒＯ２有利于催化剂上氧物种的脱出－恢复，从而促进ＣＯ氧化活性及表面活泼氧物     

负载型CeO2-ZrO2固溶体的性能及其在甲烷燃烧Pd催化剂中的应用

以硅改性的氧化铝为载体,用反相微乳液法合成了负载型的CeO2-ZrO2固溶体(Ce-Zr-O/Si-Al2O3),用低温氮吸附、X射线衍射、程序升温还原、拉曼光谱和x射线光电子能谱等方法对Ce-Zr-O/Si-Al2O3的织构性能、热稳定性和储放氧性能等进行了表征.结果表明,负载后的CeO2-ZrO2晶相与负载前相比没有变化,但热稳定性和在低温下的放氧能力及总储氧量明显提高.作为甲烷燃烧Pd催化剂的载体,Ce-Zr-O/Si-Al2O3的性能明显优于CeO2-ZrO2,Si-Al2O3和机械混合物CeO2-ZrO2 Si-Al2O3.使用0.2%Pd/10?-Zr-O/Si-Al2O3为催化剂时,甲烷90%转化率时的温度仅为345℃,比负载在其它载体上的Pd催化剂低175℃.     

Pd/γ-Al2O3三效催化剂中CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3的作用

用浸渍法制备了CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3复合氧化物,用XRD,TG-DTA,拉曼光谱、H2-TPR和BET表面积测定等方法对合成的样品进行了表征,研究了在单钯Pd/γ-Al2O3催化剂中添加CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3对催化剂活性和热稳定性的影响.结果表明,在Pd/γ-Al2O3中加入三元复合氧化物有利于提高三效催化剂的热稳定性,有利于阻止γ-Al2O3在高温时的相变以稳定Al2O3结构,防止在高温条件下催化剂表面积的损失.在Pd的负载量为1 g*L-1条件下,测定了Pd/CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3/γ-Al2O3/蜂窝陶瓷催化剂对CO,C3H6和NO净化的三效活性,研究了催化剂的结构和三效催化活性之间的关系.结果表明,CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3的存在能明显提高Pd基催化剂对CO,C3H6和NO的三效净化活性,扩大催化剂的操作窗口,提高在富氧条件下对NOx的还原性能.     

Pd/Al2O3催化剂催化毛竹与聚乙烯共裂解反应研究

我们采用等体积浸渍法制备了Al2O3负载贵金属Pd系列催化剂,分别在N2和H2气氛下,研究了不同Pd负载量的催化剂对毛竹和低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)混合物的催化裂解性能.实验结果表明:Pd的负载量为1.0%时,Pd/Al2O3催化剂在两种气氛下活性均较好,在H2气氛下所得到的油品中烯烃含量较低,异链烷烃和环烷烃含量较高,油品的收率和质量均明显优于在N2气氛下所得到的油品.XRD表征发现,Pd负载量为1.0%的催化剂上,Pd在Al2O3载体上生成了晶形,表明金属钯有利于毛竹和LDPE共裂解生成液体产物.     

Co-modified Pd/CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts for methanol decomposition

Pd/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 catalysts modified by cobalt were prepared by a sequential impregnation method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), N2adsorption/desorption(Brunauer-Emmet-Teller), oxygen storage capacity(OSC), CO-chemisorption, H2-temperature-programmed reduction(H2-TPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The effect of Co on the performance of methanol decomposition was evaluated at a fixed-bed microreactor. The results showed that the addition of Co can improve the oxygen storage capacity of the catalyst and the dispersion of Pd. XPS results indicated that Pd was in a partly oxidized(Pdδ+, 1δ2) state and Co2+was present in Pd catalysts modified by Co. A 90% conversion of methanol was achieved at around 280°C over Pd-Co/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 catalyst which was 20°C lower than that over Pd/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2, indicating that both Pdδ+and Co2+play an important role in improving the catalytic activity of methanol decomposition.     

CO_2 Reforming of CH_4 over Ni/CeO_2-ZrO_2-Al_2O_3 Prepared by Hydrothermal Synthesis Method

The Ni/CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3 catalyst with different Al2O3 and NiO contents were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis method. The catalytic performance for CO2 reforming of CH4 reaction, the interaction among components and the relation between Ni content and catalyst surface basicity were investigated. Results show that the interaction between NiO and Al2O3 is stronger than that between NiO and CeO2-ZrO2.The addition of Al2O3 can prevent the formation of large metallic Ni ensembles, increase the dispersion of Ni, and improve catalytic activity, but excess Al2O3 causes the catalyst to deactivate easily. The interaction between NiO and CeO2 results in more facile reduction of surface CeO2. The existence of a small amount of metallic Ni can increase the number of basic sites. As metallic Ni may preferentially reside on the strong basic sites, increasing Ni content can weaken the catalyst basicity.     

CO2 Reforming of CH4 over Ni／CeO2-ZrO2-Al203 Prepared by Hydrothermal Synthesis Method

The Ni/CeO2-ZrO2-A12O3 catalyst with different A12O3 and NiO contents were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis method. The catalytic performance for CO2 reforming of CH4 reaction, the interaction among components and the relation between Ni content and catalyst surface basicity were investigated. Results show that the interaction between NiO and A12O3 is stronger than that between NiO and CeO2-ZrO2. The addition of A12O3 can prevent the formation of large metallic Ni ensembles, increase the dispersion of Ni, and improve catalytic activity, but excess A12O3 causes the catalyst to deactivate easily. The interaction between NiO and CeO2 results in more facile reduction of surface CeO2. The existence of a small amount of metallic Ni can increase the number of basic sites. As metallic Ni may preferentially reside on the strong basic sites, increasing Ni content can weaken the catalyst basicity.     

(CeO_2-ZrO_2-Al_2O_3)-(La_2O_3-Al_2O_3)复合氧化物负载的Pd密偶催化剂:载体焙烧温度的影响

采用同时共沉淀法制备了(CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3)-(La2O3-Al2O3)新型复合氧化物(CZA-LA),考察了焙烧温度对CZA-LA负载的Pd密偶催化剂的影响,并采用N2吸附-脱附法和X射线衍射对其进行了表征.结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,尽管CZA-LA样品的比表面积降低,但即使在1000°C焙烧5h后,其比表面积仍能保持在122m2/g左右;另外,CZA-LA样品的孔体积降低幅度不大,当在700℃及更高温度下焙烧后基本上保持稳定.以不同温度焙烧5h后的样品为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列整体式Pd/CZA-LA密偶催化剂(Pd含量2.0g/L).催化剂对消除模拟汽油车尾气中C3H8活性测试结果表明,各新鲜催化剂的活性相差不大,均具有较低的起燃温度T50和完全转化温度T90.当催化剂经老化处理后,以1000°C焙烧的载体负载的Pd催化剂活性最高,T50和T90分别为310和341℃,ΔT仅为31℃,仅比新鲜催化剂的高7℃.可见,该催化剂表现出优异的催化活性和抗老化性能,可以满足欧Ⅳ及更高标准的用于汽油车尾气净化的密偶催化剂的性能要求.     

Catalytic methanol decomposition to carbon monoxide and hydrogen over Pd/CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3 with different Ce/Zr molar ratios

The catalytic behaviors of Pd (1.4 wt%) catalysts supported on CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3 mixed oxides with different Ce/Zr molar ratios were investigated for methanol decomposition. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Pd dispersion analysis were used for their characterization. Pd/Ce0.76Zr0.18 La0.06 O1.97 catalyst showed the highest BET surface area, best Pd dispersion capability and strongest metal-support interaction. Moreover, XPS showed that there was lattice defect oxygen or mobile oxygen. According to the result of O 1s measurements the lattice defect oxygen or mobile oxygen helped to maintain Pd in a partly oxidized state and increased the activity for methanol decomposition. The Pd/Ce0.76Zr0.18La0.06O1.97 catalyst exhibited the best activity. A 100% conversion of methanol was achieved at around 260℃, which was about 20-40 ℃ lower than other catalysts     

整体式Pd/La_2O_3-Al_2O_3和Pd/CeO_2-ZrO_2-Y_2O_3催化剂上汽油车尾气净化性能的比较

采用共沉淀法制备了耐高温高比表面积的La2O3-Al2O3(LA)材料和CeO2-ZrO2-Y2O3(CZY)储氧材料,并用浸渍法制备了整体式Pd/LA和Pd/CZY汽油车尾气净化三效催化剂,考察了它们的三效催化性能和空燃比性能,并单独通过水煤气变换和CO氧化反应性能的考察,探讨了两种催化剂空燃比窗口扩大的原因.结果表明,Pd/CZY催化剂三效窗口明显较宽,且催化氧化CO的性能明显更优;对于CO+NO反应,Pd/CZY催化剂的活性较高.当反应中逐步通入O2后,抑制了该反应的进行,但CO氧化的转化率升高,而NO转化率降低,直至CO+NO反应完全被抑制,表明CO氧化反应对于抑制催化剂在NO贫燃方向的窗口具有一定的作用.另外,Pd/CZY催化剂上对于水煤气变换反应性能明显优于Pd/LA催化剂,在一定温度下逐步通入O2后,不会抑制水煤气变换反应的发生;当逐步通入NO时,可以促进水煤气变换反应的进行,表明Pd/CZY催化剂在富燃时对扩展CO转化窗口的性能明显优于Pd/LA催化剂.     

氧化铝担载的贵金属铱基催化剂的制备及其对甲醇裂解反应的催化性能

 以ZrO2, La2O3或MgO为助剂制备了氧化铝担载型铱基催化剂,考察了其对甲醇裂解反应的催化性能,并用X射线光电子能谱、程序升温还原、 H2程序升温脱附和CO程序升温脱附等技术对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, ZrO2, La2O3和MgO助剂的引入均能提高主产物氢气和CO的选择性. ZrO2是甲醇裂解反应的优良助剂,可以显著提高甲醇的转化率和氢气的收率. 氧化铝担载型贵金属铱基催化剂上存在强的氢溢流现象,这使催化剂具有良好的反应性能,同时有利于产物的脱附,氧化物助剂的加入能够进一步促进氢的溢流.     

Methane Decomposition over Ni/α-Al2O3 Promoted by La2O3 and CeO2

The decomposition of methane on Ni/a-Al2O3 modified by La2O3 and CeO2 with differ-ent contents has been investigated and the ralationship between methane decomposition and removal of carbon by CO2 over these catalyst has also been studied by pulse-chromatography. The catalysts were characterized by TPR and XRD. It was shown that Ni/a-Al2O3 could be promoted by adding La2O3, and the carbon species produced over this catalyst was activated and eliminated by CO2. But CeO2 would suppress the decomposition of methane over Ni crystallite. Both La2O3 and CeO2 can inhibit aggregation of the Ni particles. Decomposition of methane over the Ni-based catalysts is structure sensitive to a certain extent.     

Methane Decomposition over Ni/α-Al_2O_3 Promoted by La_2O_3 and CeO_2

The decomposition of methane on Ni/a-Al2O3 modified by La2O3 and CeO2 with different contents has been investigated and the ralationship between methane decomposition and removal of carbon by CO2 over these catalyst has also been studied by pulse-chromatography. The catalysts were characterized by TPR and XRD. It was shown that Ni/a-Al2O3 could be promoted by adding La2O3, and the carbon species produced over this catalyst was activated and eliminated by CO2. But CeO2 would suppress the decomposition of methane over Ni crystallite. Both La2O3 and CeO2 can inhibit aggregation of the Ni particles. Decomposition of methane over the Ni-based catalysts is structure sensitive to a certain extent.