Non-linear analysis of functionally graded fiber reinforced composite laminated plates,Part II: Numerical results

In this Part, the extensive parametric studies performed are reported and numerical results are presented for the non-linear vibration, non-linear bending and compressive postbuckling of uniformly distributed and functionally graded fiber reinforced unsymmetric cross-ply and/or antisymmetric angle-ply laminated plates resting on Pasternak elastic foundations under different hygrothermal environmental conditions. The numerical results show that the functionally graded fiber reinforcement has a significant effect on the postbuckling response and load-bending moment curves of plate bending, whereas this effect is less pronounced on the load-deflection curves of plate bending and the linear and non-linear frequencies of the same plate.     

On the finite displacement analysis of quadrangular plates

In this paper, a numerical method for the linear and geometrically non-linear static analysis of thin plates is presented. The method begins with the elasticity equations pertaining to strain components, stresses, displacement components, strain energy and work due to externally applied loads. The plate geometry is defined by a quadrangular boundary with four straight edges and the natural coordinates in conjunction with the Cartesian coordinates are used to map the geometry. The matrix equation of equilibrium is derived using the work-energy principle with the displacement fields expressed by algebraic polynomials, the coefficients of which are then manipulated to satisfy the kinematic boundary conditions. To validate the results from the present method, square plates having all sides fully fixed and all sides simply supported without in-plane movement are analysed. Comparison is made for the uniformly loaded square plate with the results obtained by Levy who solved the non-linear plate bending problem using the Th.von Ka’rma’n’s equations. Rhombic plates are examined and numerical results corresponding to these cases are presented in this paper. Very good comparison of the results regarding deflection and bending stresses with other sources available in the literature is found.     

Approximate vibration analysis of laminated curved panel using higher-order shear deformation theory

An approximate analysis for free vibration of a laminated curved panel (shell) with four edges simply supported (SS2), is presented in this paper. The transverse shear deformation is considered by using a higher-order shear deformation theory. For solving the highly coupled partial differential governing equations and associated boundary conditions, a set of solution functions in the form of double trigonometric Fourier series, which are required to satisfy the geometry part of the considered boundary conditions, is assumed in advance. By applying the Galerkin procedure both to the governing equations and to the natural boundary conditions not satisfied by the assumed solution functions, an approximate solution, capable of providing a reliable prediction for the global response of the panel, is obtained. Numerical results of antisymmetric angle-ply as well as symmetric cross-ply and angle-ply laminated curved panels are presented and discussed.     

Analytical solution for the cylindrical bending vibration of piezoelectric composite plates

An analytical solution for the cylindrical bending vibrations of linear piezoelectric laminated plates is obtained by extending the Stroh formalism to the generalized plane strain vibrations of piezoelectric materials. The laminated plate consists of homogeneous elastic or piezoelectric laminae of arbitrary thickness and width. Fourier basis functions for the mechanical displacements and electric potential that identically satisfy the equations of motion and the charge equation of electrostatics are used to solve boundary value problems via the superposition principle. The coefficients in the infinite series solution are determined from the boundary conditions at the edges and continuity conditions at the interfaces between laminae, which are satisfied in the sense of Fourier series. The formulation admits different boundary conditions at the edges of the laminated piezoelectric composite plate. Results for laminated elastic plates with either distributed or segmented piezoelectric actuators are presented for different sets of boundary conditions at the edges.     

Non-axisymmetric bending of thin annular plates due to circumferentially distributed moments

The non-linear deformation of a thin annular plate subjected to circumferentially distributed bending moments is studied. A von Kármán plate model is adopted to formulate the equations of motion. Free–free boundary conditions have been applied at both inner and outer edges. The matrix formulation of the Differential Quadrature Method is used to discretise and solve the governing equations. Linear analysis predicts that the annular disk deforms axisymmetrically into a spherical dome. However, the proposed non-linear analysis shows that a symmetry breaking bifurcation may occur after which the linear solution becomes unstable and the plate transitions into a non-axisymmetric cylindrical deformation. This is the case when at least one of two parameters reaches a critical value. These parameters are the non-dimensionalised ratio between applied moment and bending stiffness and the ratio between inner and outer radius. Furthermore, it is noted that free-free boundary conditions and circumferentially distributed bending moments do not break the circular symmetry of the annular disk. Hence, the principal axes of curvature in the deformed configuration do not have a preferred orientation. Therefore, the present work describes a shell possessing infinite identical equilibria, having different yet no favoured direction and, hence, links to previous researches on neutrally stable structures.     

Thermal buckling and post-buckling response of imperfect temperature-dependent sandwich FGM plates resting on elastic foundation

Post-buckling behaviour of sandwich plates with functionally graded material (FGM) face sheets under uniform temperature rise loading is considered. It is assumed that the plate is in contact with a Pasternak-type elastic foundation during deformation, which acts in both compression and tension. The derivation of equations is based on the first-order shear deformation plate theory. Thermomechanical non-homogeneous properties of FGM layers vary smoothly by the distribution of power law across the thickness, and temperature dependency of material constituents is taken into account. Using the non-linear von-Karman strain-displacement relations, the equilibrium and compatibility equations of imperfect sandwich plates with FGM face sheets are derived. The boundary conditions for the plate are assumed to be simply supported in all edges. The governing equations are reduced to two coupled equation in terms of stress function and lateral deflection. Employing the single mode approach combined with Galerkin technique, an approximate closed-form solution is presented to calculate the critical buckling temperature and post-buckling equilibrium path of the plate. Presented numerical examples contain the influences of power law index, sandwich plate geometry, geometrical imperfection, temperature dependency, and the elastic foundation coefficients.     

Nonlinear bending of rectangular orthotropic plate with two free edges and the other edges having nonuniform rotational flexibility

this paper presents a series solution to von Kármán nonlinear equations of a rectilinearly orthotropic rectangular plate under the combined action of lateral load and in-plane tension with the titled edge restraints. In the formulation the edge moments are replaced by an equivalent pressure near the edges. Using generalized double Fourier series for the deflection and stress function, governing equations are reduced to an infinite set of algebraic equations for coefficients in these series. Numerical results for deflections, bending moments and in-plane forces are graphically presented for various values of aspect ratio and material properties and for different edge conditions.     

On the buckling of the elastic and viscoelastic composite circular thick plate with a penny-shaped crack

Buckling problem of the elastic and viscoelastic rotationally symmetric thick circular plate with a penny-shaped crack is investigated. It is supposed that the crack edges have a small initial rotationally symmetric imperfection. The lateral boundary of the plate is clamped and the clamp compresses this plate circumferentially and inwards by a fixed radial displacement. The investigations are carried out in the framework of the exact geometrically non-linear equations of the theory of viscoelasticity and as a buckling criterion the case for which the initial imperfection of the crack edges start to increase indefinitely is taken. Numerical results are obtained using the Laplace transform and finite element method and are compared with the known ones for elastic composites.     

On the simple and mixed first-order theories for functionally graded plates resting on elastic foundations

In this article, the bending response of a functionally graded plate resting on elastic foundations and subjected to a transverse mechanical load is investigated. An accurate solution for the functionally graded plate with simply supported edges resting on elastic foundations is presented. The interaction between the plate and the elastic foundations is considered and included in the equilibrium equations. Pasternak’s model is used to describe the two-parameter elastic foundations, and get a special case of Winkler’s model by considering one-parameter of elastic foundation. A relationship between the simple and mixed first-order transverse shear deformation theories is presented. Numerical results for deflections and stresses of functionally graded plates are investigated. Comparisons between the results of the simple and mixed first-order theories are made, and appropriate conclusion is formulated. Additional boundary conditions at the edges of the present plates are investigated.     

Postbuckling and mode jumping analysis of composite laminates using an asymptotically correct, geometrically non-linear theory

An analytic method is presented in this paper to study the postbuckling and mode jumping behavior of bi-axially compressed composite laminates. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are derived rigorously from an asymptotically correct, geometrically non-linear theory. A novel and relatively simpler solution approach is developed to solve the two coupled fourth-order PDEs, namely, the compatibility equation and the dynamic governing equation. The generalized Galerkin method is used to solve boundary value problems corresponding to antisymmetric angle-ply and cross-ply composite plates, respectively. The variety of possible modal interactions is expressed in an explicit and concise form by transforming the coupled non-linear governing equations into a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs).

The comparison between the present method and the finite element analysis (FEA) shows a pretty good match in their numerical results in the primary postbuckling region. While the FEA may lose its convergence when solution comes close to the secondary bifurcation point, the analytic approach has the capability of exploring deeply into the post-secondary buckling realm and capture the mode jumping phenomenon for various combinations of plate configurations and in-plane boundary conditions. Free vibration along the stable primary postbuckling and the jumped equilibrium paths are also studied.     

Bending of rectangular plates carried by vacuum cups

In order to carry thin plates, vacuum cups are frequently used. When the over-hang is large, the deflections and stresses of the plate have considerably large values. In this paper, the rectangular plate hung by circular vacuum cups is treated. The analysis is carried out for the plate, which is subjected to line loads and radial bending moments at the inner circular boundary and free at the outer rectangular boundary. In addition to these boundary conditions, the plate is subjected to different distributed loads on inner and outer domains. First, the general solutions for the deflections on each domain are obtained by using infinite series, which are expressed by the polar coordinate system. The several undetermined constants in these equations are decreased by the conditions of continuity at the inner boundaries. Satisfying the boundary conditions at the finite points on the outer edges of the plate, the deflections and stresses of the plate and the contact pressures between the plate and the vacuum cup are calculated. Typical results are presented in dimensionless graphical form for different parameters and vacuum cup edge conditions.     

Exact piezothermoelastic solution of simply-supported orthotropic circular cylindrical panel in cylindrical bending

Summary This work presents an exact piezothermoelastic solution of infinitely long, simply supported, cylindrically orthotropic, piezoelectric, radially polarised, circular cylindrical shell panel in cylindrical bending under thermal and electrostatic excitation. The general solution of the governing differential equations is obtained by separation of variables. The displacements, electric potential and temperature are expanded in appropriate Fourier series in the circumferential coordinate to satisfy the boundary conditions at the simply-supported longitudinal edges. The governing equations reduce to Euler-Cauchy type of ordinary differential equations. Their general solution involves six constants for each Fourier component. These are solved from the algebraic equations obtained by satisfying the boundary conditions at the lateral surfaces. The solution of the inverse problem of inferring the applied temperature field from the given measured distribution of electrical potential difference between the lateral surfaces of the shell has also been presented. Numerical results are presented for typical thermal and electrostatic loadings for various values of radius to thickness ratio.     

The non-linear,dynamic response of an impulsively loaded circular plate with a central hole

A numerical method, called Direct Analysis, is described and applied to solve the problem of a plate undergoing a large impulsive load. For generality, an expanded, non-linear form of the equations of motion is used and shear correction and rotatory inertia are considered. The wave speeds are calculated from the non-linear equations and appropriate boundary conditions are applied so that reflected waves are included. The results for two types of step loading pulses are presented and compared with previously presented solutions. The response of the plate is discussed and conclusions as to the effects of the non-linearities are given.     

四边简支矩形中厚板的弯曲

本文采用Reissner中厚板理论求解了四边简支矩形中厚板的弯曲问题。文中首先对Reissner中厚板理论的控制方程进行了适当的变更,使之成为非耦联的二阶偏微分方程组,然后利用有限积分变换法求解所得新的控制方程,得到了四边简支矩形中厚板受均布载荷作用下的解析解。文中所述方法可用以求解具有其它边界条件和载荷的矩形中厚板的弯曲问题,同时还可移植应用于其它中厚板理论。     

Thermomechanically coupled non-linear vibration of plates

An analytical method is presented for the analysis of large amplitude thermomechanically coupled vibrations of rectangular elastic thin plates with various boundary conditions. The field of temperature and deformation are assumed to be coupled, and the transverse and longitudinal deformations are mutually dependent. The fundamental equations of non-linear flexural vibration of a plate stemming from Berger's analysis are coupled with the energy equation. Based on one-term approximate solution technique, the system of non-linear equations is solved by employing the methods of Galerkin and successive approximations. The analytical solutions are compared with those for the linear case and from the numerical analysis to investigate the influence of thermomechanical coupling and large amplitude on the period of plate lateral vibration.     

An analytical solution for buckling of moderately thick functionally graded sector and annular sector plates

In this article, an analytical solution for buckling of moderately thick functionally graded (FG) sectorial plates is presented. It is assumed that the material properties of the FG plate vary through the thickness of the plate as a power function. The stability equations are derived according to the Mindlin plate theory. By introducing four new functions, the stability equations are decoupled. The decoupled stability equations are solved analytically for both sector and annular sector plates with two simply supported radial edges. Satisfying the edges conditions along the circular edges of the plate, an eigenvalue problem for finding the critical buckling load is obtained. Solving the eigenvalue problem, the numerical results for the critical buckling load and mode shapes are obtained for both sector and annular sector plates. Finally, the effects of boundary conditions, volume fraction, inner to outer radius ratio (annularity) and plate thickness are studied. The results for critical buckling load of functionally graded sectorial plates are reported for the first time and can be used as benchmark.     

EFFECT OF TRANSVERSE SHEAR ON FINITE DEFORMATION OF GENERALLY LAMINATED SHALLOW SHELL WITH DOUBLE CURVATURE

Nonlinear equations of equilibrium for the titled shell of rectangular planform undertransverse and inplane edge loads are derived by using the virtual work principle and expressed in termsof a stress function,the transverse displacement and two rotation functions.The sheU is elastically re-strained against rotation.A generalized double Fourier series solution is formulated for nonlinearbending of the shell.The Galerkin technique furnishes an infinite set of simultaneous nonlinear alge-braic equations for the above four variables,which can be truncated to obtain any desired degree of ac-curacy.Numerical results for antisymmetrically laminated angle-ply and cross-ply graphite-epoxydoubly curved panels are presented graphically for the transverse shear effect and various shell parame-ters and boundary conditions.The present results are also compared with available data.     

Nonlinear analysis of doubly curved symmetrically laminated shallow shells with rectangular planform

Summary A multi-mode solution to the dynamic Marguerre-type nonlinear equations is presented for the nonlinear free vibration of doubly curved, symmetrically laminated, imperfect shallow shells of rectangular planform on a Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundation. The shell edges are assumed to be transversely supported and the variation of rotational stiffness is identical along opposite edges. Generalized double Fourier series with time-dependent coefficients and the method of harmonic balance are used in the solution. The boundary condition for the varying rotational stiffness is fulfilled by replacement of bending moments along the four edges by an equivalent lateral pressure. Based on a single-mode approximation numerical results for the amplitude-frequency response of doubly curved isotropic, orthotropic, cross-ply and angle-ply shallow shells with square planform are presented for various boundary conditions, material properties, curvature ratios, initial imperfections, edge tensions, and moduli of the elastic foundation. Graphical results for postbuckling behavior of an imperfect angle-ply cylindrical panel are also presented as a special case.

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Nichtlineares Verhalten zweifach gekrümmter, symmetrisch geschichteter dünner Schalen mit rechteckigem Grundriß

Übersicht Vorgestellt wird eine Mehrfachwellenform-Lösung der dynamischen Gleichungen vom Marguerre-Typ für die nichtlinearen Eigenschwingungen zweifach gekrümmter dünner Schalen aus symmetrischen Schichtungen, die geometrisch imperfekt sind und über einen rechteckigen Grundriß auf einer elastischen Winkler-Pasternak-Bettung lagern. Angenommen wird eine gelenkige Lagerung der Plattenränder mit einer veränderlichen Drehbehinderung, die auf gegenüberliegenden Rändern gleich ist. Zur Lösung werden verallgemeinerte zweifache Fourier-Reihen mit zeitabhängigen Koeffizienten und die Methode der harmonischen Balance benutzt. Die Randbedingung für die veränderliche Drehbehinderung wird dadurch erfüllt, daß die Randmomente durch einen äquivalenten Vertikaldruck ersetzt werden. Mit der Näherung nur einer Wellenform werden numerische Ergebnisse für die Beziehung zwischen Amplitude und Frequenz angegeben; variiert werden dabei die Randbedingungen, die anfänglichen Imperf ektionen, die Krümmungsverhältnisse, die Bettungszahlen und die Materialkonstanten, wobei die Platte entweder isotrop oder bei recht- und schiefwinkliger Schichtung orthotrop ist. Als Sonderfall wird auch das Nachbeulverhalten einer imperfekten, schiefwinklig geschichteten Zylinderschale graphisch dargestellt.

     

Exact solutions for variable-thickness inhomogeneous elastic plates under various boundary conditions

In this paper, an exact solution to the governing equations of the bending of a variable-thickness inhomogeneous rectangular plate is presented. The procedure is applicable to variable-thickness inhomogeneous rectangular plates with two opposite edges simply supported. The remaining ones subjected to a combination of clamped, simply supported, and free boundary conditions and between these two edges the plate may have varying thickness. The procedure is valuable in view of the fact that tables of deflections and stresses cannot be presented for variable-thickness inhomogeneous orthotropic plates as for uniform-thickness homogeneous isotropic plates even for commonly encountered loads because the results depend on the inhomogeneity coefficient and the orthotropic material properties instead of a single flexural rigidity. Numerical results, useful for the validation or otherwise of approximate solutions, are tabulated. The influences of the degree of the inhomogeneity, aspect ratio, thickness parameter and degree of non-uniformity on the deflections and stresses are investigated. This paper is partially supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King AbdulAziz University (Grant no. 172/427).     

具有自由边的复合材料层合板的解析解

从三维弹性力学基本方程出发,通过假设自由边的边界位移函数,建立了正交异性层合板的状态方程,给出了对边自由,对边简支矩形板的解析解.此解满足层合板的基本方程和层间连续条件.用本文的方法比较容易处理层合板的自由边.算例表明,数值结果具有较高的精度.