一种基于微波谐振测量Sagnac效应的新方案

目前光学陀螺的主要工作原理是Sagnac效应, 如何提高Sagnac效应的测量精度是提高陀螺精度的一个重要研究课题. 传统的光学陀螺利用光短波长的特性来提高检测精度. 但考虑到微波的相位(频率)检测精度远高于光波的相位(频率)检测精度, 如果能够利用微波实现Sagnac效应的检测, 就能得到比光学陀螺更高的检测精度, 从而为实现高精度的微波陀螺提供了可能. 利用基于光电振荡器的光载微波结构实现了微波Sagnac效应的检测. 实验结果证明了微波检测Sagnac效应的可行性, 为将来实现高精度的微波谐振陀螺打下基础.     

All-fiber single-mode fiber frequency-modulated continuous-wave Sagnac gyroscope

An all-fiber single-mode fiber unbalanced Sagnac gyroscope is described. The gyroscope is based on optical frequency-modulated continuous-wave interference and consists primarily of four Y-type single-mode fiber directional couplers and a single-mode fiber coil. The rotational velocity of the fiber coil is determined simultaneously by detection of the phase shift of the beat signal. The advantages and limitations of the gyroscope are discussed.     

对抛式冷原子陀螺仪中原子运动轨迹的控制

冷原子具有很小的速度,很窄的速度分布以及良好的相干特性,利用冷原子物质波干涉特性可实现原子干涉仪,具有萨格奈克效应的原子干涉仪即原子陀螺仪,可精密测量转动速率. 冷原子轨迹的精确控制对提高冷原子陀螺仪的测量精度有着重要的意义,文章报道了利用直接数字频率综合器,实现对双向对抛冷原子运动轨迹的精确控制. 关键词： 冷原子 原子陀螺仪 直接数字频率综合器     

Investigation of polarization nonreciprocity in dual-interference fiber optical gyroscope

The dual-interference fiber optical gyroscope (DIFOG) is a novel gyroscope that makes use of both birefringent axes in a polarization maintained fiber to generate two Sagnac interferometers. The Sagnac effect is doubled in the DIFOG, resulting in the same precision for a smaller fiber coil and shorter fiber, so it has some potential applications in miniaturized and low-cost situations. The mechanism of polarization nonreciprocity (PNR) in the DIFOG is investigated and the influence of PNR is analyzed theoretically. Simulation results based on the theoretical analysis indicate that PNR error causes the bias of interference signals and the output of the DIFOG to vary with the inherent nonreciprocal phase that arises from the optical configuration. The experiment verifies the theoretical and simulation results.     

Design details and characterization of all digital closed-loop interferometric fiber optic gyroscope with superluminescent light emitting diode

This paper describes the design details and the characterization of an all digital closed-loop (ADCL) interferometric fiber optic gyroscope (IFOG) Prototype with sine wave biasing modulation and SLED emiting at 1288.9 nm, constructed in TUBITAK UME. Electronic feedback section of ADCL-IFOG is composed of 16 bit AD7714YN ADC, 14 bit-LTC1667CG DAC, fully controlled and synchronized by 89C51 microcontroller. The averaged sensitivity of the ADCL-IFOG prototype in unit of error voltage applied to the phase modulator was calculated as 132.65 μV/(°/h) which equals to a scale factor of 7.53888 (°/h)/mV with a standard deviation of 0.85% for a range of 1–15270 (°/h) rotation rate, corresponding to a range of Sagnac phase shifts varying from 0.00115 to 17.57448 (°). The maximum peak to peak noise and the bias stability of the prototype were determined as 4.97 and 1.48 (°/h) at 23.0°C, respectively. The variation of the noise and bias stability on a temperature range of 23.0–42.0°C was observed.     

Reduced minimum configuration fiber optic gyro for land navigation applications

Further cost reduction of the fiber optic gyroscope is necessary in order to meet the economic requirements of land navigation systems. We have previously concentrated on the reduction of the number of splices and component improvements in the open-loop, minimum configuration. Now we eliminate nonessential components and splices. The source-detector coupler is not part of the Sagnac interferometer and serves solely to provide isolation between the broadband optical source and the photodetector. Many commercial laser diodes incorporate a back-facet photodetector to monitor laser intensity. The signal returned from the Sagnac interferometer traverses the laser, is received at this photodetector, and can be distinguished from the laser signal by the bias modulation. Configuring a gyro in this manner eliminates a directional coupler and the separate photodetector as well as up to three fiber splices in an all-fiber gyroscope. A production, open-loop, fiber optic gyroscope has been modified to demonstrate this principal. The gyroscope can be constructed with only two fiber splices and exhibits performance comparable to the conventional minimum configuration.     

Bias error caused by broad-spectrum source and birefringence effect in fiber optical gyroscope

To analyze the bias error in the optical path of closed-loop polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber optical gyroscope (FOG), the interference signal term carrying only Sagnac phase shift in phase is divided into two types: one generated by interference between main wave-trains in the clock-wise (CW) direction and counter clock-wise (CCW) direction, and the other one generated by interference between secondary wave-trains in the CW and CCW direction. The residual term is discovered in the second kind, which is caused by synthetic effect of broad-spectrum source and birefringence effect in a FOG with the existence of crossovers. The main influencing factors and the effect on FOG performance of the bias error generated by the residual term is analyzed, and its suppression measures are promoted. Simulation result demonstrates that the bias error can be suppressed from about 0.02°/h to less than 2×10⁻⁴°/h at room temperature and its peak to peak value of variation with temperature can be suppressed to less than 4×10⁻⁴°/h, through matching birefringent fiber length and increasing the delay between modes of light source, which is small enough to meet the requirement of FOG with high performance.     

压缩真空光输入和光子计数法增强Sagnac效应

压缩真空光输入和平衡零拍探测可有效增强Sagnac效应,提高陀螺精度;考虑平衡零拍探测的相位精度与相位自身相关,仅在某特定相位能达到最佳灵敏度,设计了一种基于光子计数法提取Sagnac输出相位的方案,并利用贝叶斯理论估计相位.理论分析结果表明,该方法能突破散粒噪声极限,相位精度不再受限于相位自身,且当压缩真空光和相干激光功率相同时,精度在理论上能达到海森堡极限.     

平面环形谐振腔微光学陀螺结构设计与优化

提出具有高群有效折射率的双环级联作为核心元件的谐振式平面光波导陀螺结构, 基于光学Sagnac原理得到了双微环耦合谐振式光学陀螺理论灵敏度与群有效折射率的一般表达式和双环与单环陀螺系统的灵敏度关系, 并由耦合模理论方法得到了双环系统耦合器的两个透射系数对应的群有效折射率变化情况. 在环腔半径R₁=R₂=100 μm、环腔传输损耗系数t₁=t₂=0.95的情况下, 针对环与环之间耦合器和环与波导之间耦合器透射系数对群有效折射率的不同影响, 得到了最大群有效折射率的产生条件. 采用文中参数(R=100 μm, t=0.95)计算的单环谐振式陀螺灵敏度为(10⁴-10⁵)°/h, 而双环级联谐振系统理论灵敏度能够达到10 °/h. 该研究对微环耦合谐振腔在角速度检测上的应用有重要的意义.     

Discrimination of strain and temperature based on a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber incorporating an erbium-doped fiber

A simple sensing method for simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain is investigated by using a Sagnac fiber loop mirror composed of a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PM-PCF) incorporating an erbium-doped fiber (EDF). Amplified spontaneous emission created by a pumped EDF is transmitted to a Sagnac fiber loop mirror. The interference between two counter-propagating signals in a Sagnac fiber loop mirror generates a periodic transmission spectrum with respect to wavelength. When external temperature is increased, the transmission peak power reduces because the amplified spontaneous emission of the EDF is decreased by the applied temperature change (0.04 dB/°C). The peak wavelength is shifted into the shorter wavelength because of the negative temperature dependence of the birefringence of the PM-PCF (0.3 pm/°C). As the applied strain increases, the peak wavelength of the transmission spectrum of the Sagnac loop mirror incorporating the EDF shifts into a longer wavelength (1.3 pm/με) because the phase change of the proposed sensing probe is directly proportional to the applied strain. The transmission peak power, however, is not changed by the applied strain. Since the source and the sensing probe are integrated, the overall system configuration is significantly simplified without requiring any additional broadband light source. Therefore, it is possible to simultaneously measure temperature and strain by monitoring the variation of transmission peak power and peak wavelength, respectively.     

谐振式光子带隙光纤陀螺一体化方案

实现了使用光子带隙光纤的一体化谐振式光纤陀螺方案,设计并制作了谐振腔中基于微光学结构的耦合器。实验测得制作的谐振腔清晰度为3.7。搭建了基于该谐振腔的陀螺系统,并对其主、次偏振态的谐振曲线进行了实际测量。实验结果测得该系统60 s零漂为2.45 ()/s,及1 h长期稳定性为7.11 ()/s。同时,实现了对应陀螺输出50 ()/s（积分时间10 s）及100 ()/s（积分时间10 s）的模拟转速实验,验证了该陀螺系统的Sagnac效应。分析得到耦合损耗是影响该陀螺系统性能的主要因素。验证了该谐振腔结构具有应用于陀螺系统的可行性,为谐振式光纤陀螺性能进一步提高提供了参考。     

Non-contact detection of laser-generated surface acoustic waves using fiber optic Sagnac interferometer

A high powered Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was used to excite the surface waves, and an optical fiber sensor was used to detect the out-of-plane displacements due to the propagating waves. This sensor is based on the fiber optic Sagnac interferometer, which has the path-matched configuration and does not require active stabilization. Quadrature phase bias between two interfering laser beams in the Sagnac loop is applied by controlling the birefringence in an optical path using a fiber polarization controller. A stable quadrature phase bias can be confirmed by observing the interferometer output according to the change of phase bias. Additional signal processing is not needed for the detection of ultrasonic waves using the Sagnac interferometer. The performance of the fiber optic Sagnac interferometer was investigated, and laser-generated surface wave signals were detected using this fiber optic sensor. The developed fiber optic sensor configured in this study is very simple and is effective for non-contact detection of ultrasonic waves.     

Sagnac quantum key distribution over telecom fiber networks

We present a new concept for compensation of single mode fiber (SMF) birefringence effects in a Sagnac quantum key distribution (QKD) setup, based on a polarization control system and a polarization insensitive phase modulator. Our experimental data show stable (in regards to birefringence drift) QKD over 1550 nm SMF telecom networks in Sagnac configuration, using the BB84-protocol [C.H. Bennett, G. Brassard, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems, and Signal Processing, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York, 1984, p. 175] with phase encoding. The achieved total Sagnac transmission loop distances were between 100 km and 150 km with quantum bit error rates (QBER) between 5.84% and 9.79% for the mean-photon-number μ = 0.1. The distances were much longer and rates much higher than in any other published Sagnac QKD experiments. We also show an example of our one-decoy state protocol implementations (for the 45 km distance between Alice and Bob, corresponding to the 130 km total Sagnac loop length), providing an unconditional QKD security. The measurement results have showed feasibility of QKD over telecom fiber networks in Sagnac configuration, using standard fiber telecom components.     

Low cost, practical, all-digital open-loop fiber-optic gyroscope

A novel all-digital scheme for open-loop fiber-optic gyroscope (POG), where only two key points of output wave were digitized directly, has been proposed. A control equation, with which the modulation depth of PZT modulator is stable when setting the modulation depth as 4.35 and a calculation equation, with which the Sagnac phase can be worked out, are derived. A modulation depth control and an automatic correlation sampling and a gain control technology were induced. A photo-type FOG was made and tested. The good performance was achieved.     

Sagnac-type optical gyros

Summary The Sagnac effect is briefly presented, and passive and active interferometers are defined as ?gyros?,i.e. devices for the measurement (and control) of rotations and angular speeds. A project for the assembling and testing of an active ring gyroscope is described: the project is aimed at obtaining a versatile set-up suitable for investigation of the effects of the geometry of the laser cavity and for optimization of the gyroscope operation. To speed up publication, the proofs were not sent to the authors and were supervised by the Scientific Committee.     

Surface-bonded fiber optic Sagnac sensors for ultrasound detection

This paper describes a fiber optic sensor suitable for remote sensing and multi-point detection of ultrasound. This ultrasound sensor is based on the surface-bonded fiber optic Sagnac interferometer with the output fringe visibility of 1; it consists of a laser source, an ordinary single mode fiber delay line, a fiber coupler, a phase modulator and polarization controllers. For the validation of the sensor, surface acoustic waves and Lamb waves are excited by illuminating a steel specimen with an array of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser-generated line sources and the measurement of laser-generated ultrasonic waves are performed on the specimen surface using the surface-mounting fiber optic Sagnac sensor. The surface-bonded fiber optic sensor developed in this study has a simple configuration for detection of ultrasonic waves. Effectiveness of surface-bonded fiber optic Sagnac sensors for remote sensing of ultrasound and in situ monitoring of structures is investigated. The capability of multi-point detection of ultrasound by this Sagnac sensor is also discussed.     

Experimental constraints of using slow-light in sodium vapor for light-drag enhanced relative rotation sensing

We report on experimental observation of electromagnetically induced transparency and slow-light (v_g ≈ c/607) in atomic sodium vapor, as a potential medium for a recently proposed experiment on slow-light enhanced relative rotation sensing [Shahriar et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. (submitted for publication), http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0505192.]. We have performed an interferometric measurement of the index variation associated with a two-photon resonance to estimate the dispersion characteristics of the medium that are relevant to the slow-light based rotation sensing scheme. We also show that the presence of counter-propagating pump beams in an optical Sagnac loop produces a backward optical phase conjugation beam that can generate spurious signals, which may complicate the measurement of small rotations in the slow-light enhanced gyroscope. We identify techniques for overcoming this constraint. Conclusions reached from the results presented here will pave the way for designing and carrying out an experiment that will demonstrate the slow-light induced enhancement of rotation sensing.     

Tunable optical filter based on Sagnac phase-shift using single optical ring resonator

In this paper, a single optical ring resonator connected to a Sagnac loop is used to demonstrate theoretically a novel narrow band optical filter response that is based on Sagnac phase-shift Δφ. The given filter structure permits the Sagnac rotation to control the filter response. It is shown that by changing the Sagnac rotation rate, we can tune the filter response for desired bandwidths. To increase the wavelength selectivity of the filter, the Sagnac phase-shift should be as small as possible that is limited by the loop length. For Δφ=0.1 rad, the obtained FWHM is 2.63 MHz for tuning loop length of 2 m. The simulation response agrees fairly with the recently reported experimental result.     

On the possibility of recording the sagnac effect using π-mesons

We propose to measure the Sagnac effect for counterpropagating de Broglie waves of π⁺ or⁻ mesons whose spin is equal to zero. The latter circumstance allows us to avoid the nonreciprocal phase shift of counterpropagating waves, which is related to both the Thomas precession (the effect of the special relativity theory) and the Larmor precession of the spin of elementary particles due to the presence of magnetic fields. Among the advantages of using π mesons, we should mention their electric charge, which allows us to use the well-known devices for focusing, separation, and joining the particle beam, and their comparatively long lifetime. A modulation method for processing the interference signal is proposed. The maximum sensitivity of the above method, which is limited by the shot noise, is estimated. Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 767–774, June, 1998.     

Curvature measurement by using low-birefringence photonic crystal fiber based Sagnac loop

An optical fiber curvature sensor with low-birefringence photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based Sagnac loop is demonstrated experimentally. The low-birefringence PCF of about 40 cm long is inserted into Sagnac loop, and a section of it about 155 mm is used as the sensing element. The Sagnac output spectra under different curvatures are measured and analyzed. The results show that the wavelength shift of the transmission dip has a linear relationship with the curvature. The sensitivity of the curvature measurement of − 0.337 nm is achieved in the range of 0-9.92 m^− 1. And the temperature effect of the proposed sensor is also analyzed.