近高超声速高温蓝宝石窗口下中波红外成像退化分析仿真与性能测试实验

本文基于高温红外窗口热辐射红外成像探测器干扰机理,开展高温红外窗口成像分析、仿真与实验验证研究工作. 根据流体仿真计算获得的高温窗口温度及实验测得的窗口发射率、吸收率等参数,开展窗口热辐射计算;建立了光学窗口介质内部辐射传输路径和强度计算模型,并给出了窗口辐射出射模型以及相应红外成像模型;基于光学追迹方法,把窗口热辐射成像的计算问题转换成了光学计算问题;设计了一种基于高温蓝宝石红外窗口的加热实验,对红外成像仿真结果进行了检验. 通过仿真结果与窗口加热实验结果对照,将基于模型分析获取图像与实验结果图像作差,得到的平均每个像素误差值为0.45;实验发现在窗口约773 K条件下,设计的中波红外成像系统的信噪比、对比度分别降低到原来三分之一左右,而整个红外成像系统NETD值由原来的约52 mK上升到了954 mK. 本文提出的窗口热辐射分析方法可以有效估计窗口热辐射对中波红外成像的影响,设计的实验对成像系统的指标验证有较好的用途,同时对红外成像系统波段细化优选和成像参数调整,降低图像退化程度,都有着重要的指导意义. 关键词： 近高超声速 高温蓝宝石窗口 气动效应 仿真与实验     

桥梁挠度光电成像测量系统的光度学特性分析

根据桥梁挠度光电成像测量系统的要求，分别对实际野外工作条件下，系统的像面照度、成像对比度等光度学特性进行了分析、计算，讨论了系统的发光靶标、背景光、光电数字摄像机等系统参数与环境之间的相互制约关系，并讨论了在强烈日光条件下，用高反射率材料代替发光靶标以提高成像对比度的可能性. 提出了桥梁挠度的光电成像测量系统设计中，系统参数选择的光度学设计准则.     

大离轴量凹面取样镜的设计

根据系统的使用要求以及椭球面特有的成像性质,提出使用离轴椭球面来完成光束取样和完善成像的设计方式.利用设计输入,计算出镜面的初始结构参数,得到离轴椭球面的二次曲线方程,将计算结果带入光学设计软件ZEMAX中验证成像质量.结果表明:离轴椭球面不但将物点和像点分开,减小了系统的长度,而且在像点处成完善像,将离轴成像转换为轴上成像,使后续光斑成像系统的高质量成像易于实现.     

分孔径红外偏振成像仪光学系统设计

为了在复杂及伪装的红外背景中识别出小温差目标,本文提出了一种基于分孔径的偏振成像系统结构,并对分孔径偏振成像系统所采用的分孔径成像系统及中继成像系统进行了设计研究。首先,根据Stokes矢量介绍了系统的工作理论和光学结构;其次,在现有探测器的结构参数要求下,计算出了光学系统的偏心量等参数,选择硅、锗作为透镜材料。在此基础上,确定了分孔径成像系统结构和中继成像系统结构。接着使用离轴偏心多重结构设计方法对初始结构进行了优化,研究了将普通红外物镜转变为具有实入瞳的像方远心结构的方法;最后,完成了分孔径成像系统和中继成像系统的整体系统匹配。设计结果表明,整体系统的调制传递函数在探测器奈奎斯特频率为17 lp/mm处大于0.6,能够满足系统的设计要求。本文设计的结构可以对探测目标实现实时偏振成像,且具有结构紧凑的优点。     

基于辐射光谱法的高温颗粒辐射传热参数在线测量方法研究

针对在高温燃烧环境中的颗粒辐射传热问题,基于普朗克辐射定律,提出了用于高温颗粒辐射传热参数在线测量的辐射光谱法,根据高温颗粒可见波段辐射光谱随波长变化情况,通过参数拟合方法直接获得颗粒温度及辐射强度等辐射传热参数。为验证该方法测量准确性,搭建了高温黑体炉辐射测量系统,实验测量结果显示：温度测量值与设定温度相对偏差小于3%;辐射强度测量值与理论计算值相对偏差小于5%。以此为基础,设计了应用于高温燃烧环境下的颗粒辐射传热参数测量的水冷结构探针,并利用该探针开展了高温燃烧环境气固两相流200～1 100 nm波段辐射光谱测量,基于上述方法,直接获得了高温颗粒温度、辐射强度等辐射传热参数沿截面分布情况,有效剥离了高温气体对流传热的影响,为高温颗粒辐射传热研究提供数据支撑。     

基于辐射光谱法的高温颗粒辐射传热参数在线测量方法研究（英文）

针对在高温燃烧环境中的颗粒辐射传热问题,基于普朗克辐射定律,提出了用于高温颗粒辐射传热参数在线测量的辐射光谱法,根据高温颗粒可见波段辐射光谱随波长变化情况,通过参数拟合方法直接获得颗粒温度及辐射强度等辐射传热参数。为验证该方法测量准确性,搭建了高温黑体炉辐射测量系统,实验测量结果显示:温度测量值与设定温度相对偏差小于3%;辐射强度测量值与理论计算值相对偏差小于5%。以此为基础,设计了应用于高温燃烧环境下的颗粒辐射传热参数测量的水冷结构探针,并利用该探针开展了高温燃烧环境气固两相流200～1 100nm波段辐射光谱测量,基于上述方法,直接获得了高温颗粒温度、辐射强度等辐射传热参数沿截面分布情况,有效剥离了高温气体对流传热的影响,为高温颗粒辐射传热研究提供数据支撑。     

考虑磁透镜边缘场的质子成像系统优化设计

高能质子照相系统由四极磁透镜和准直器组成,实际透镜的边缘场将影响成像系统的性能.本文将含边缘场的磁场梯度用贝尔函数近似,提出了一种含边缘场的成像系统优化方法.通过Geant 4程序模拟了能量为1.6 GeV的质子成像系统,并通过优化方法给出了考虑边缘场的优化后的系统参数.研究了考虑边缘场时的成像系统参数对准直器孔径的影响.通过对比理想成像系统和优化前后的成像系统在使用准直器时的客体通量分布,研究了边缘场对质子通过客体的通量影响.结果表明,优化后的成像系统可以减小质子通过客体后的通量误差,并且积分差值在10^–2量级时,准直器的孔径参数变化亦在10^–2量级.     

螺旋相位板参数对螺旋相衬成像系统性能影响研究

推导了相干照明下衍射受限螺旋相衬成像系统的成像公式,总结了影响螺旋相衬法成像效果的螺旋相位板参数,包括中心尺寸、整体尺寸以及台阶数。详细研究了各参数对螺旋相衬成像系统性能的影响,提出了各参数的合理取值范围,并通过实验验证了其正确性。所采用的计算方法,不仅可以用于研究螺旋相位板的设计,而且对于其他空间滤波器的设计同样具有参考价值。     

人眼视网膜成像液晶自适应光学系统的优化设计

针对已有的人眼视网膜成像液晶自适应光学系统的不足,提出了新的优化设计方案.新设计的系统能对不同视度下的人眼进行高分辨率成像.新系统还采用了瞳孔监控装置和成像区域快速精确定位装置,并且采用了改进的消杂散光方法,能够使探测准确度和定位准确度得到保证.研究证明,该系统新的设计方案操作方便、灵活,便于推广使用.     

太赫兹实时近场光谱成像研究

太赫兹成像在生物医学领域的应用潜力非常大,针对这个需求,本文设计并搭建了一种利用光整流和波前倾斜技术产生强场太赫兹信号以及基于电光探测的实时太赫兹(terahertz, THz)近场光谱成像系统.该系统可以进行大视场THz成像和紧聚焦THz成像的切换使用,为实现系统集成化应用提供了方法.并且由于成像是基于传统的太赫兹时域光谱方法,可以同时获得样品图像光谱幅度和相位信息,光谱分辨率约15 GHz.利用该系统测量研究了一系列微纳加工的样品,对成像系统的性能进行了分析.结果表明,该实时太赫兹近场光谱成像系统在空间分辨率和成像速度上的优越性,在1024×512的像素下,实时成像帧率高达20 f/s(1200张/min).在大视场THz成像下,空间最优分辨率在1.5 THz达λ/4;在紧聚焦THz成像下,空间最优分辨率在0.82 THz达λ/12,这些性能使该系统在生物医学成像、生物效应等方面具有很好的应用场景.     

Optical focus control system for laser welding and direct casting

A non-intrusive optical sensor system has been developed for focus control of laser welding. This detects the light generated by the process through the laser delivery optics, and exploits the chromatic aberrations of these optics to detect any laser focal error at the workpiece. This system works for a wide range of materials and welding parameters, and example results are presented. The sensor has also been applied to laser ‘direct casting’, a process in which 3-D structures are built by flowing metal powder into a focused laser beam. In this case, melt pool temperature is also important, and so additional optics are incorporated into the sensor to provide a pyrometric temperature measurement which is used to control the laser power.     

Research on DMD infrared scene projector with a high contrast ratio infrared prism design

In this paper a single-DMD infrared scene projector with a high contrast ratio prism design of the illumination optical system is presented. By using the innovative infrared three-element TIR prism group, the off-state and flat-state light that reflected by the DMD could be all steered away from the projection lens. The contrast ratio and optical efficiency has been improved with this three-element TIR prism as the light-separator. This DMD infrared scene projector also features low-profile and compact structure. The illumination and projection optical systems are proved to be of great efficient light utilization. In this letter we analyze the impacts of optical efficiency on temperature simulation. This architecture with three-element TIR prism added could be used in IRSP based single-DMD to improve contrast and optical efficiency.     

Phase distortions due to temperature rise of optics irradiated by periodically repeated short pulses

Temperature variation and wave front distortions due to temperature rise and thermal stress, in rotationally symmetric and isotropic optical elements irradiated by periodically repeated short pulses, have been calculated. The analytical expressions of the periodically varying temperature distributions have been obtained by making full use of the periodicity of the pulsed laser system. For the case where the diameter of optical element is considerably larger than the thickness and the temperature variation along the thickness direction is negligibly small, the plain approximation has been used to estimate phase distortions. The results have shown that the polarization-independent phase distributions due to thermal deformations of the optical element may be of concern, especially if one considers the fact that the phase distortions of the light wave may be accumulated after passing through several optics.     

All optical frequency encoding method for converting a decimal number to its equivalent binary number using tree architecture

In any kind of computing and data processing system the use of binary numbers are found very much suitable and reliable. On the other hand several natural representations have been realized using decimal numbers. So conversion of a decimal number to its binary equivalent and vise-versa are of great importance in the field of computation technology. There lie already a number of established methods regarding such conversion processes. Again optical tree architecture is one of the most promising systems for realizing the optical conversion of any decimal number to its equivalent binary. Here in this communication the authors propose a new method for optical conversion of a decimal number to its binary equivalent using tree architecture based system and frequency encoding principle. In frequency encoding system, frequency of light is used for encoding of decimal digits or binary bits instead of intensity variation. For example 0 and 1 bits of binary number are coded by two different frequencies of light signal, instead of representing the presence of light as 1 and absence by 0. The proposed conversion process has multifaceted advantages in communication, as well as in data processing. To implement the above conversion some characteristic features of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) have been used massively. The wavelength conversion property, cross gain modulation and some nonlinear properties of SOA are exploited to get the frequency encoded response. The proposed system carries all the basic advantages of optical processing as well as those of frequency encoding also.     

Shape measurement by a multi-view methodology based on the remote tracking of a 3D optical scanner

Full field optical techniques can be reliably used for 3D measurements of complex shapes by multi-view processes, which require the computation of transformation parameters relating different views into a common reference system. Although, several multi-view approaches have been proposed, the alignment process is still the crucial step of a shape reconstruction.In this paper, a methodology to automatically align 3D views has been developed by integrating a stereo vision system and a full field optical scanner. In particular, the stereo vision system is used to remotely track the optical scanner within a working volume. The tracking system uses stereo images to detect the 3D coordinates of retro-reflective infrared markers rigidly connected to the scanner. Stereo correspondences are established by a robust methodology based on combining the epipolar geometry with an image spatial transformation constraint.The proposed methodology has been validated by experimental tests regarding both the evaluation of the measurement accuracy and the 3D reconstruction of an industrial shape.     

Effect of intrinsic stress on the optical properties of nanostructured ZnO thin films grown by rf magnetron sputtering

In this paper we report the effect of deposition temperature on the structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films prepared by rf magnetron sputtering. The films grown at lower deposition temperatures were in a state of large compressive stress, whereas the films grown at higher temperature (450 °C) were almost stress free. In the absorption spectra, the ZnO excitonic and the Zn surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks have been observed. A redshift in the optical band gap of ZnO films has also been observed with the increase in the deposition temperature. The shift in the band gap calculated from the size effect did not match with the observed shift values and the observed shift has been attributed to the compressive stress present in the films.     

All-optical polarization switching based on Bragg-spaced quantum dots layers

One kind of Bragg-spaced all-optical switching has been proposed in this paper, and the quantum dots ensembles are used in it as active layers. By one-dimensional photonic crystal theory and transmission matrix method, we have studied the reflectivity stop band and switching effect based on the ac Stark effect. The reflectivity stop band of this switch can be suppressed or recovered, and the circular dichroism and birefringence are induced by a circle-polarized control light, which result in a significant polarization switching effect. This switching structure shows great advantages of lower requirement of pump light intensity, larger contrast ratio than that of Bragg-spaced quantum wells with the same period, especially this switching can be used at room temperature theoretically. So we predict that there are prodigious prospects for its using in high speed optical communications as all-optical switching.     

宽波段高分辨率改进型Czerny-Turner成像光谱仪研究

主要针对Czerny-Turner结构在成像光谱仪系统中的应用进行了研究。Czerny-Turner结构主要存在的像差为像散。为了获得了该结构的完善消像散条件,对其进行了理论分析和结构改进。系统的基本结构不变,仍由球面准直镜,平面光栅和球面聚焦镜组成,但在聚焦镜后添加了一个带楔角的柱面镜,该柱面镜解决了子午方向和弧矢方向上存在大像散差的问题,使系统可以在较宽的波段上实现较高的分辨率,同时元件制作成本大大降低。设计了一个工作在可见光波段(380~760 nm)的改进型成像光谱系统,并对设计理论进行了验证。例子成功设计了数值孔径0.05,全视场全波段调制传递函数值在奈奎斯特频率(20 lp·mm-1)下大于0.59的高分辨率成像光谱仪光学系统。这种改进的系统设计理论适用于小型宽波段高分辨率成像光谱仪。     

针对WWW业务的光缓存优化设计

研究了异步光分组网中的输出光缓存问题，与以往不同的是在处理光分组到达时间间隔时采用Weibull分布，以便更有效地描述互联网中的WWW业务流量类型．通过建立基于Weibull分布的排队模型，得到了排队模型中的丢包率的解析式，并根据数值解得出了光缓存系统的丢包率、系统实际利用率、服务窗口利用率以及平均排队时间随光纤延时线单位缓存时间变化的关系曲线．研究结果表明：在不同的业务强度和缓存深度下选取恰当的单位缓存时间，可以优化光缓存系统的性能．     

海冰高光谱辐射测量系统的设计及应用

海冰是地球气候系统中的关键要素之一,为此设计了用于测量海冰光学特性的海冰高光谱辐射测量系统,可实现3个通道的同时测量,设计了2种类型的光学探头,解决了探头水密性的问题,搭配“L”型支架实现冰下辐射的现场测量。设计了双向反射率支架,搭配角度传感器可实现探头于任一角度位置对海冰双向反射率的测量。系统积分时间智能设定,实现了积分时间设定的最优化和自动化。解决了低温工作的难题。另外系统还集成了4个温度探头和1个全球定位系统GPS。通过在辽东湾附近海域对海冰的现场实验,验证了系统的可靠性及准确性。