Electropolymerized Eugenol‐MWNT‐Based Electrode for Voltammetric Evaluation of Wine Antioxidant Capacity

Eugenol electropolymerization conditions on multiwalled carbon nanotube based glassy carbon electrode (MWNT/GCE) have been found. The polyeugenol/MWNT/GCE shows reversible redox steps of o‐quinone fragment in acidic media. Natural phenolic antioxidants are oxidized on polyeugenol/MWNT/GCE at 0.52 V excluding resveratrol (0.62 V). Differential pulse voltammetry on polyeugenol/MWNT/GCE was applied for the evaluation of wine antioxidant capacity (AOC). The AOC was expressed in catechin equivalents per 1 L of wine. The linear dynamic range is 1.00–250 µM with LOD and LOQ of 0.21 and 0.71 µM of catechin, respectively. Positive correlations for AOC with antioxidant activity (r=0.9840) and total phenolics content (r=0.9944) were observed.     

GC-MS analysis of metabolites from soxhlet extraction,ultrasound-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction of Salacca zalacca flesh and its alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity

Abstract

Different extraction processes were employed to extract bioactive metabolites from Salacca zalacca flesh by a range of aqueous and organic solvents. The highest extraction yield was obtained by 50% ethanol extract of SE (73.18?±?4.35%), whereas SFE_1 showed the lowest yield (0.42?±?0.08%). All extracts were evaluated for in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, measured by their IC₅₀ values in comparison to that of quercetin, the positive control (IC₅₀ = 2.7?±?0.7?μg/mL). The lowest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was indicated by water extract of SE (IC₅₀ = 724.3?±?42.9?μg/mL) and the highest activity was demonstrated by 60% ethanol extract by UAE (IC₅₀ = 16.2?±?2.4?μg/mL). All extracts were analysed by GC-MS and identified metabolites like carbohydrates, fatty acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, sterols and alkane-based compounds etcetera that may possess the potential as α-glucosidase inhibitor and may attribute to the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.     

Assessment of antimicrobial and enzymes inhibition effects of Allium kastambulense with in silico studies: Analysis of its phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents

Type 2 diabetes and obesity-related metabolic diseases have been treated with traditional medicinal plants for centuries. In this study, the effects of Allium kastambulense plant extracts on different enzyme activities were investigated, and the results were added as graphics and tables after calculating. This study aimed to identify and quantify the phenolic composition of Allium kastambulense Bosse and determine the anti-lipase, anti-urease, anti-melanogenesis, antidiabetic, anti-alzheimer, and antibacterial properties. IC₅₀ results for all enzymes were obtained between 0.55 and 138 µg/mL, and this plant inhibited HMG_CoA R and tyrosinase enzymes more with IC₅₀ values of 0.55 and 59.17 µg/mL, respectively. The interactions of active compounds showing activity against different enzymes were examined with molecular docking studies. The most active compound 3, (rosmarinic acid) has ?10.90 kcal/mol binding energy value against HMG_CoA R, and also the potential structure compound 2, (+catechin), which has activity against α-amylase, α-glycosidase, and lipase enzymes, was –8.30, ?8.40 and ?9.70 kcal/mol, respectively. Finally, antimicrobial effects, total phenolic, and flavonoid content, determined with its higher total phenolic (22.63 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid (6.41 mgQE/g extract) contents and main chemical compounds of this plant were gentisic acid, (+) catechin, and rosmarinic acid, respectively.     

Bioprospecting Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.; a traditional medicinal plant for antioxidant,cytotoxic, antidiabetic and antimicrobial potential

Purpose of studyDodonaea viscosa Jacq. is an ethnomedicinal plant that has been extensively used for the treatment of gout, rheumatism and pain. Current study was undertaken to mine its antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antidiabetic potential. Chromogenic assays were employed to establish plant’s multimode antioxidant profile whereas HPLC fingerprinting was performed to quantify polyphenols. Standard brine shrimp lethality, MTT and SRB assays proved its cytotoxicity potential.ResultsAmong all the extracts (flower, leaf, stem and root), maximum extract recovery (22% w/w), gallic acid equivalent total phenolic content (20.11 ± 0.11 ug GAE/mg DW), ascorbic acid equivalent total antioxidant capacity (22.5 ± 0.07 µg/mg DW) and total reducing power (31.1 ± 1.13 µg/mg DW) were recorded in the distilled water + acetone extract of leaf. The acetone extract of leaf showed maximum quercetin equivalent total flavonoid content (4.78 ± 0.13 µg/mg DW). HPLC-DAD analysis revealed significant amount of rutin, vanillic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, gentisic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, apigenin and myricetin in the different plant parts. Maximum scavenging potential was exhibited by methanol + ethyl acetate stem extract (IC₅₀ = 23.8 µg/ml). The highest antibacterial potential was found in flower (85.7%) and root (71.4%) extracts. The ethanol + ethyl acetate (1:1) leaf extract showed noteworthy toxicity against brine shrimps (LC₅₀ = 95.46 µg/ml) while a notable antiproliferative activity against THP-1 (IC₅₀ = 3.4 µg/ml) and Hep G2 (IC₅₀ = 20 µg/ml) cell lines was shown by ethanol + ethyl acetate extracts (1:1) of stem and root, respectively. A moderate inhibition of α-amylase enzyme was observed in all parts of the plant.ConclusionThe results of the present study suggest D. viscosa as a potential source of antioxidant, anticancer and α-amylase inhibitory phytochemicals.     

Metabolomic fingerprint classification of Brachychiton acerifolius organs via UPLC-qTOF-PDA-MS analysis and chemometrics

Brachychiton acerifolius, or Sterculia acerifolia as formerly known, is a member of a genus reported for a myriad of bioactive compounds. Metabolome analysis of B. acerifolius – leaves, flowers and seeds – and quantification of its major compounds are demonstrated in this study. Metabolites were analysed via UPLC-PDA-qTOF-( ± ) ESI-MS and UPLC/ITMS, with a total of 56 metabolites characterised including 30 flavonoids, 2 anthocyanins, 6 phenolic acids (i.e. citric and hydroxycitric acid conjugates) and 8 fatty acids (FAs). Multivariate data analyses (i.e. principle component analysis and orthogonal partial least square-discriminate analysis) were applied to identify metabolite markers for each organ. Pelargonidin-O-glucoside and naringenin-O-glucuronide were found exclusively in flowers versus flavone enrichment in leaves (i.e. luteolin-O-glucuronide and apigenin-O-rhamnosyl glucuronide). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of toxic cyclopropene FAs in seeds which may restrict its use. Antioxidant activity assessment for the three organs was performed in comparison with vitamin C as positive control. Leaves showed the highest activity (IC₅₀ 0.015 mg/mL).     

Evaluation of different extraction approaches for the determination of phenolic compounds and their metabolites in plasma by nanoLC-ESI-TOF-MS

Sample preparation is an important step for the determination of phenolic compounds in biological samples. Different extraction methods have been tested to determine phenolic compounds and their metabolites in plasma by nano-liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (nanoLC-ESI-TOF-MS). The sample treatment optimisation was performed using commercial foetal bovine serum spiked with representative phenolic standards, namely naringenin, luteolin, verbascoside, apigenin, rutin, syringic acid and catechin. Different protein-precipitation conditions were evaluated as well as enzymatic digestion with trypsin and solid-phase extraction using different phases such as C-18, ABN and ENV+, working at different pH values. The optimum extraction procedure consisted of a previous protein-precipitation step using HCl 200?mmol/L in methanol for 2.5?h at 50?°C followed by a solid-phase extraction using C-18 cartridges at pH?2.5. This procedure was finally applied to the plasma of rats overfed with a phenolic-rich Lippia citriodora extract. These samples were analysed by nanoLC-ESI-TOF-MS, enabling the identification of five compounds previously found in the administered L. citriodora extract and one metabolite.     

Determination of Mycophenolic Acid (MPA) and Its Acyl and Phenol Glucuronide Metabolits Simultaneously in Human Plasma by a Simplified HPLC Method

Abstract

A simple HPLC method with ultraviolet detection for simultaneous determination of Mycophenolic acid (MPA), its phenol glucuronide metabolite (MPAG) and acyl‐MPAG (AcMPAG) in human plasma was established. The plasma samples were prepared with protein‐preciptaing reagent, and the supernatant was eluted on Zorbax column (250 mm×4.6 mm i.d, 5 µm) with 20 mmol/l NaH₂PO₄ buffer (pH 3.0, adjusted with 20% phosphoric acid) and methanol (45:55, v/v) at 304 nm. The column temperature was 45°C, and the flow rate was 1.2 ml/min. The assay was linear within the range of 0.2–50 µg/L for MPA (r=0.9997), 2.8–531 µg/L for MPAG (r=0.9999), and 0.3–24 µg/L for AcMPAG (r=0.9994). Mean absolute recovery of MPA and its metabolites and internal standard was >80%. The average recoveries of MPA, MPAG, and AcMPAG were 94.0–101.4, 98.4–101.9, and 96.1–104.2%, respectively. The RSD of within‐day and between‐day were all lower than 15%. The method described is sensitive, reproducible, and will be useful in TDM or pharmacokinetic studies of MPA.     

Rhamnus pallasii subsp. sintenisii fruit,leaf, bark and root: Phytochemical profiles and biological activities

The genus Rhamnus has received a lot of interest as a source of phenolic chemicals. There have been no reports on the phytochemicals and biological activities of R. pallasii subsp. sintenisii various morphological components (fruit, leaf, bark, and root) in Iran to yet. Two crude ether petroleum (EP) and hydro-methanolic (HM) extracts were obtained from the separate parts. The antioxidant and antibacterial capabilities of the extracts, as well as their phytochemical screening (total phenolic, flavonoid, phenolic acid, and anthocyanin concentrations), were measured. Furthermore, the phytochemical profiles of EP and HM extracts were determined using GC–MS and LC-ESI–MS, respectively. LC-ESI-MS detected 59 chemicals in HM extracts, including flavonoids (62.71 %), phenolic acids (10.16 %), and anthraquinones (16.94 %). Furthermore, the predominant group components in EP extracts examined by GC–MS were fatty acids (58.82%), phenolic compounds (49.28%), and hydrocarbons (35.15 to 59.45 %). In terms of biological testing (DPPH radical scavenging and anti-bacterial activity), all examined extracts, particularly the fruit, had the highest activities in both assays (IC₅₀: 7.52 to 22.39 µg/ml and MIC: 0.39 to 3.12 mg/ml), owing to their high phenolic content. As a result, individual morphological elements of the species might be thought of as natural antioxidant and antibacterial agents.     

Profiling bioactive flavonoids and carotenoids in select south Indian spices and nuts

Abstract

The objective of this study was to examine the bioactive flavonoids and carotenoids concentration in fifteen south Indian spice and two tree nut species using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among four flavonoids, catechin concentration was the highest in all spices and nuts and ranged between 97.1 and 1745.4 µg g^?1. Quercetin concentration was the greatest in cinnamon, followed by garlic and cumin and ranged from 0.4 to 65 µg g^?1 in other spices and nuts. Lutein concentration ranged from 0.1 to 102.8 µg g^?1. Of the spices and nuts studied, β-carotene concentration was highest in coriander leaves (74.7 µg g^?1), followed by red pepper (12.5 µg g^?1) and curry leaves (8.5 µg g^?1). This research shows that consumption of south Indian spices and nuts could substantially benefit consumers living in regions experiencing Vitamin A and other micronutrient deficiencies.     

Response surface methodology for modelling and determination of catechin in Pistachio green hull using surfactant-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by UV–Vis spectrophotometry

A rapid and simple approach for the preconcentration and determination of catechin from pistachio green hull samples has been proposed by surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by UV–Vis spectrophotometry (SADLLME/UV–Vis). This method involved the formation of a catechin complex with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) as cationic surfactant, and subsequently, DLLME was applied to extract the catechin–CPC complex into chloroform. Different parameters affected the extraction efficiency were optimized by central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). In optimum condition, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.4–5 µg mL^??1 of catechin with correlation coefficient of 0.9982. The relative standard deviation based on five replicated analyses of 1 µg mL^??1 catechin was 1.85%. The proposed method was successfully applied for preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of catechin in pistachio hull samples.     

Optimization of Portulaca oleracea L. extract using response surface methodology and artificial neural network and characterization of bioactive compound by high-resolution mass spectroscopy

The well-known medicinal plant Portulaca oleracea L. (PO) is used as a traditional medicine and culinary herb to treat various diseases. Fatty acids, essential oils, and flavonoids were extracted from PO seeds and leaves using ultrasonic, microwave, and supercritical fluid extraction with RSM techniques. However, investigations on the secondary metabolites and antioxidant capabilities of the aerial part of PO (APO) are scarce. In order to extract polyphenols and antioxidants from APO as effectively as possible, this study used heat reflux extraction (HRE), response surface methodology (RSM), and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling. It also used high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify the APO secondary metabolite. A central-composite design (CCD) was used to establish the ideal ethanol content, extraction time, and extraction temperature to extract the highest polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from APO. According to RSM, the highest amount of TPC (8.23 ± 1.06 mgGAE/g), TFC (43.12 ± 1.15 mgCAE/g), DPPH-scavenging activity (43.01 ± 1.25 % of inhibition) and FRAP (35.98 ± 0.19 µM ascorbic acid equivalent) were obtained at 60.0 % ethanol, 90.2 % time, and 50 °C. Statistical metrics such as the coefficient of determination (R²), root-mean-square error (RMSE), absolute average deviation (AAD), and standard error of prediction (SEP) revealed the ANN's superiority. Ninety-one (91) secondary metabolites, including phenolic, flavonoids, alkaloids, fatty acids, and terpenoids, were discovered using high-resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, 21 new phytoconstituents were identified for the first time in this plant. The results revealed a significant concentration of phytoconstituents, making it an excellent contender for the pharmaceutical and food industries.     

基于气相气谱-质谱的代谢组学方法研究四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤

建立了一种基于气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术的代谢组学分析方法。以CCl4致小鼠肝损伤模型为研究对象,检测了染毒小鼠肝组织和血浆中内源性代谢物随时间的变化情况,并运用主成分分析方法对这一变化过程进行模式识别。研究发现,随着染毒时间的推移,小鼠的整体代谢物谱存在着一定的变化规律。肝组织中苹果酸和部分游离脂肪酸含量升高;血浆中柠檬酸和部分氨基酸含量有所上升。这些代谢物的变化都与肝损程度密切相关,且变化趋势与肝组织病理检查结果一致。研究结果表明:GC-MS技术在代谢物谱的获取和代谢物鉴定方面具有优势,可作为核磁共振(NMR)技术的补充工具用于代谢组学研究。     

Principal components of phenolics to characterize red Vinho Verde grapes: Anthocyanins or non-coloured compounds?

Phenolic profile of 10 different varieties of red “Vinho Verde” grapes (Azal Tinto, Borraçal, Brancelho, Doçal, Espadeiro, Padeiro de Basto, Pedral, Rabo de ovelha, Verdelho and Vinhão), from Minho (Portugal) were studied. Nine Flavonols, four phenolic acids, three flavan-3-ols, one stilben and eight anthocyanins were determined. Malvidin-3-O-glucoside was the most abundant anthocyanin while the main non-coloured compound was much more heterogeneous: catechin, epicatechin, myricetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside or syringetin-3-O-glucoside. Anthocyanin contents ranged from 42 to 97%. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to analyse the date and study the relations between the samples and their phenolic profiles. Anthocyanin profile proved to be a good marker to characterize the varieties even considering different origin and harvest. “Vinhão” grapes showed anthocyanins levels until twenty four times higher than the rest of the samples, with 97% of these compounds.     

The use of trimethylsilyl cyanide derivatization for robust and broad-spectrum high-throughput gas chromatography–mass spectrometry based metabolomics

Reproducible and quantitative gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics analysis of complex biological mixtures requires robust and broad-spectrum derivatization. We have evaluated derivatization of complex metabolite mixtures using trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) and the most commonly used silylation reagent N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA). For the comparative analysis, two metabolite mixtures, a standard complex mixture of 35 metabolites covering a range of amino acids, carbohydrates, small organic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids and triterpenoids, and a phenolic extract of blueberry fruits were used. Four different derivatization methods, (1) direct silylation using TMSCN, (2) methoximation followed by TMSCN (M-TMSCN), (3) direct silylation using MSTFA, and (4) methoximation followed by MSTFA (M-MSTFA) were compared in terms of method sensitivity, repeatability, and derivatization reaction time. The derivatization methods were observed at 13 different derivatization times, 5 min to 60 h, for both metabolite mixtures. Fully automated sample derivatization and injection enabled excellent repeatability and precise method comparisons. At the optimal silylation times, peak intensities of 34 out of 35 metabolites of the standard mixture were up to five times higher using M-TMSCN compared with M-MSTFA. For direct silylation of the complex standard mixture, the TMSCN method was up to 54 times more sensitive than MSTFA. Similarly, all the metabolites detected from the blueberry extract showed up to 8.8 times higher intensities when derivatized using TMSCN than with MSTFA. Moreover, TMSCN-based silylation showed fewer artifact peaks, robust profiles, and higher reaction speed as compared with MSTFA. A method repeatability test revealed the following robustness of the four methods: TMSCN?>?M-TMSCN?>?M-MSTFA?>?MSTFA.

Antioxidant potential of non-oil seed legumes of Indonesian’s ethnobotanical extracts

This study investigated the in vitro antioxidant properties (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC and FRAP), total phenolic content and flavonoid content of extracts from three non-oil seed legumes (Phaseolus lunatus red and white, and Canavalia ensiformis), local edible seeds from Indonesia, obtained using different solvent system (distilled water, 70% ethanol, and 100% ethanol). The variety of legume was a major source of variation in the phenolic contents, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis of the non-oil seed legume extracts identified gallic acid, epicatechin and coumaric acid. Among the varieties of non-oil seed legume extracts, the phenolic content varied from 15.21–38.60 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight and the flavonoid content was 11.73–24.61 mg catechin equivalents/g dry weight. The antioxidant activity of the extracts suppressed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cellular damage induced by UV-B in HaCaT cells. These results showed that antioxidant activity (1.83–19.42% of inhibition DPPH; 2.99–37.29% of inhibition ABTS; 0.20–2.47 µM CUPRAC value; and 0.96–1.10 µM of FRAP value) of extracts possessed strong radical scavenging activity as well as inhibited ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner without showing any cytotoxicity. Collectively, the data presented that antioxidant of the extracts have potent antioxidant activity and decreasing ROS generation in HaCaT cells. It can be intimately used as alternative criterion for antioxidant and antiradical activities that can be utilized as a functional food and nutraceutical ingredients.     

Determination of phenolic compounds in modern and old varieties of durum wheat using liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry

An evaluation of the grain functional components of Italian durum wheat cultivars was conducted. The raw material was obtained from the field trial performed in 2006–2007 at the Experimental Farm of the University of Bologna, (Bologna, Italy). The aim of this study was to define the phytochemical profile of ten varieties, comprised of old and modern durum wheat genotypes, including quantitative and qualitative phenolic and flavonoid content (free and bound forms). The results showed that mean values of total phenolic compound and total flavonoid content in old wheat varieties (878.2 ± 19.0 μmol gallic acid equivalent/100 g of grain and 122.6 ± 25.4 μmol catechin equivalent/100 g of grain, respectively) did not differ significantly from those detected in modern genotypes (865.9 ± 128.9 μmol gallic acid equivalent/100 g and 123.5 ± 20.6 μmol catechin equivalent/100 g, respectively). However, the HPLC–ESI-TOF-MS analysis highlighted remarkable differences between modern and old cultivars. The interpretation of the mass spectra allowed the identification of 70 phenolic compounds, including coumarins, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavones, isoflavones, proanthocyanidins, stilbenes and lignans. The free extracts of ancient wheat varieties showed the presence of a mean number of phenolic compounds and isomer forms (8.7 ± 2.5 and 7.7 ± 4.7 respectively) significantly higher than in modern genotypes (4.4 ± 2.9 and 2.0 ± 2.4, respectively). A similar trend was observed also for the bound phenolic fraction. Moreover, the phytochemical profiles showed the presence of unique phenolic compounds in both free and bound fractions of some of the investigated wheat genotypes. Results highlighted that investigated old wheat cultivars may offer unique nutraceutical values for their peculiar contents in bioactive phytochemicals, suggesting their uses into a wide range of regular and specialty products naturally enriched with health-promoting compounds.     

Polarity-guided phytochemical extraction,polyphenolic characterization,and multimode biological evaluation of Seriphidium kurramense (Qazilb.) Y. R. Ling

Purpose of studyThe undertaken study aims to assess the polyphenolic profile, and antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic potential of Seriphidium kurramense (Qazilb.) Y. R. Ling extracts.MethodsExtracts of aerial parts were prepared by successive extraction (n-hexane {Sk-nH}, ethyl acetate {Sk-EA}, methanol {Sk-M} and aqueous {Sk-Aq}). Chromogenic assays determined the antioxidant profile while HPLC quantified several polyphenols. Agar well diffusion was employed for antimicrobial potential while brine shrimp and hemolytic assays established the biosafety profile.ResultsThe results have shown that maximum extract recovery (17.49% w/w), total phenolics content (24.44 ± 0.15 μg GAE/mgE), and total flavonoids content (6.87 ± 0.25 μg QE/mgE) were recorded in Sk-Aq. RP-HPLC quantified a significant amount of syringic acid (1.43 ± 0.05 µg/mgE), caffeic acid (0.48 ± 0.02 µg/mgE), gentisic acid (6.44 ± 0.01 µg/mgE), and quercetin (4.39 ± 0.01 µg/mgE) in Sk-Aq, while maximum amounts of thymoquinone (0.21 ± 0.02 µg/mgE) and luteolin (3.90 ± 0.03 µg/mgE) along with apigenin (3.72 ± 0.03 µg/mgE) existed in Sk-M and highest quantities of ferulic acid (2.98 ± 0.01 µg/mgE), myricetin (1.04 ± 0.02 µg/mgE) and kaempferol (1.23 ± 0.01 µg/mgE) were found to be present in Sk-EA. A substantial free radical scavenging (85.87 ± 1.00%), total reducing power (211.93 ± 0.97 µg AAE/mgE), and urease inhibition activity (87.99 ± 0.19% at 500 µg/ml) were also recorded in the Sk-Aq. The highest antioxidant capacity (243.5 ± 1.12 µg AAE/mgE), antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity (100% reduction in plaque formation at 400 µg/ml) were observed for Sk-EA. Maximum antibacterial and antifungal activities were revealed against Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC = 25 ± 0.37 µg/ml), and Candida albicans (MIC = 50 ± 0.19 µg/ml) respectively. The prominent antidiabetic potential was displayed by Sk-nH in terms of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition.ConclusionThe results reported, herein suggest that S. kurramense can be a promising candidate for antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antidiabetic secondary metabolites.     

Metabolites profiling of Chrysanthemum pacificum Nakai parts using UPLC-PDA-MS coupled to chemometrics

Methanol-soluble constituents from the flowers, non-flowering aerial parts and roots of Chrysanthemum pacificum Nakai were analysed via high resolution UPLC-PDA-qTOF-MS followed by chemometrics. Forty-seven chromatographic peaks belonging to various metabolite classes were detected. Most metabolite classes showed qualitative and quantitative differences across parts, with luteolin conjugates being mostly enriched in flowers whereas non-flowering aerial parts contained mostly quercetin and methoxylated flavone conjugates. Root sample ranked the lowest for all flavones and dicaffeoylquinic acids. In contrast, 1,5-di-caffeoylquinic acid levels were found at high levels in flowers and aerial parts reaching 3145 and 1390 μg/g, respectively, suggesting that C. pacificum could serve as a natural resource of this well-recognised anti-hepatotoxic phenolic. Principal component analysis was further used for organs classification in an untargeted manner. This study provides the first map of secondary metabolites distribution in C. pacificum Nakai organs.     

Simultaneous Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Red Wines by HPLC‐UV

Abstract

Ten samples of commercially Italian red wines were analyzed in order to determine the phenolic content. Variations in wine types are largely due to differences in concentration and composition of these compounds. Polyphenolic compounds are a large and complex group of substances which constitute one of the most important quality parameters of wine. These constituents of red wine contribute to organoleptic characteristics and to antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. Moderate wine consumption is associated with several beneficial physiological effects, which include anticancer activities, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and inhibition of LDL oxidation which constitutes the initial stage of the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.

For the analysis, reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with UV‐Vis detection was used. The method uses a gradient elution to identify nine biologically active phenolic constituents: catechin; epicatechin; trans‐ and cis‐resveratrol; gallic, chlorogenic and caffeic acid; rutin and quercetin in red wine samples. The samples are injected directly without any pretreatment. The method is simple, fast, not expensive and shows good linearity for all constituents, and the detection limits ranged from 0.3–1.6 µg/ml for trans‐resveratrol and gallic acid, respectively. Moreover, the samples were analyzed in different times for estimation of stability of these compounds.     

In vitro and in silico study of Aloe vera leaf extract against human breast cancer

Abstract

Aloe vera leaf contains some bioactive compounds that have a strong binding affinity toward estrogen receptor as compared to standard drug tamoxifen. In this study, we have found that the IC₅₀ of Aloe vera leaf extract against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) is 23?µg/mL which is much lower than the IC₅₀ (332?µg/mL) of Aloe vera leaf extract against non-cancerous cell line (NIH-3T3). We have also calculated the total concentration of phenolic acid (385.662?µg/mL), flavonoids (160.402?µg/mL) and alkaloids (276.754?µg/mL) in Aloe vera leaf extract. The free radical scavenging activity of Aloe vera leaf extract is 67% to 89% (at 50 to 300?µg/ml). Our virtual molecular docking study suggests that bioactive compounds like Aloe-emodin (?8.8?Kcal/mol), 7-hydroxy-2,5 dimethylchromone (?7.5?Kcal/mol), Beta-sitosterol (?7.3?Kcal/mol) etc. have a greater binding affinity toward estrogen alpha receptor as compared to standard drug Tamoxifen (?6.4?Kcal/mol).