EPDM/aramid ablatives represent the state of the art heat shielding materials for Solid Rocket Motors. Due to their mechanical properties and excellent thermal stability, aramid fibers or pulp constitute the common reinforcement of EPDM based liners. New generation organic fibers were recently tested as a potential replacement of aramid. In this study, Kynol fiber, a phenolic based reinforcement with high mechanical and thermal properties, was evaluated on this class of ablatives: to date, there are no data available on the use of Kynol fibers in EPDM based ablatives. At the same time, silica fibers which are traditionally used on other classes of ablatives, were also tested: in fact, the use of this type of reinforcement is not well documented on EPDM ablatives. It was found that EPDM/Kynol composition produced the char with the smaller dimensional change and the higher adhesion on the virgin material. EPDM/aramid exhibited the higher insulation properties. At the studied fiber percentage, EPDM/silica showed the worst behavior than the other formulations. The obtained data improved the comprehension of the role of the different fibers on the ablation mechanism of this class of ablatives, thus enabling the possibility to exploit their intrinsic properties. 相似文献
During the recent processing of a forward segment of the Reusable Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM) for the Space Shuttle, the topcoat white paint turned light brown after autoclave cure of the case insulation. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) in the film tension mode produced modulusvs. temperature data that helped to explain why a certain insulation vacuum bagging material contributed to the brown paint color. TMA film tension data was also obtained on lab-created white and brown topcoat paint samples (with and without primer). The brown/white ratios of moduli were about 2/1 and 4/1 for topcoat/primer and topcoat only samples, respectively, from 25 to 55C. 相似文献
Nowadays, the thermal insulation both of existing and new buildings is one of the most important actions for reducing the energy loss of buildings and to reduce the emission of green house gases. In the European Union, buildings account for about 20–40% of the total final energy consumption. Examination of the thermal properties (e.g., effective thermal conductivity) of building materials and structures are very important both for the manufacturers and for the consumers. Several possibilities are available for measuring this parameter of materials. The mainly used thermal insulating materials are the plastic foamy and mineral wool materials; moreover, the nanotechnological insulators (e.g., aerogel, hollow nanospheres) are requiring spaces for themselves also. One promising them for the future is the silica aerogel-based slabs. Aerogels are nanoporous lightweight materials that were discovered more than 70 years ago. Nowadays, their applications are truly widespread. Firstly, in this article thermal transmittance measurements of wall structures will be presented with calibrated chamber method. These measurements were accomplished through an inbuilt plaster/brick/plaster wall construction individually. After that, it was covered with a 0.013-m-thick aerogel layer at first in a cold and then in the warm side. Comparison of the heat fluxes, insulation capabilities and effective thermal conductivities measured by the above-mentioned method will be presented. The change in the retardation time and in the surface temperatures will be also discussed. Secondly, in order to investigate the conductive effect, thermal conductivity measurements with Holometrix lambda 2000 apparatus were accomplished too.
Less fragile lightweight nanostructured polyurea based organic aerogels were prepared via a simple sol–gel processing and
supercritical drying method. The uniform polyurea wet gels were first prepared at room temperature and atmospheric pressure
by reacting different isocyanates with polyamines using a tertiary amine (triethylamine) catalyst. Gelation kinetics, uniformity
of wet gel, and properties of aerogel products were significantly affected by both target density (i.e., solid content) and
equivalent weight (EW) ratio of the isocyanate resin and polyamine hardener. A supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) drying method was used to extract solvent from wet polyurea gels to afford nanoporous aerogels. The thermal conductivity
values of polyurea based aerogel were measured at pressures from ambient to 0.075 torr and at temperatures from room temperature
to −120 °C under a pressure of 8 torr. The polyurea based aerogel samples demonstrated high porosities, low thermal conductivity
values, hydrophobicity properties, relatively high thermal decomposition temperature (~270 °C) and low degassing property
and were less dusty than silica aerogels. We found that the low thermal conductivities of polyurea based aerogels were associated
with their small pore sizes. These polyurea based aerogels are very promising candidates for cryogenic insulation applications
and as a thermal insulation component of spacesuits. 相似文献
This work scrutinizes the utilization of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber matrix (EPDM) with an embodiment of aramid fiber for the heat shielding applications in solid rocket motor (SRM). Aramid fibers are aromatic poly‐paraphenylene terephthalamide, here deployed are Kevlar fibers (KF). However, the literature that encompasses the thermal and mechanical behavior with the fiber loading is reported nowhere else. The effect of fiber addition on the surface morphology and density was thoroughly studied, and it revealed that the EHSMs were of lower density to act as an efficient payload for the SRM. In this regard, the thermal conductivity, heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, fire behavior, and mechanical properties of the EPDM/KF‐based EHSMs were explored. The results revealed that the EHSMs are thermally insulating and thermally stable material with balanced mechanical properties that can engender the thermal and mechanical strains of the rocket motor. Furthermore, other analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy have been exploited to monitor the performance of the char residues of the EHSM to delineate its performance in the fire atmosphere. 相似文献
The effects of the partial replacement of silica or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) by bentonite (Bt) on the curing behaviour, tensile and dynamic mechanical properties and morphological characteristics of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) composites were studied. EPDM/silica/Bt and EPDM/CaCO3/Bt composites containing five different EPDM/filler/Bt loadings (i.e., 100/30/0, 100/25/5, 100/15/15, 100/5/25 and 100/0/30 parts per hundred rubber (phr)) were prepared using a laboratory scale two-roll mill. Results show that the optimum cure (t90) and scorch (tS2) time decreased, while the cure rate index (CRI) increased for both composites with increasing Bt loading. The tensile properties of EPDM/CaCO3/Bt composites increased with the replacement of CaCO3 by Bt from 0 to 30 phr of Bt. For EPDM/silica/Bt composites, the maximum tensile strength and Eb were obtained at a Bt loading of 15 phr, with enhanced tensile modulus on further increase of Bt loading. The dynamic mechanical studies revealed a strong rubber-filler interaction with increasing Bt loading in both composites, which is manifested by the lowering of tan δ at the glass transition temperature (Tg) for EPDM/CaCO3/Bt composites and tan δ at 40 °C for EPDM/silica/Bt composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs proved that incorporation of 15 phr Bt improves the dispersion of silica and enhances the interaction between silica and the EPDM matrix. 相似文献
In this article, the theoretical heat transfer of flexible multilayer insulation material which can be used in high (<433 K)
and low temperature (>123 K) environments has been analyzed. A mathematical model has been developed to describe the heat
flux through flexible multilayer insulation material, where the heat transfer consists of thermal radiation, solid spacers
and gas heat transfer. The equations for heat transfer model have been solved by iterative method combining with dichotomy
method using Matlab. Comparison between the experimental results and the calculated values which are obtained from the model
shows that the model is feasible to be applied in practical estimation. The investigation on the flexible multilayer thermal
insulation material will present active instruction to improve the performance and accomplish optimum design of the material. 相似文献
The computer simulations based on Monte Carlo (MC) method and the ModeCEB software were carried out in connection with electron beam (EB) radiation set-up for crosslinking of electric wire and cable insulation. The theoretical predictions for absorbed dose distribution in irradiated electric insulation induced by scanned EB were compared to the experimental results of irradiation that was carried out in the experimental set-up based on ILU 6 electron accelerator with electron energy 0.5–2.0 MeV.The computer simulation of the dose distributions in two-sided irradiation system by a scanned electron beam in multilayer circular objects was performed for various process parameters, namely electric wire and cable geometry (thickness of insulation layers and copper wire diameter), type of polymer insulation, electron energy, energy spread and geometry of electron beam, electric wire and cable layout in irradiation zone. The geometry of electron beam distribution in the irradiation zone was measured using CTA and PVC foil dosimeters for available electron energy range. The temperature rise of the irradiated electric wire and irradiation homogeneity were evaluated for different experimental conditions to optimize technological process parameters. The results of computer simulation are consistent with the experimental data of dose distribution evaluated by gel-fraction measurements. Such conformity indicates that ModeCEB computer simulation is reliable and sufficient for optimization absorbed dose distribution in the multi-layer circular objects irradiated with scanned electron beams. 相似文献
Foams are mainly composed of dispersed gas trapped in a liquid or solid phase making them lightweight and thermally insulating materials. Additionally, they are applicable for large surfaces, which makes them attractive for thermal insulation. State-of-the-art thermally insulating foams are made of synthetic polymeric materials such as polystyrene. This work focuses on generating foam from surfactants and renewable lignocellulosic materials for thermally insulating stealth material. The effect of two surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and polysorbate (T80)), two cellulosic materials (bleached pulp and nanocellulose), and lignin on the foaming and stability of foam was investigated using experimental design and response surface methodology. The volume-optimized foams determined using experimental design were further studied with optical microscopy and infrared imaging. The results of experimental design, bubble structure of foams, and observations of their thermal conductivity showed that bleached pulp foam made using SDS as surfactant produced the highest foam volume, best stability, and good thermal insulation. Lignin did not improve the foaming or thermal insulation properties of the foam, but it was found to improve the structural stability of foam and brought natural brown color to the foam. Both wet and dry lignocellulosic foams provided thermal insulation comparable to dry polystyrene foam.
The unique physical properties of aerogel have proven to be enabling to a variety of both flight and proposed space exploration
missions. The extremely low density and highly porous nature of aerogel makes it suitable for stopping high velocity particles,
as a highly efficient thermal barrier, and as a porous medium for the containment of cryogenic fluids. The use of silica aerogel
as a hypervelocity particle capture and return media for the Stardust Mission has drawn the attention of many in the space
exploration community. Aerogel is currently being used as the thermal insulation material in the 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers.
The SCIM (Sample Collection for the Investigation of Mars) and the STEP (Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle) Missions
are both proposed space exploration missions, in which, the use of aerogel is critical to their overall design and success.
Composite materials comprised of silica aerogel and oxide powders are under development for use in a new generation of thermoelectric
devices that are planned for use in many future space exploration mission designs. Work is currently ongoing in the development
and production of non-silicate and composite aerogels to extend the range of useful applications envisioned for aerogel in
future space exploration projects. 相似文献
Composite sorbents based on potassium nickel ferrocyanide embedded in silica gel matrix were prepared and characterised by powdered X-ray diffraction analysis, IR spectra, Mössbauer spectra and electron microscopy. The sorbent exhibits very good efficiency for cesium uptake and radiation resistance. The sorption capacity for cesium ions is comparable with the capacity for the pure ferrocyanides. 相似文献
The polymer industry has a newfound interest in fillers from industrial by-products and other waste materials having potential recyclability. This new class of fillers includes fillers from natural sources (e.g., natural fibers), industrial by-products (e.g., saw dust, rice husks) and a recent entry in the form of silica ash – an industrial waste material –obtained by burning rice husks. Rice hulls possess an unusually high percentage of `opaline silica'. Its annual worldwide output is more than 80 million tons, which corresponds to 3.2 million tons of silica. Silanol groups present on the surface of rice hull ash can positively influence its reinforcing character ash as a filler, however, being hydrophilic, it suffers fromfiller-aggregation and moisture absorption. Present article reviews the performance of rice husk ash, or silica ash, in polymeric composites. This paper emphasizes the need for better characterization of silica ash to obtain an in-depth understanding of its behaviour with the view to identifying suitable modifications to improve its performance as a filler. It is emphasized that poor understanding of silica ash as a filler is linked to the lack of surface characterization, since its behaviour is significantly linked to its surface properties. Based on this analysis, a new approach to silica ash modification is proposed. 相似文献