Response Surface Methodology as an Approach to Determine Optimal Activities of Lipase Entrapped in Sol–Gel Matrix Using Different Vegetable Oils

The conditions for maximization of the enzymatic activity of lipase entrapped in sol–gel matrix were determined for different vegetable oils using an experimental design. The effects of pH, temperature, and biocatalyst loading on lipase activity were verified using a central composite experimental design leading to a set of 13 assays and the surface response analysis. For canola oil and entrapped lipase, statistical analyses showed significant effects for pH and temperature and also the interactions between pH and temperature and temperature and biocatalyst loading. For the olive oil and entrapped lipase, it was verified that the pH was the only variable statistically significant. This study demonstrated that response surface analysis is a methodology appropriate for the maximization of the percentage of hydrolysis, as a function of pH, temperature, and lipase loading.     

Thermoplastic starch films with vegetable oils of Brazilian Cerrado

Starch is one of the most promising natural polymers to be abundant, cheap and biodegradable. To get thermoplastic starch (TPS) is necessary mechanical shake, high temperature and use of plasticizers. In this work, TPS films were prepared by casting from cassava starch and three different vegetable oils of Brazilian Cerrado as plasticizer: buriti, macauba and pequi. The materials were analyzed by TG, DSC and TMA. Thermal properties of oils depend on their chemical structures. Starch and vegetable oils are natural resources that can be used how alternative to producing materials that cause minor environmental impact.     

Use of Mesophilic Fungal Amylases Produced by Solid-state Fermentation in the Cold Hydrolysis of Raw Babassu Cake Starch

Amylases constitute one of the most important groups of industrial enzymes, presenting several applications, such as in the food, textile, and ethanol manufacturing. In this work, a starchy residue from the Brazilian agroindustry, namely babassu cake, was used for the production of amylases by solid-state fermentation and for obtaining sugar hydrolysates, which can be used as building blocks for future bioconversions. Eight filamentous fungi from the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium were screened. Regarding amylase production, A. awamori strains showed well-balanced endoamylase and exoamylase activities, while A. wentii produced an amylolytic complex much richer in the endo-acting enzymes. Simultaneous liquefaction and saccharification using the crude enzyme extracts from the four most promising fungal strains was then investigated applying DOE techniques. The highest total reducing sugar content (24.70 g L^?1) was obtained by the crude extract from A. awamori IOC-3914, corresponding to a hydrolysis yield of 52% of total starch in the cake, while A. awamori IOC-3915 produced the most appropriate extract in terms of glucose release (maximum of 5.52 g L^?1). Multivariate analysis of the DOE studies indicated that these extracts showed their best performance at 50–57 °C under acid conditions (pH 3.6–4.5), but were also able to act satisfactorily under milder conditions (36 °C and pH 5.0), when TRS and glucose released were about 65% of the maximum values obtained. These data confirm the high potential of the enzyme extracts under study for cold hydrolysis of starch.     

来自天然植物油的聚合物

植物油是由脂肪酸和甘油化合而成的天然高分子,它广泛分布于自然界中.植物油是一种可再生的生物资源,出于环境的考虑,已经用于代替燃料油制备各种聚合物,并已广泛用于肥皂、油漆、油墨、橡胶、制革、纺织、蜡烛、润滑油、合成树脂、化妆品及医药等行业. 植物油可来自大豆、花生、棕榈油、蓖麻等植物,它们的主要成分是甘油三酸酯.本文将讨论甘油三酸酯的结构和基于它的聚合物,以及不同天然植物油合成的聚合物,它们的性质及应用.     

New opportunity for enzymatic modification of fats and oils with industrial potentials

Novozym 435 (Candida antarctica lipase)-catalyzed glycerolysis of commercial oils and fats to produce monoglycerides (MGs) was investigated using a tetraammonium-based ionic liquid (IL) as a reaction medium. A 90% yield of MGs and nearly 100% conversion of triglycerides in this ionic liquid were achieved, markedly higher than in normal solvents. The amphiphilic structure of cocosalkyl pentaethoxi methyl ammonium methosulfate (CPMA.MS) was suggested to be capable of creating a compatible system for glycerol, oils and fats, as well as inducing the shift of reaction equilibrium to the formation of MG. Interestingly, over a wide range of solvent dosage, the higher yields of MG were observed, indicating the good bulky substrate-tolerating capacity of the IL. The universal validity of the protocol was verified by being successfully applied to different commercial oils and fats. Excellent operational stability of the lipase and the reusability of IL were also observed in consecutive batchwise reactions. The results indicate that the protocol developed in this work provides a new environmentally benign "solution" to the enzymatic modification of fats and oils with industrial potentials.     

Utilizing biotechnology in producing fats and oils with various nutritional properties

The role of dietary fat in health and wellness continues to evolve. In today's environment, trans fatty acids and obesity are issues that are impacted by dietary fat. In response to new information in these areas, changes in the amount and composition of edible fats and oils have occurred and are occurring. These compositional changes include variation in fatty acid composition and innovation in fat structure. Soybean, canola, and sunflower are examples of oilseeds with varied fatty acid composition, including mid-oleic, high-oleic, and low-linolenic traits. These trait-enhanced oils are aimed to displace partially hydrogenated vegetable oils primarily in frying applications. Examples of oils with innovation in fat structure include enzyme interesterified (EIE) fats and oils and diacylglycerol oil. EIE fats are a commercial edible fat innovation, where a lipase is used to modify the fat structure of a blend of hard fat and liquid oil. EIE fats are aimed to displace partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in baking and spread applications. Diacylglycerol and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)-based oils are commercial edible oil innovations. Diacylglycerol and MCT-based oils are aimed for individuals looking to store less of these fats as body fat when they are used in place of traditional cooking and salad oils.     

Nachhaltige Bausteine für die Kunststoff‐Herstellung

Plant oils are currently the principle resource for the production of bio‐based, high performance polymers, such as polyamides. This process is facilitated by giant strides in chemical catalysis and biotechnology, which allows conversion of vegetable oils in “drop‐in” chemical building blocks. These bio‐based polymer building blocks have equivalent chemical and physical properties as well as similar cost structures compared to conventional petrochemical synthesis feedstock. This allows integration of bio‐based resources into industrial production processes without significant adaptations in logistics or process configuration. However, only use of synergies between chemical and biotechnological unit operations will in future provide for sustainable and eco‐efficient process designs. To allow sustainable supply of bio‐oils to a growing chemical industry without a significant impact on food production demands development of alternative bio‐oil sourcing strategies. In this respect the development of processes for the production of microbial oils, which have equivalent chemical properties to their plant counterparts is imperative. One leading option is the biotechnological conversion of agricultural and food waste streams into microbial oils by combining enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentative production using oleaginous organisms, such as yeasts.     

Lipase Production in Solid-State Fermentation Monitoring Biomass Growth of Aspergillus niger Using Digital Image Processing

The aim of this study was to monitor the biomass growth of Aspergillus niger in solid-state fermentation (SSF) for lipase production using digital image processing technique. The strain A. niger 11T53A14 was cultivated in SSF using wheat bran as support, which was enriched with 0.91% (m/v) of ammonium sulfate. The addition of several vegetable oils (castor, soybean, olive, corn, and palm oils) was investigated to enhance lipase production. The maximum lipase activity was obtained using 2% (m/m) castor oil. In these conditions, the growth was evaluated each 24 h for 5 days by the glycosamine content analysis and digital image processing. Lipase activity was also determined. The results indicated that the digital image process technique can be used to monitor biomass growth in a SSF process and to correlate biomass growth and enzyme activity. In addition, the immobilized esterification lipase activity was determined for the butyl oleate synthesis, with and without 50% v/v hexane, resulting in 650 and 120 U/g, respectively. The enzyme was also used for transesterification of soybean oil and ethanol with maximum yield of 2.4%, after 30 min of reaction.     

A rapid screening technique for vegetable oil identity by sub-ambient DSC

Vegetable oils are widely used in the food industry. Labeling requirements have alerted the consuming public to the presence of vegetable oils and to the wide variety of oils used. Vegetable oils are selected commercially for their physical properties, price and availability, and many ingredient labels contain the ‘and/or’ clause reflecting the interchangeability of food grade vegetable oils.A ‘fingerprinting’ method has been developed utilizing the characteristic sub-ambient liquid—solid and solid—solid transitions of vegetable oils. The DSC was used in the temperature range 320 to 220 K. The cooling curves and their first derivatives were recorded for a pattern recognition library of pure vegetable oils, mixtures of oils, and oils present in standard cookie dough. This pattern library will serve as the basis for rapid verification of identity for vegetable oils, mixtures of oils and oils in commercially prepared food products.     

Influence of ring‐opening reactions on the kinetics of cottonseed oil epoxidation

Production of epoxidized vegetable oils becomes more and more important because they are renewable, nontoxic, and biodegradable chemicals. At the industrial scale, the Prileschajew oxidation is used to produce epoxidized vegetable oils from the corresponding vegetable oils. This oxidation uses an oxygen carrier, which is a percarboxylic acid produced in situ in the aqueous phase, to epoxidize the unsaturated groups on the vegetable oils. One of the main drawbacks of this method is the presence of side reactions: ring‐opening reactions of the epoxide group. To minimize the ring‐opening reactions and to find the most suitable reactor configuration, it is essential to investigate deeply the different ring‐opening reactions. For this work, epoxidation of cottonseed oil by peracetic acid in a batch reactor was studied. By developing a suitable modeling strategy, the kinetic constants for the ring‐opening reactions by water, hydrogen peroxide and acetic and peracetic acids were estimated. It was found that ring opening by acetic and peracetic acids was faster than by water and hydrogen peroxide. Based on this model, it was found that a semibatch reactor where hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid were added is the most suitable configuration.     

Surface modifications of natural clinoptilolite-dominated zeolite for phenolic pollutant mitigation

A novel carbonized clinoptilolite-rich tuff was studied for phenol removal from water. Zeolite sample carbonization was accomplished in a plasmachemical reactor (pyrolytic chamber) using several types of waste, here specifically waste vegetable residues and starch. Phenol adsorption experiments were performed in the batch system. An industrial activated charcoal and a clinoptilolite-rich tuff hydrofobized with an organic ammonium base were used as the related materials to compare phenol removal efficiency.     

纳米通道内酶组装及其催化反应研究进展

研究酶的组装和催化反应不仅有利于探索生命活动的本质,同时对开发酶在工业合成、分析检测、疾病治疗等领域的实际应用价值具有重要的指导意义. 研究发现,酶的有效固定和有序组装是保持酶活性、酶促反应的稳定性和对酶催化过程进行控制的重要途径,而在纳米通道内进行单酶或多酶的有序组装,利用纳米通道的限域效应可有效保持酶的构型进而提高酶催化反应的选择性和催化效率,增强酶级联反应的动力学进程. 本文概述了近年来基于纳米通道的酶反应器在生物传感领域的研究进展,着重描述纳米通道限域空腔内酶的组装方法、酶催化反应及其动力学机制,并展望了基于纳米通道的酶反应器的应用前景.     

Lubricant properties of Moringa oil using thermal and tribological techniques

The increasing application of biobased lubricants could significantly reduce environmental pollution and contribute to the replacement of petroleum base oils. Vegetable oils are recognized as rapidly biodegradable and are thus promising candidates for use as base fluids in formulation of environment friendly lubricants. Although many vegetable oils have excellent lubricity, they often have poor oxidation and low temperature stability. Here in, we report the lubricant potential of Moringa oil, which has 74% oleic acid content and thus possess improved oxidation stability over many other natural oils. For comparison, Jatropha oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil and sunflower oil were also studied. Among these oils, Moringa oil exhibits the highest thermo-oxidative stability measured using PDSC and TG. Canola oil demonstrated superior low temperature stability as measured using cryogenic DSC, pour point and cloud point measurements. The friction and wear properties were measured using HFRR. Overall, it was concluded that Moringa oil has potential in formulation of industrial fluids for high temperature applications. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.     

Sedimentation field flow fractionation monitoring of rice starch amylolysis

Enzymatic starch granule hydrolysis is one of the most important reactions in many industrial processes. In this work, we investigated the capacity of SdFFF to monitor the native rice starch amylolysis. In order to determine if fractogram changes observed were correlated to granule biophysical modifications which occurred during amylolysis, SdFFF separation was associated with particle size distribution analysis. The results showed that SdFFF is an effective tool to monitor amylolysis of native rice starch. SdFFF analysis was a rapid (less than 10 min), simple and specific method to follow biophysical modifications of starch granules. These results suggested many different applications such as testing series of enzymes and starches. By using sub-population sorting, SdFFF could be also used to better understand starch hydrolysis mechanisms or starch granule structure.     

氧化铁磁性纳米粒子固定化酶*

纳米粒子作为酶固定化的载体,当其具有磁性时,制备的固定化酶易于从反应体系中分离和回收,操作简便;并且利用外部磁场可以控制磁性材料固定化酶的运动方式和方向,替代传统的机械搅拌方式,提高固定化酶的催化效率。在众多纳米材料中,氧化铁因其在磁性、催化等多方面的良好特性而倍受瞩目。本文对近年来各种氧化铁磁性纳米粒子固定化酶,尤其是固定化脂肪酶和蛋白酶的制备方法及其应用做了较为详细的阐述,对这些氧化铁磁性纳米粒子固定化酶的优缺点和发展前景进行了讨论。     

High-pressure phase equilibria of binary and ternary mixtures of carbon dioxide,triglycerides and free fatty acids: Measurement and modeling with the GC-EOS

Vapor–liquid equilibria were measured for binary systems including carbon dioxide and free fatty acids such as oleic and linoleic acid, triglycerides as triolein or vegetable oils as sunflower oil, and modelled by the Group Contribution Equation of State (GC-EoS). Binary group parameters used in the calculation and prediction of CO₂–triglycerides systems were obtained from the literature but in the case of CO₂-free fatty acids, binary group parameters were adjusted through a parameterization strategy. At the end, a unique set of parameters could be established to model systems of vegetable oils at high pressures in the presence of CO₂. Moreover, a strategy to calculate the two-phase region in a ternary diagram was also studied. The good correspondence between theoretical and experimental results suggests that the strategy and the set of binary group parameters proposed in this work can be reliable predictive tools for using GC-EoS to describe systems involving vegetable oils with a composition based mainly in free fatty acids and triglycerides, such as those which can be encountered, for example, in oil deacidification processes using supercritical CO₂.     

The study of biocatalyzed thio-Michael reaction: a greener and multi-gram protocol

This Letter introduces a new, cheap and green protocol for the thio-Michael reaction. Here we applied three free enzymes such as lipase from pancreas porcine, chymosin and papain and an immobilized one: the Liposyme®. The reactions were executed at room temperature and resulted in the thio-Michael adduct in good or excellent yields. The protocol describes the use of EtOH as solvent and a less percentage of enzymes, which is in concordance with the green chemistry topics, so we can mention that chymosin and papain were used as biocatalyst in an organic reaction for the first time in this Letter.     

High‐Throughput Approaches in Carbohydrate‐Active Enzymology: Glycosidase and Glycosyl Transferase Inhibitors,Evolution, and Discovery

Carbohydrates are attached and removed in living systems through the action of carbohydrate‐active enzymes such as glycosyl transferases and glycoside hydrolases. The molecules resulting from these enzymes have many important roles in organisms, such as cellular communication, structural support, and energy metabolism. In general, each carbohydrate transformation requires a separate catalyst, and so these enzyme families are extremely diverse. To make this diversity manageable, high‐throughput approaches look at many enzymes at once. Similarly, high‐throughput approaches can be a powerful way of finding inhibitors that can be used to tune the reactivity of these enzymes, either in an industrial, a laboratory, or a medicinal setting. In this review, we provide an overview of how these enzymes and inhibitors can be sought using techniques such as high‐throughput natural product and combinatorial library screening, phage and mRNA display of (glyco)peptides, fluorescence‐activated cell sorting, and metagenomics.     

Application of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for authentication of cod-liver oil

Some vegetable oils such as canola (CaO), corn (CO), soybean (SO), and walnut (WO) oils have similar color with cod liver oil (CLO), therefore, the presence of these oils was difficult to detect using naked eye. For this reason, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy using horizontal attenuated total reflectance (HATR) as sampling accessory and in the combination with chemometrics was developed for detection and quantification of these vegetable oils as adulterants in CLO. The quantification of vegetable oils was carried out by using multivariate calibrations of partial least squares (PLS) and principle component regression (PCR), while the classification between pure CLO and CLOs adulterated with CaO, CO, SO, and WO was performed using discriminant analysis (DA). PLS with FTIR normal spectra was more suitable compared with PCR for quantification purposes with coefficient of determination (R²) higher than 0.99 and root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) in the range of 0.04-0.82% (v/v). The PLS model was further used to predict the levels of these vegetable oils in independent samples for validation/prediction purpose. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values obtained were of 1.75% (v/v) (CaO), 1.39% (v/v) (CO), 1.35% (v/v) (SO), and 1.37% (v/v) (WO), respectively. The classification using DA revealed that the developed method can classify CLO and that mixed with these vegetable oils using 9 principal components.     

A Review of Potential Use of Amazonian Oils in the Synthesis of Organogels for Cosmetic Application

New strategies for the delivery of bioactives in the deeper layers of the skin have been studied in recent years, using mainly natural ingredients. Among the strategies are organogels as a promising tool to load bioactives with different physicochemical characteristics, using vegetable oils. Studies have shown satisfactory skin permeation, good physicochemical stability mainly due to its three-dimensional structure, and controlled release using vegetable oils and low-molecular-weight organogelators. Within the universe of natural ingredients, vegetable oils, especially those from the Amazon, have a series of benefits and characteristics that make them unique compared to conventional oils. Several studies have shown that the use of Amazonian oils brings a series of benefits to the skin, among which are an emollient, moisturizing, and nourishing effect. This work shows a compilation of the main Amazonian oils and their nutraceutical and physicochemical characteristics together with the minority polar components, related to health benefits, and their possible effects on the synthesis of organogels for cosmetic purposes.