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CrCl3,g is chemically transported by means of Al2Cl6,g (~1 atm) in a temperature gradient (e. g. 500 → 400°C). Quantitative transport experiments have shown that the reaction goes via the gas molecule CrCl3 · 3 AlCl3. Its probable structural formula is CrCl6/2(AlCl2/2Cl2)3, containing Cr3+ in an octahedral and Al3+ in a tetrahedral Cl coordination1).  相似文献   

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NbOCl3 was obtained from a reaction of NbCl5 and Nb2O5 at 260?C. Contrary to the literature data, NbOCl3 crystallizes in the non‐centrosymmetric space group P&4macr;21m as determined by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction data (crystal: a = b = 1089.59(6) pm, c = 394.79(2) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0229, wR2 = 0.0459, powder: a = b = 1086.36(6) pm, c = 393.65(2) pm). The niobium atoms are surrounded by distorted octahedra built of four chlorine atoms and two oxygen atoms in trans positions. Two such octahedra are edge‐bridged through shared chlorine atoms, forming dimers. These units are linked to each other by apical oxygen atoms forming one‐dimensional Nb2Cl6O2 chains parallel [001]. Contrary to the literature data two different Nb‐O distances are obtained.  相似文献   

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The Gas Complex MnAlF5 and its Influence on the Purification of AlF3 by Sublimation The gas complex MnAlF5 has been determined mass spectroscopically by the ions MnAlF5+ and MnAlF4+. The gas complex MnAlF5 is formed above 973 K by heating up mixtures of AlF3/MnF2 or AlF3 · 3 H2O endowed with Mn2+ or by heating up solid MnAlF5 too. At 1 008 K the enthalpie of dissociation is 197 kJ/mole. The equilibrium structures of the high spin molecule MnAlF5 (S = 5/2) were examined with ab initio calculations at the HF-level by comlete gradient optimizing. Two minimum structures were found on the potential energy surface. A bidentate fluorine bridged structure was found to be the most stable at the HF-level. Vibrational frequencies and thermodynamic functions of complex formation were estimated for both minimum structures. The importance of the formation of the gas complex for the separation of MnF2 and AlF3 by sublimation is discussed.  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung Die physikalischen Eigenschaften von Cellulosefasern werden beeinflußt durch: (1) die Länge der Cellulosemoleküle (DP n ); (2) die Länge der morphologischen Bausteine (DP nL ); (3) die Perfektion der lateralen Ordnung (CrI); und (4) den Orientierungsgrad (f r ) in Bezug auf die Faserachse.Die Methoden zur molekularen und feinstrukturellen Charakterisierung werden beschrieben. Diese sind: (1) die Bestimmung des Zahlenmittels des Polymerisationsgrades (DP n ); (2) die Bestimmung der durchschnittlichen Kristallitlänge (DP nL ); (3) die Bestimmung des Ordnungsgrades bzw. der Kristallinitdt (CrI); bezüglich dieser wird die Anwendung einer neuartigen Methode der Auswertung und Interpretation von Röntgenweitwinkeldiffraktogrammen beschrieben, die zu erweiterter Information über die Gitterstruktur, das evtl. Vorliegen polymorpher Mischung und die Querdimensionen der Fibrillen in der Faser führt. Aus den Ergebnissen wird eine Erklärung für die oft diskutierte Differenz zwischen Kristallinitätsdaten und gemessenen Zugänglichkeiten, z. B. in Bezug auf Deuteriumsaustausch und Wasseradsorption, versucht; und (4) die Bestimmung des Orientierungsgrades durch Röntgenweitwinkeldiffraktion und IR-Dichroismus; in Verbindung von Dichroismusuntersuchungen und Deuteriumaustausch-Behandlungen wurde keine Differenz in der Orientierung geordneter und weniger geordneter Bereiche in hoch verstreckten Fasern gefunden.Unter Anwendung dieser Methoden wurde eine größere Zahl von Regeneratcellulosefasern bezüglich ihrer molekularen und strukturellen Charakteristik definiert; diese Strukturcharakteristika bestimmen wichtige technische Eigenschaften wie Reißfestigkeit, Reißdehnung, Naßmodul, Wasserrückhaltevermögen, Alkalilöslichkeit und Färbeverhalten.
Summary The physical properties of cellulose fibers are influenced by: (1) the length of cellulose molecules (DP n ); (2) the length of the basic morphological units (DP nL ); (3) the perfection of lateral order (CrI); and (4) the degree of orientation (f r ) with respect to the fiber axis.The methods used to characterize cellulose fibers for their molecular and fine-structure characteristics include: (1) the determination of the number-average degree of polymerization (DP n ); (2) the determination of the average crystallite length (DP nL ); (3) the determination of the perfection of order or crystallinity (CrI); the application of a novel method for evaluation and interpretation of X-ray wide-angle diffraction yields information on lattice structure, polymorphic composition, and cross-dimensions of the fibrils in the fiber; an explanation for the often disputed difference in crystallinity and accessibility is attempted using data from X-ray, deuterium exchange and water adsorption; and (4) the determination of the degree of orientation by X-ray wide-angle diffraction or by IR-dichroism; combining dichroism work with deuterium exchange, no difference in orientation of ordered or less ordered regions was found in highly stretched fiber samples.Using these methods, several regenerated cellulose fibers were characterized for their molecular and structural characteristics. These characteristics relate to important technical properties, such as tenacity, elongation at break, wet modulus, water retention, alkali solubility, and initial speed of dyeing.
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Equilibrium CuCl2,f + Al2Cl6,g = CuAl2Cl8,g and the Side Reactions Aim was the measurement of the equilibrium by the flow method. The following observations have been made:
  • (a) The solid CuCl2 phase dissolves 1 mol% CuCl.
  • (b) Measurements with CuAl2Cl8 as solid phase confirmed this formula for the gas molecule.
  • (c) At constant temperature and by variation of P(Al2C16) the expression ΣP(Cu)/P(Al2Cl6) passes a flat minimum. This effect is caused by the fact that in the gas phase small concentrations of CuAlCl5 and CuAl3Cl11 are present besides the main complex CuAl2Cl8. For the formation equilibrium of these side complexes rough thermodynamic data have been given.
  • (d) Taking into account the gas molecules Cl2…Cu3AlCl6 (see above) data for the equilibrium (12) have been ascertained, ΔS12°(590) = 8.64 kcal; ΔS12°(590) = 11.24 cal/K.
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