Aromatic Fluorine as a Chemical Label for Detecting Reaction Mechanism

This article explains how nucleophilically activated fluorine can be used for the detection of ion-pair formation during the decomposition of various aryl radical generators. Thus a concurrent dual mechanism for the breakdown of certain aryl radical sources can be experimentally demonstrated by fluorine labeling. The bearing of this information on the mechanism of diazo coupling is also discussed. In addition, labeling with aromatic fluorine is applied to the thermolysis of aryl azides, the aminolysis of 3-aryl-4-bromosydnones, and the hydrolysis of 3-arylsydnone imines. Finally some mechanistic problems are posed which may possibly be solved by this labeling technique.     

利用电子自旋共振技术捕捉烯类单体双光子聚合反应的自由基信号

<正>自1999年烯类单体的双光子聚合方法被发现以来[1],其产物在光开关制备[2]、光子晶体[3]、微机械[4]及三维微加工[5]等领域得到了广泛的应用.由此,烯类双光子聚合机理也成为人们研究的焦点[6].到目前为止,研究者们普遍认为烯类单体的双光子聚合反应属于自由基历程,各种利用双光子     

Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Detection of a radical cation present in solution: New results on the chemistry of (tetrahydropteridinone)-metal complexes

This paper marks the first reported detection of radical cations by Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) measurements have proven that the detected radical cation existed already in solution and has not been generated by the electrospray ionization technique. However, we observed that the radical cation can be generated by changes in the ionization conditions. A molar mixture of 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5-methylpterin-4(4H)-one dihydrochloride ( = 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-N(5)-methylpterin-2 HCl, N(5)-MTHP-2 HCl), and tris(pentane-2,4-dionato)iron(III) in MeCN at pH 2–3 leads to the formation of a [bis(pentane-2,4-dionato)(2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5-methylpteridin-4 (4H)-one)]iron complex ( = [bis(pentane-2,4-dionato) (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-N(5)-methylpteridin)]iron complex) which can be detected by ESI-MS. The results suggest that this complex might be an Fe^II radical cation, which could possibly be a suitable model complex for the active center of the phenylalanine hydroxylase. In the same solution, the stable radical cation of N(5)-MTHP is identified by ESI-MS and ESR.     

Grafting from surfaces for "everyone": ARGET ATRP in the presence of air

Atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the controlled/living radical polymerizations yielding well-defined (co)polymers, nanocomposites, molecular hybrids, and bioconjugates. ATRP, as in any radical process, has to be carried out in rigorously deoxygenated systems to prevent trapping of propagating radicals by oxygen. Herein, we report that ATRP can be performed in the presence of limited amount of air and with a very small (typically ppm) amount of copper catalyst together with an appropriate reducing agent. This technique has been successfully applied to the preparation of densely grafted polymer brushes, poly(n-butyl acrylate) homopolymer, and poly(n-butyl acrylate)-block-polystyrene copolymer from silicon wafers (0.4 chains/nm2). This simple new method of grafting well-defined polymers does not require any special equipment and can be carried out in vials or jars without deoxygenation. The grafting for "everyone" technique is especially useful for wafers and other large objects and may be also applied for molecular hybrids and bioconjugates.     

In vivo copper-mediated free radical production: an ESR spin-trapping study

Copper has been suggested to facilitate oxidative tissue injury through a free radical-mediated pathway analogous to the Fenton reaction. By applying the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping technique, evidence for hydroxyl radical formation in vivo was obtained in rats treated simultaneously with copper and ascorbic acid or paraquat. A secondary radical spin-trapping technique was used in which the hydroxyl radical formed the methyl radical upon reaction with dimethylsulfoxide. The methyl radical was then detected by ESR spectroscopy as its adduct with the spin trap phenyl-N-t-butyl- nitrone (PBN). In contrast, lipid derived radical was detected in vivo in copper-challenged, vitamin E and selenium-deficient rats. These findings support the proposal that dietary selenium and vitamin E can protect against lipid peroxidation and copper toxicity. Since copper excreted into the bile from treated animals is expected to be maintained in the Cu(I) state (by ascorbic acid or glutathione), a chelating agent that would redox-stablilize it in the Cu(I) state was used to prevent ex vivo redox chemistry. Bile samples were collected directly into solutions of bathocuproinedisulfonic acid, a Cu(I)-stabilizing agent, and 2,2'-dipyridyl, a Fe(II)-stabilizing agent. If these precautions were not taken, radical adducts generated ex vivo could be mistaken for radical adducts produced in vivo and excreted into the bile.     

氧化锌分散体光反应产生的自由基中间体

溶液中光诱导的电子转移反应已进行了大量的研究。而半导体粉末在水相或非水溶剂中的光化学研究也与自俱增^[1-3]。这种光化学与成像体系、太阳能转换以及光催化或污物的光降解有关。因此,越来越引起人们的重视。     

Sensitive determination of diquat by a kinetic method using the stopped-flow mixing technique

A simple, sensitive, selective, fast and inexpensive assay for the determination of diquat is proposed. The method is based on the reduction of the herbicide to a strongly fluorescent monocation radical with sodium dithionite. The initial rate of this reaction is directly proportional to the diquat concentration. The stopped-flow mixing technique was used because the kinetic data can be obtained in only 7 s, meaning that the method can be automated. The calibration graph is linear over the range 5-500 ng ml-1 and the precision (RSD) is close to 1.2%. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by determining the herbicide in different kinds of samples.     

Aliphatic peptidyl hydroperoxides as a source of secondary oxidation in hydroxyl radical protein footprinting

Hydroxyl radical footprinting is a technique for studying protein structure and binding that entails oxidizing a protein system of interest with diffusing hydroxyl radicals, and then measuring the amount of oxidation of each amino acid. One important issue in hydroxyl radical footprinting is limiting amino acid oxidation by secondary oxidants to prevent uncontrolled oxidation, which can cause amino acids to appear more solvent accessible than they really are. Previous work suggested that hydrogen peroxide was the major secondary oxidant of concern in hydroxyl radical footprinting experiments; however, even after elimination of all hydrogen peroxide, some secondary oxidation was still detected. Evidence is presented for the formation of peptidyl hydroperoxides as the most abundant product upon oxidation of aliphatic amino acids. Both reverse phase liquid chromatography and catalase treatment were shown to be ineffective at eliminating peptidyl hydroperoxides. The ability of these peptidyl hydroperoxides to directly oxidize methionine is demonstrated, suggesting the value of methionine amide as an in situ protectant. Hydroxyl radical footprinting protocols require the use of an organic sulfide or similar peroxide scavenger in addition to removal of hydrogen peroxide to successfully eradicate all secondary oxidizing species and prevent uncontrolled oxidation of sulfur-containing residues.     

Surface modification of a silicate substrate by a “grafting from” methodology utilizing a perester initiator

The perester silane t-butyl peroxy-11-trichlorosilylundecanoate was synthesized by hydrosilylation of t-butyl peroxy-10-undecanoate with trichlorosilane. These radical initiators were covalently bound to the surface of silicate substrates by self-assembled monolayer (SAM) techniques. Several hydrophilic and hydrophobic acrylate monomers were successfully grafted onto the silicate substrate by in situ polymerization from the surface bound perester initiators. The polymer brushes were characterized by the ATR-IR, XPS, AFM and water contact angles. The results of the study indicate this “grafting from” technique can be used for the preparation of polymer layers with high graft density. While these surface-bound initiators function similarly to surface-bound azo initiators, the preparation of the surface-active perester is a simple, two-step synthesis.     

Production of reactive oxygen species induced by a new [60]fullerene derivative bearing a tetrazole unit and its possible biological applications

The wide range of physical and chemical properties of modified fullerenes has drawn increasing attention in the past few years. As part of this research, this paper describes the preparation, characterization, and photophysical properties of a new fullerene derivative chemically modified with a tetrazole. The photophysical properties were studied by EPR radical spin-trapping technique and showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be produced through UVA photosensitization. EPR spin-trapping experiments with singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and superoxide (O₂⁻) inhibitors (β-carotene and superoxide dismutase, respectively) revealed also that: (i) the main ROS produced is ¹O₂ and (ii) ¹O₂ is being partially dismutated to O₂⁻. The results suggest that this derivative can be used in biological applications, as for example, in topic photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a photosensitizer.     

Magnetic Field Effects on Photoreduction Reaction of 2-Methyl-1,4-Naphthoquinone in Brij 35 Micellar Solution with Additional Radical

Introduction In the past three decades, many groups have been concerning and studying magnetic field effects (MFEs) on photoreduction reaction of carbonyl compounds such as benzophenone, benzoquinone and anthraquinone de-rivatives in micellar solutions. The radical pair lifetime and the escaped radical yield increased with the increase of magnetic field strength. The observed MFEs for these systems could be successfully explained by the relaxa-tion mechanism (RM), where the spin relaxation …     

On a possible radical-cation mechanism of the biomimetic oxidation of the saturated hydrocarbon 1,3-dimethyladamantane in a Gif-type system containing a Fe2+ salt, picolinic acid, and pyridine

Based on an analysis of the ratio between the final products of the oxidation of 1,3-dimethyladamantane (1,3-DMA) with hydrogen peroxide under new catalytic conditions, an EPR-spectroscopic study of the 1,3-DMA radical cation under model radiation-chemical conditions, and the results of PM3 quantum-chemical calculations, a new mechanism was proposed for the biomimetic oxidation of the saturated hydrocarbon. This mechanism involves the intermediate formation of the 1,3-DMA radical cation, in which a tertiary C-H bond is selectively activated. Next, oxene (oxygen atom) is inserted into this C-H bond to form a tertiary alcohol. It was found that a comparison of the composition of final products in the oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons under conditions of a real chemical experiment with the structure and reactivity of their radical cations under model radiation-chemical conditions can be a methodologically new general technique for the analysis and prediction of the reactivity of saturated hydrocarbons under oxidative conditions.     

自由基嵌段共聚合新进展

本文引用５０多篇文章，按引发方式不同从顺序引发剂，ｉｍｉｆｅｒｔｅｒ法，高分子引发剂法和自由基性聚合等几方面综述了自由基嵌段共聚合近１０年来的新进展。     

Spin dynamics of the radical pair in a low magnetic field studied by the transient absorption detected magnetic field effect on the reaction yield and switched external magnetic field

The spin dynamics of the radical pair generated from the photocleavage reaction of (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (TMDPO) in micellar solutions was studied by the time-resolved magnetic field effect (MFE) on the transient absorption (TA) and by a novel technique, absorption detected switched external magnetic field (AD-SEMF). Thanks to the large hyperfine coupling constant (A = 38 mT), a characteristic negative MFE on the radical yield was observed at a magnetic field lower than 60 mT whereas a positive effect due to the conventional hyperfine (HFM) and relaxation mechanisms (RM) was observed at higher magnetic field. The negative effect can be assigned to the mechanism "so-called" low field effect (LFE) mechanism and has been analyzed thoroughly using a model calculation incorporating a fast spin dephasing process. The time scale of the spin mixing process of LFE studied by AD-SEMF is shorter than the lifetime of the recombination kinetics of the radical pair. These results indicate that the LFE originates from the coherent spin motion. This can be interfered from the fast spin dephasing caused by electron spin interaction fluctuations.     

Powerful carbon-carbon bond forming reactions based on a novel radical exchange process

Xanthates and related derivatives have proved to be extremely useful for both inter- and intramolecular radical additions. The broad applicability of the intermolecular addition to un-activated olefins opens tremendous opportunities for synthesis, since various functional groups can be brought together under mild conditions and complex structures can be rapidly assembled. The presence of the xanthate in the product is also a powerful asset for further modifications, by both radical and non-radical pathways. Of special importance is the access to highly substituted aromatic and heteroaromatic derivatives and the synthesis of block polymers through a controlled radical polymerisation mediated by various thiocarbonylthio group containing agents (RAFT and MADIX processes).     

A long-lived luminescence and EPR bimodal lanthanide-based probe for free radicals

We developed a novel spin-labeled terbium complex Tb(3+)/cs124-DTPA-TEMPO (1) by covalently labeling a nitroxide radical on the terbium complex for monitoring free radicals of various areas. This lanthanide complex probe shows a high EPR signal which resulted from the nitroxide radical moiety, and is weakly luminescent which resulted from the intramolecular quenching effect of the nitroxide radical on sensitised terbium luminescence. The intensity of both the EPR and luminescence can be modulated by eliminating the paramagnetism of the nitroxide radical through recognition of a carbon-centered radical analyte and thus gives a quantification of the analyte. We have preliminarily applied this probe in the luminescent detection of model carbon-centered radicals and hydroxyl radicals (·OH). This probe is water-soluble and contains lanthanide-luminescence properties, favorable for the time-resolved luminescence technique. The investigation of the intramolecular quenching process has showed that the labeled nitroxide radical quenches multiple excited states of the terbium complex, resulting in highly efficient quenching of terbium luminescence. This probe is the first example of intramolecular modulation of lanthanide luminescence by a nitroxide radical.     

An Improved HPLC Post-Column Methodology for the Identification of Free Radical Scavenging Phytochemicals in Complex Mixtures

The importance of natural antioxidants principally relates to their health-promoting properties. The discovery of new sources of established compounds or more potent compounds is a costly exercise and any technique capable of aiding this procedure would be highly significant. An approach combining chromatographic separation, component analysis and post-column identification of free radical scavenging has been reported. However, its effectiveness is dependent upon various factors and the number of samples analyzed without operator intervention is restricted. A more applicable technique using a 10% to 100% methanol with 2% acetic acid mobile phase and a citric acid-sodium citrate buffered methanolic 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical reagent is presented, whereby free radical scavengers can be detected within crude extracts of variable polarity without special considerations. As an illustration, acetone, 70% (aq.) methanol and acetonitrile-soluble extracts were prepared from sage (Salvia officinalis L.) for extraction of polar and non-polar radical scavengers and analyzed. Radical scavenging components were identified as carnosic, caffeic and rosmarinic acids and luteolin-7-O-glycoside. Others radical scavengers were tentatively identified as benzoic and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and diterpenoids. Through the application of this technique, carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid were identified as the principal free radical scavengers.     

CIDNP DETECTED FLASH PHOTOLYSIS OF cis–syn 1,3 DIMETHYLTHYMINE DIMER

Abstract— Theanthraquinone–2-sulfonate photo-sensitized splitting of cis-syn 1,3-dimethylthymine dimer gives rise to large CIDNP effects in the reaction product 1,3-dimethylthymine. The polarization originates from a radical ion pair formed by electron transfer from the dimer to the triplet state sensitizer. In a deoxygenated solution the sign of the polarization of theC–6 proton is reversed compared to the predicted one on account of the CIDNP sign rules. In an aerated solution the correct sign is observed. This can be accounted for by assuming reduction of the lifetime of the radical pair in the presence of oxygen. The time-resolved photo-CIDNP technique was used to study the time dependence of the 1,3-dimethylthymine signal. To account for this time-dependence a cation radical disproportionation reaction is proposed.     

一种表征羟基自由基的新型荧光探针

表征羟基自由基 (· OH)的方法主要有电子自旋共振法[1] 和芳环羟基化法[2 ,3] 两大类 .电子自旋共振法灵敏度不高 ,且仪器设备昂贵 ,不适于常规分析 .芳环羟基化法操作较简单 ,灵敏度高 ,但芳环羟基化的产物往往不止一种 ,使得定量测定变得复杂 .其它方法如高效液相色谱法[4 ] ,化学发光法[5] 等也有报道 .顺磁性氮氧化合物能有效地清除自由基 [6 ,7] ,同时也是一种芳烃单重激发态的有效猝灭剂 [8,9] .当顺磁性氮氧化合物与荧光分子共价结合 ,所形成的荧光分子 -氮氧自由基复合物 (即自旋标记荧光分子 )仍保留对自由基反应的活性 ,但由于…     

Protein thiyl free radicals produced by nitric oxide and nitric oxide donors

The spin-trapping technique was used to study the radical intermediates produced by reaction of nitric oxide (^*NO) and peroxynitrite with serum albumin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Our results show that the major radical product induced by ^*NO and by peroxynitrite with serum albumin and GAPDH was a thiyl radical. The same radical can be detected in the ^*NO-transfer from S-nitroso albumin to low molecular weight thiols. Moreover, ^*NO or peroxynitrite treatment of GAPDH was able to induce NAD-dependent covalent modification of the enzyme in erythrocyte ghosts.